PTCs mining
Publish: 2021-05-24 21:55:07
1. 🌈 Absolute first chance! Meat eating project
(12:00 on December 12) zhongbencong mining was officially launched
bitcoin founder Nakamoto's second coin, BTCs, is ready for mining. Everyone hurry to get on the bus. BTCs coins are issued with a total of 21 million pieces, including block height, block time, total network computing power and hash value; Authentication is simple and face recognition is easy. Free mobile mining; Missed btc-10071; Don't miss bitcoin BTCs any more, now sign up for space mining
China Ben Cong exchange to dig out Taiwan dollars free of charge,
& Chen 12953; More than 50 servers worldwide&# 10071;
register for mining and send 100 computing power! The first generation rewards 20% computational power, and the second generation rewards 10% computational power! Registration success point, personal settings inside the simple real name, a certain point of mining; Click mining to start digging coins< br />
❗ The opening price is 3600 / piece; At the end of the year, it exceeded 12000 / piece&# 127873;
registered address https://www.btc2100.io/mining/? 12yei
(12:00 on December 12) zhongbencong mining was officially launched
bitcoin founder Nakamoto's second coin, BTCs, is ready for mining. Everyone hurry to get on the bus. BTCs coins are issued with a total of 21 million pieces, including block height, block time, total network computing power and hash value; Authentication is simple and face recognition is easy. Free mobile mining; Missed btc-10071; Don't miss bitcoin BTCs any more, now sign up for space mining
China Ben Cong exchange to dig out Taiwan dollars free of charge,
& Chen 12953; More than 50 servers worldwide&# 10071;
register for mining and send 100 computing power! The first generation rewards 20% computational power, and the second generation rewards 10% computational power! Registration success point, personal settings inside the simple real name, a certain point of mining; Click mining to start digging coins< br />
❗ The opening price is 3600 / piece; At the end of the year, it exceeded 12000 / piece&# 127873;
registered address https://www.btc2100.io/mining/? 12yei
2. 10RMB = 100 cool coin = 100cs coin
the difference between cool coin and CS coin:
1
2. When transferring props to other accounts, a 5% handling charge is required. The handling charge can only be KB, not CS
3. Cool coin can be recharged, and CS coin can only be obtained from 175PT activities at present
conclusion: Cool coin has a wider application range than CS coin, but it can be used to buy some common props.
the difference between cool coin and CS coin:
1
2. When transferring props to other accounts, a 5% handling charge is required. The handling charge can only be KB, not CS
3. Cool coin can be recharged, and CS coin can only be obtained from 175PT activities at present
conclusion: Cool coin has a wider application range than CS coin, but it can be used to buy some common props.
3. Search: dear friends, who knows if the underground parking lot of Cheng new century global center is charging? Wow, what's the charging standard
4. Abstract: This paper starts from the main role of interest rate on the national economy and its management system, combined with China's economic development
5. The history of the Bretton Woods system
in the 50 years of the second half of the 20th century, GATT, the world bank and the International Monetary Fund were regarded as the three pillars supporting the world economic, trade and financial structure. The three pillars all originated from the Bretton Woods conference in 1944. The latter two are also known as the Bretton Woods monetary system< As a supplement to the Bretton Woods conference, GATT, together with the agreements adopted by the Bretton Woods conference, is collectively referred to as the "Bretton Woods system", that is, the multilateral economic system with foreign exchange liberalization, capital liberalization and trade liberalization as the main contents, which constitutes the core content of the capitalist group in accordance with the principles formulated by the United States, The system to realize the economic hegemony of the United States
the Bretton Woods monetary system refers to the international monetary system with us dollar as the center after the war. The international monetary system refers to the sum of rules, measures and corresponding organizational forms determined by the arrangements made by various countries for currency exchange, balance of payments adjustment, composition of international reserve assets, etc. An effective and stable international monetary system is an extremely important part of the international economy
in the 20 years between the two world wars before the Bretton Woods system, the international monetary system was divided into several competing currency groups, and the currencies of various countries were devalued and unstable, because each economic group wanted to solve its own balance of payments and employment problems at the expense of others, presenting an anarchy. After the world economic crisis in the 1930s and the Second World War, great changes have taken place in the economic and political strength of various countries. The United States has become the leader of the capitalist world, and the international status of the US dollar is unprecedentedly stable because of its huge international gold reserves. This makes it possible to establish an international monetary system with us dollar as the pillar, which is concive to the external economic expansion of the United States< In this context, in July 1944, economic envoys of 44 countries or governments gathered in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to discuss the post-war world trade pattern. On December 27, 1945, representatives of 22 countries participating in the Bretton Woods conference signed the agreement, The International Monetary Fund and the world bank were formally established. The two agencies became permanent specialized agencies of the United Nations since November 15, 1947. China is the founder of the two institutions. In 1980, the legitimate seats of the people's Republic of China in the two institutions were restored< Since then, a new period in the history of international monetary system has begun
