Mining integer floating point
Publish: 2021-05-25 01:54:50
1. Can't compare, mining is the graphics card and CPU computing power can't parallel contrast, graphics card needs image processing ability, floating-point authentication ability, and CPU needs computing power and control ability, there is no equal relationship between the two.
2. In fact, the mining calculation of bitcoin is to do math problems together. The problem stem is the transaction that needs to be recorded. By doing the problem, everyone grabs the bookkeeping right, and the miners can get system rewards and transaction fees
the feature of sha256 algorithm used in bitcoin is that it's easy to verify the known answers correctly, but it's very troublesome to get the answers, and you need to try them one by one. The miner who got the answer first was recognized by everyone as having snatched the right to keep accounts, and the reward was given to him. Let's continue to grab the bookkeeping right of the next question
simply speaking, the significance of these calculations only lies in ensuring the stability and security of the whole system, and has no more significance. It is not comprehensive to regard bitcoin as a by-proct of computing. The generation and issuance of bitcoin, all the transactions and circulation in the bitcoin chain, and the stability of the bitcoin system are all the purposes of computing. Of course, in addition to maintaining the system, it does not proce other value and procts. This is also a black spot where bitcoin is accused of not being environmentally friendly and wasting resources
in general, bitcoin, as a milestone blockchain digital currency, comes from the huge value of a large amount of computing power investment and user trust. There is no doubt about that.
the feature of sha256 algorithm used in bitcoin is that it's easy to verify the known answers correctly, but it's very troublesome to get the answers, and you need to try them one by one. The miner who got the answer first was recognized by everyone as having snatched the right to keep accounts, and the reward was given to him. Let's continue to grab the bookkeeping right of the next question
simply speaking, the significance of these calculations only lies in ensuring the stability and security of the whole system, and has no more significance. It is not comprehensive to regard bitcoin as a by-proct of computing. The generation and issuance of bitcoin, all the transactions and circulation in the bitcoin chain, and the stability of the bitcoin system are all the purposes of computing. Of course, in addition to maintaining the system, it does not proce other value and procts. This is also a black spot where bitcoin is accused of not being environmentally friendly and wasting resources
in general, bitcoin, as a milestone blockchain digital currency, comes from the huge value of a large amount of computing power investment and user trust. There is no doubt about that.
3.
#include<stdio.h>
intcmp(constvoid*a,constvoid*b){
return*(float*)a-*(float*)b>1e-6;
}
intmain(intargc,char*argv[])
{
intn;
while(scanf("%d",&n)!=EOF&&n){
inti;
floatx[n];
floaty[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)scanf("%f%f",x+i,y+i);
qsort(x,n,sizeof(float),cmp);
qsort(y,n,sizeof(float),cmp);
printf("%.2f%.2f ",x[(n-1)/2],y[(n-1)/2]);
}
}
4. First of all, we analyze the development of China's economy from the perspective of GDP. The GDP is national purchase + government purchase + investment + export import. Since the reform and opening up, China's GDP growth has been mainly driven by investment and export, and the proportion of export stations is larger. In recent years, China's frequent investment and construction of large-scale projects mainly rely on government purchase as another driving force for development. Due to the deformity and bias of domestic instrial structure, national purchase has not been the main economic driving force. China is the country with the highest degree of foreign dependence in the world (the ratio of international trade deficit to national income). According to the textbook, it accounts for 70% (I think it should be only 40% at most), which is nearly twice as high as Russia, the second highest country. Therefore, e to the high degree of foreign dependence, the market main body of made in China is not at home, It has caused the deformity of the national instrial chain Most of the exported nails, steel, can't encourage the public to buy them home, and can't eat them In order to get rid of this dilemma, the government has been calling for the expansion of domestic demand, because the annual trade deficit makes China hoard too much foreign exchange... Ordinary people can't use US dollars to shop in their daily life at home, so the money can only be exchanged by the state treasury in the end.) coupled with the foreign "mping" lawsuits against China and the emergence of trade barriers, the weakness of excessive dependence on foreign countries has begun to hurt China's economy. Economic transformation is not easy. First of all, you have to make rational use of the surplus proction. At this time, the most useful real estate appears, and an investment target that can pull more than 30 instries by itself appears. In addition, land development and auction have become a large part of local government revenue, Therefore, the state vigorously supports (there are many forced demolition problems). But with the passage of time, the overheating of real estate also involves financial instability. When real estate is no longer a necessity but a speculative investment, it will eventually become pure concrete rather than stable repayment ability (whether it is building or buying a house, most businesses and indivials are through loans or mortgages), China's "subprime" crisis began to break out. In fact, according to the theory of western economics, it may be a miracle that China's real estate did not cause China's economy to collapse now, but the state's macro-control and slow weakening of real estate development have indeed played an incomparable role. With the development of economy and the improvement of employment rate in our country, people are happy to see that our GDP is developing at a high speed of 10% every year, and we are jubilant to become the second largest economy in the world. At the same time, we have encountered three headache problems
first, China has become the world's creditor. The foreign exchange reserves of 200 billion US dollars mean that China has more US dollar cash in its treasury than the United States. When its economy goes wrong, it will reach out to China and borrow it. It will return it, but it is just fresh money directly from the banknote printing machine. So what's the difference between the fresh banknotes and the old banknotes? The difference lies in their depreciation and sharp decline in purchasing power. We can think that they originally had 100 cattle, issued 1 million US dollars, and China had 100000 in its pocket. At this time, 10000 US dollars is a cow; Later, the United States and China borrowed the 100000, and when they returned it, they printed another 100000 US dollars to China, but only 11000 US dollars could buy a cow at that time, so they cheated us... Then we can't borrow it. Your loss in China is even more miserable. If I don't lose a dollar against your RMB, you will lose 200 billion RMB. Can you afford to lose? So China had to help him. In this way, China should be very passive. But last year, our leaders began to use US dollars to inhale a lot of gold, turning piles of waste paper into lovely, gorgeous and golden gold. Although we have got rid of the fixed exchange rate system, the stability of the value of gold is far higher than that of paper money. Therefore, comrades, Get some gold before we run out of dollars... At least I made a small profit from my gold
Second, the rapid economic development and high employment rate bring about high inflation rate. With the increase of inflation rate and CPI, more and more people work and have a stable income. Moreover, the income graally increases, and the rise of prices can not be avoided. I still remember that when I was in junior high school, a finished noodle at my home only sold for 3.5 yuan. This time I returned home and asked for 6 yuan. God... Compared with the rise of the exchange rate, it's a good choice for everyone to study abroad. Therefore, how to control the priceless rise and stabilize the inflation is one of the main problems of China's economy in the next step, and this environment also urges us to prepare to invest abroad (we can also be foreign enterprises in foreign countries). Of course, it is not necessarily the European and American powers, but the relatively backward but resource rich small countries, such as Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries, whose economic situation and resource utilization rate are very similar to those of China in the 1980s and 1990s, are also encouraging foreign investment. Our great motherland saw such an opportunity, so it vigorously developed the Southwest (this is related to the third issue), established bridgeheads, laid the Pan Asian Railway and so on, and achieved initial results, such as vegetable oil exchange in Yunnan and Thailand, China and Thailand free of fruit and vegetable tariffs and so on... Because I'm here
thirdly, the gap between the rich and the poor is too large, the utilization rate of resources is low, the utilization of resources is unreasonable, etc.
the rapid development makes some people richer and some people may be poorer. To some extent, we have no conscience can be called the law of the jungle, but we can also have a conscience to say that many rich people are not benevolent. This seems to have nothing to do with economy, but it is closely related to social stability and political strength. If these two points are gone, what we can consider is to escape from the country or resell arms to make a fortune. The first to become rich should be those engaged in import and export (both legal and illegal), then those engaged in mining, and those engaged in real estate recently. Here we want to see the times and the conditions for them to become rich. Import and export have just started the reform and opening up. Whether it's the low price of Chinese made goods or the curiosity of Chinese people about foreign goods, these people almost became the first to get rich at that time by using the price difference in the middle. They have a condition to get rich. They have a place to do import and export for you. For bulk logistics, trains can't go directly, Airplanes are too expensive. They can only be transported by sea... The coastal people laughed (so that up to now, some people think that apart from the coastal areas, most of the inland areas are poor, and my mother-in-law should be counted as one...), Later, foreigners found that your mine was better. All right, those who found the mine laughed. Overnight, they changed from farmers to mine owners. Some of them could not adapt to this gap, making mine owners a derogatory term today... For them, wealth and their cultural quality may not be in direct proportion, which leads to some very rampant rich second generation XX. Mine boss mine boss in the final analysis, you have to find your own mine, or you are likely to be a miner... Therefore, it is necessary to have regional characteristics. Finally, when it comes to real estate, it's finally a bit balanced, at least not regional, but you still need to have "resources". Although some of their black hearted people are still poor, from the perspective of economics, I would like to pay tribute to them, because economy is the rational use of all resources to maximize, they not only use the funds, technology, human resources, but also "contacts" resources, Finally, it also affected the economic situation and financial trend of the whole country. A few people own resources, and they don't share all the resources with everyone. Therefore, the gap between the rich and the poor is graally widening, causing a series of problems. In Thailand, the rich people donate money to temples every month, buy things to temples, and then distribute them to the poor and the needy. In addition, temples actively build schools and really achieve compulsory ecation (I was a teacher in Temple schools), I hope the rich in our country can do the same. It's not economics, it's sociology, but I'm still itching to say, remember that the founding of the people's Republic of China was e to grandfather Mao's fight against local tyrants and division of land, be careful of his reincarnation