the Bretton Woods system is based on gold, with us dollar as the main international reserve currency. The U.S. dollar is directly linked to gold, and the currencies of various countries are linked to the U.S. dollar, which can be converted into gold at the official price of 35 U.S. dollars an ounce. Under the Bretton Woods system, the U.S. dollar can be exchanged for gold and the adjustable pegged exchange rate system is the two pillars of the monetary system. The International Monetary Fund is the central institution to maintain the normal operation of the system. It has three functions: supervising the international exchange rate, providing international credit and coordinating international monetary relations
the establishment of the Bretton Woods system has indeed brought about an era of unprecedented development of international trade and increasing interdependence of the global economy for quite some time after the war. However, the Bretton Woods system has its own defects. Its fatal point is that it takes a country's currency (US dollar) as its main reserve asset, which has inherent instability. Because only by relying on the long-term trade deficit of the United States can the US dollar spread to all parts of the world and other countries obtain US dollar supply
however, this will inevitably affect people's confidence in the US dollar and cause the US dollar crisis. If the United States maintains a balance of payments, it will cut off the supply of international reserves, resulting in a lack of international solvency. This is an insurmountable contradiction
since the late 1950s, with the graal weakening of U.S. economic competitiveness, its balance of payments has begun to deteriorate, resulting in a global "dollar surplus". Countries have sold dollars for gold, and U.S. gold began to flow out in large quantities. In 1971, the U.S. gold reserves could no longer support the growing flood of U.S. dollars. In August of that year, Nixon administration was forced to give up the U.S. dollar "gold standard" system of exchanging gold at the official price of 35 U.S. dollars an ounce, and implement the free floating of gold against the U.S. dollar. The European Economic Community, Japan, Canada and other countries have announced the implementation of floating exchange rate system, and they no longer bear the obligation to maintain the fixed exchange rate of the US dollar, and the US dollar is no longer the center of currencies around the world. This indicates that the foundation of the Bretton Woods system has been completely lost and the system has finally collapsed< However, the world bank and the International Monetary Fund, the two institutions born from the Bretton Woods conference, still play a crucial role in the world trade and financial structure<
the contents of the Bretton Woods system
establish the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to discuss Monetary Affairs internationally and provide credit support for short-term balance of payments deficits of member countries
the US dollar is pegged to gold, and the currencies of member countries are pegged to the US dollar
abolishing the foreign exchange control on current account transactions, etc
the "Bretton Woods system" has established two major international financial institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the world bank. The former is responsible for providing short-term capital loans to Member States to ensure the stability of the international monetary system; The latter provides medium and long-term credit to promote the economic recovery of member countries
the essence of Bretton Woods system is to establish an international monetary system with us dollar as the center. Its basic content is that the US dollar is linked to gold, the currencies of other countries are linked to the US dollar, and a fixed exchange rate system is implemented< (1) pegging of China's currency to price ratio
1. Pegging of US dollar to gold. All countries confirmed the official price of gold of 35 US dollars an ounce stipulated by the United States in January 1934, and the gold content of each US dollar is 0.888671g gold. Governments or central banks can exchange US dollars for gold at official prices. In order to protect the official price of gold from the impact of the free market gold price, governments of all countries need to cooperate with the U.S. government to maintain the official price of gold in the international financial market. 2. The currencies of other countries are linked to the US dollar. The governments of other countries stipulate the gold content of their respective currencies and determine the exchange rate with the US dollar through the proportion of gold content. 3. Implement adjustable fixed exchange rate According to the International Monetary Fund Agreement, the exchange rate of each country's currency to the US dollar can only fluctuate within 1% of the legal exchange rate. If the market exchange rate exceeds the 1% fluctuation range of the legal exchange rate, the governments of all countries have the obligation to make a forecast in the foreign exchange market in order to maintain the stability of the exchange rate. If a member's legal exchange rate changes by more than 10%, it must be approved by the International Monetary Fund. In December 1971, the fluctuation range of spot exchange rate was expanded to 2.25%, and the standard of "parity" was changed from gold to special drawing rights. The exchange rate system of Bretton Woods system is called "adjustable pegging exchange rate system"< (2) the convertibility of currencies of various countries and the principles of international payment and settlement
the "agreement" stipulates the principle of the free convertibility of currencies of various countries: any member state shall exchange its own currency for the current account accumulated by other member states. Taking into account the actual situation of each country, the "agreement" also provides for a "transitional period"“ The agreement also stipulates the principle of international payment and settlement: Member States shall not restrict the payment or settlement of the current account of the balance of payments without the agreement of IMF< (3) determine the international reserve assets
"agreement" on the currency parity provisions, so that the U.S. dollar is in the "equivalent" position of gold, becoming the most important international reserve currency in foreign exchange reserves< (4) balance of payments adjustment
25% of the IMF member states' shares are paid in gold or currencies convertible into gold, and the rest in their own currencies. When a member state has a balance of payments deficit, it can purchase (borrow) a certain amount of foreign exchange from IMF in its own currency according to the prescribed proceres, and repay the loan in the form of buying back its own currency within the prescribed time. The larger the share of Member States subscribed, the more loans they received. Loans are limited to Member States for making up the balance of payments deficit, that is, for current account payments< (5) the establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