China's national strength is becoming stronger and stronger, and the strong economy has also brought us a happy life, although the economic system still has many disadvantages (such as buying bonds, not to mention making profits, even losing the principal... But I think with the development of the times, China will only become more and more powerful (if we don't become the second Song Dynasty in history, and find the time to beat those Filipinos who say we Chinese are small eyes every day). God bless China
I have little talent and little learning. I dare to talk about China's economy. If there is something wrong, please correct it and communicate with my friends. If the landlord adopts my question, I would be very grateful
first, China has become the world's creditor. The foreign exchange reserves of 200 billion US dollars mean that China has more US dollar cash in its treasury than the United States. When its economy goes wrong, it will reach out to China and borrow it. It will return it, but it is just fresh money directly from the banknote printing machine. So what's the difference between the fresh banknotes and the old banknotes? The difference lies in their depreciation and sharp decline in purchasing power. We can think that they originally had 100 cattle, issued 1 million US dollars, and China had 100000 in its pocket. At this time, 10000 US dollars is a cow; Later, the United States and China borrowed the 100000, and when they returned it, they printed another 100000 US dollars to China, but only 11000 US dollars could buy a cow at that time, so they cheated us... Then we can't borrow it. Your loss in China is even more miserable. If I don't lose a dollar against your RMB, you will lose 200 billion RMB. Can you afford to lose? So China had to help him. In this way, China should be very passive. But last year, our leaders began to use US dollars to inhale a lot of gold, turning piles of waste paper into lovely, gorgeous and golden gold. Although we have got rid of the fixed exchange rate system, the stability of the value of gold is far higher than that of paper money. Therefore, comrades, Get some gold before we run out of dollars... At least I made a small profit from my gold
Second, the rapid economic development and high employment rate bring about high inflation rate. With the increase of inflation rate and CPI, more and more people work and have a stable income. Moreover, the income graally increases, and the rise of prices can not be avoided. I still remember that when I was in junior high school, a finished noodle at my home only sold for 3.5 yuan. This time I returned home and asked for 6 yuan. God... Compared with the rise of the exchange rate, it's a good choice for everyone to study abroad. Therefore, how to control the priceless rise and stabilize the inflation is one of the main problems of China's economy in the next step, and this environment also urges us to prepare to invest abroad (we can also be foreign enterprises in foreign countries). Of course, it is not necessarily the European and American powers, but the relatively backward but resource rich small countries, such as Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries, whose economic situation and resource utilization rate are very similar to those of China in the 1980s and 1990s, are also encouraging foreign investment. Our great motherland saw such an opportunity, so it vigorously developed the Southwest (this is related to the third issue), established bridgeheads, laid the Pan Asian Railway and so on, and achieved initial results, such as vegetable oil exchange in Yunnan and Thailand, China and Thailand free of fruit and vegetable tariffs and so on... Because I'm here
thirdly, the gap between the rich and the poor is too large, the utilization rate of resources is low, the utilization of resources is unreasonable, etc.
the rapid development makes some people richer and some people may be poorer. To some extent, we have no conscience can be called the law of the jungle, but we can also have a conscience to say that many rich people are not benevolent. This seems to have nothing to do with economy, but it is closely related to social stability and political strength. If these two points are gone, what we can consider is to escape from the country or resell arms to make a fortune. The first to become rich should be those engaged in import and export (both legal and illegal), then those engaged in mining, and those engaged in real estate recently. Here we want to see the times and the conditions for them to become rich. Import and export have just started the reform and opening up. Whether it's the low price of Chinese made goods or the curiosity of Chinese people about foreign goods, these people almost became the first to get rich at that time by using the price difference in the middle. They have a condition to get rich. They have a place to do import and export for you. For bulk logistics, trains can't go directly, Airplanes are too expensive. They can only be transported by sea... The coastal people laughed (so that up to now, some people think that apart from the coastal areas, most of the inland areas are poor, and my mother-in-law should be counted as one...), Later, foreigners found that your mine was better. All right, those who found the mine laughed. Overnight, they changed from farmers to mine owners. Some of them could not adapt to this gap, making mine owners a derogatory term today... For them, wealth and their cultural quality may not be in direct proportion, which leads to some very rampant rich second generation XX. Mine boss mine boss in the final analysis, you have to find your own mine, or you are likely to be a miner... Therefore, it is necessary to have regional characteristics. Finally, when it comes to real estate, it's finally a bit balanced, at least not regional, but you still need to have "resources". Although some of their black hearted people are still poor, from the perspective of economics, I would like to pay tribute to them, because economy is the rational use of all resources to maximize, they not only use the funds, technology, human resources, but also "contacts" resources, Finally, it also affected the economic situation and financial trend of the whole country. A few people own resources, and they don't share all the resources with everyone. Therefore, the gap between the rich and the poor is graally widening, causing a series of problems. In Thailand, the rich people donate money to temples every month, buy things to temples, and then distribute them to the poor and the needy. In addition, temples actively build schools and really achieve compulsory ecation (I was a teacher in Temple schools), I hope the rich in our country can do the same. It's not economics, it's sociology, but I'm still itching to say, remember that the founding of the people's Republic of China was e to grandfather Mao's fight against local tyrants and division of land, be careful of his reincarnation
China's national strength is becoming stronger and stronger, and the strong economy has also brought us a happy life, although the economic system still has many disadvantages (such as buying bonds, not to mention making profits, even losing the principal... But I think with the development of the times, China will only become more and more powerful (if we don't become the second Song Dynasty in history, and find the time to beat those Filipinos who say we Chinese are small eyes every day). God bless China
I have little talent and little learning. I dare to talk about China's economy. If there is something wrong, please correct it and communicate with my friends. If the landlord adopts my question, I would be very grateful
5. Introction: IDA coin, ADA in English, is the proct of Cardano project. The total amount of Aida is 4.5 billion yuan, and 3 billion yuan will participate in the subscription. Among them, 2.5 billion ADA will be used for platform subscription, 500 million for the financial support of the development company's operating company, and 1.5 billion ADA coins will continue to be issued in the form of block awards< < br > issue time: 2015 < br > maximum supply: US $4.5 billion ADA < br > total circulation: 25927070538ada < br > market value: US $10302510384
6.
It depends on the computing power of GPU and CPU instead of the computing speed. Although there is no big difference, because the computing principle of graphics card is different from CPU, and mining needs distributed computing. In this kind of computing, graphics card GPU is better than CPU
7. The single precision double precision floating-point operation ability of the graphics card can kill the CPU
for example, the single precision of i54590 is only 440, and the double precision is 220 (measured). The single precision computing power of an rx470 is more than 10 times that of i54590. The computing power is very strong. So it's faster to use the graphics card, and the power consumption is also low. If you want to use the CPU to achieve 4000 computing speed, you need more than 10 CPUs, and the power consumption is at least 700W. The motherboard memory needs money. Graphics card just need to expand the slot.
for example, the single precision of i54590 is only 440, and the double precision is 220 (measured). The single precision computing power of an rx470 is more than 10 times that of i54590. The computing power is very strong. So it's faster to use the graphics card, and the power consumption is also low. If you want to use the CPU to achieve 4000 computing speed, you need more than 10 CPUs, and the power consumption is at least 700W. The motherboard memory needs money. Graphics card just need to expand the slot.
8. Now more is still needed is the CPU, but GPU in large-scale concurrent computing reflects its skills, so the scope of application has graally become widespread, and become one of the hot topics in recent years
Why are they so different? First of all, we should start with the difference between CPU and GPU
the difference between CPU and GPU is e to their different design goals, which aim at two different application scenarios. CPU needs a strong versatility to deal with different data types, and at the same time, it also needs logical judgment, which will introce a lot of branch jump and interrupt processing. All these make the internal structure of CPU extremely complex. GPU is faced with highly unified, interdependent large-scale data and pure computing environment without interruption.
Why are they so different? First of all, we should start with the difference between CPU and GPU
the difference between CPU and GPU is e to their different design goals, which aim at two different application scenarios. CPU needs a strong versatility to deal with different data types, and at the same time, it also needs logical judgment, which will introce a lot of branch jump and interrupt processing. All these make the internal structure of CPU extremely complex. GPU is faced with highly unified, interdependent large-scale data and pure computing environment without interruption.
9. Bitcoin was obtained by CPU in the early days. With the continuous development of GPU speed and the emerging advantages of GPU general computing, miners graally began to use GPU instead of CPU for mining
bitcoin mining uses SHA-256 hash operation, which will carry out a large number of 32-bit integer cyclic right shift operations
interestingly, this kind of algorithm operation can be implemented by a single hardware instruction in AMD GPU, while it needs three hardware instructions to simulate in NVIDIA GPU. This alone brings an additional 1.7 times of computing efficiency advantage for AMD GPU.
bitcoin mining uses SHA-256 hash operation, which will carry out a large number of 32-bit integer cyclic right shift operations
interestingly, this kind of algorithm operation can be implemented by a single hardware instruction in AMD GPU, while it needs three hardware instructions to simulate in NVIDIA GPU. This alone brings an additional 1.7 times of computing efficiency advantage for AMD GPU.
10. And the amount of computation you contribute, that is, high floating-point computing power leads to high returns.
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