the establishment of a permanent international financial institution, the IMF, is a major feature of the Bretton Woods system“ The agreement defines the purposes of the IMF: 1) to establish an IMF institution and promote international monetary cooperation. ② We will promote the balanced development of international trade and investment, increase the employment and real income levels of Member States, and expand their proction capacity. ③ Promote exchange rate stability, maintain normal exchange relations, and avoid competitive currency devaluation. ④ Establish a multilateral payment system and try to eliminate foreign exchange control. ⑤ To provide financing for Member States and correct the imbalance of balance of payments. ⑥ Narrowing or recing the expansion of the balance of payments deficit or surplus<
the role of the Bretton Woods system
the formation of the Bretton Woods system put an end to the chaos in the monetary and financial field before the war and maintained the normal operation of the world monetary system after the war. The fixed exchange rate system is one of the pillars of the Bretton Woods system, but it is different from the relative stability of the exchange rate under the gold standard. Under the typical gold standard, gold coins not only have a certain gold content, but also can be freely exported and imported, so the fluctuation limit of exchange rate is narrow. The capitalist world economic crisis from 1929 to 1933 led to the monetary system crisis and the collapse of the gold standard. The international monetary and financial relations presented a chaotic situation. With the establishment of the Bretton Woods system centered on the US dollar, the international monetary and financial relations have a unified standard and foundation, and the chaotic situation has been temporarily stabilized
the formation of the Bretton Woods system has expanded world trade in a relatively stable situation. The United States distributes a large amount of US dollars to the world through donation, credit, purchase of foreign goods and services, which objectively plays a role in expanding the purchasing power of the world. At the same time, the fixed exchange rate system eliminates the turbulence caused by exchange rate fluctuations to a great extent, stabilizes the currency exchange rates of major countries to a certain extent, and is concive to the development of international trade< After the formation of the Bretton Woods system, the activities of IMF and the world bank have played a positive role in the recovery and development of the world economy. On the one hand, the short-term loans provided by IMF temporarily eased the balance of payments crisis in many countries after the war, and also promoted the steady liberalization of payment methods. The loan business of IMF increased rapidly, and the focus shifted from Europe to the third world in Asia, Africa and Latin America. On the other hand, the long-term loans and investments provided and organized by the world bank have, to varying degrees, met the financial needs of Member States for their economic recovery and development after the war. In addition,
in the 50 years of the second half of the 20th century, GATT, the world bank and the International Monetary Fund were regarded as the three pillars supporting the world economic, trade and financial structure. The three pillars all originated from the Bretton Woods conference in 1944. The latter two are also known as the Bretton Woods monetary system< As a supplement to the Bretton Woods conference, GATT, together with the agreements adopted by the Bretton Woods conference, is collectively referred to as the "Bretton Woods system", that is, the multilateral economic system with foreign exchange liberalization, capital liberalization and trade liberalization as the main contents, which constitutes the core content of the capitalist group in accordance with the principles formulated by the United States, The system to realize the economic hegemony of the United States
the Bretton Woods monetary system refers to the international monetary system with us dollar as the center after the war. The international monetary system refers to the sum of rules, measures and corresponding organizational forms determined by the arrangements made by various countries for currency exchange, balance of payments adjustment, composition of international reserve assets, etc. An effective and stable international monetary system is an extremely important part of the international economy
in the 20 years between the two world wars before the Bretton Woods system, the international monetary system was divided into several competing currency groups, and the currencies of various countries were devalued and unstable, because each economic group wanted to solve its own balance of payments and employment problems at the expense of others, presenting an anarchy. After the world economic crisis in the 1930s and the Second World War, great changes have taken place in the economic and political strength of various countries. The United States has become the leader of the capitalist world, and the international status of the US dollar is unprecedentedly stable because of its huge international gold reserves. This makes it possible to establish an international monetary system with us dollar as the pillar, which is concive to the external economic expansion of the United States< In this context, in July 1944, economic envoys of 44 countries or governments gathered in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to discuss the post-war world trade pattern. On December 27, 1945, representatives of 22 countries participating in the Bretton Woods conference signed the agreement, The International Monetary Fund and the world bank were formally established. The two agencies became permanent specialized agencies of the United Nations since November 15, 1947. China is the founder of the two institutions. In 1980, the legitimate seats of the people's Republic of China in the two institutions were restored< Since then, a new period in the history of international monetary system has begun
the Bretton Woods system is based on gold, with us dollar as the main international reserve currency. The U.S. dollar is directly linked to gold, and the currencies of various countries are linked to the U.S. dollar, which can be converted into gold at the official price of 35 U.S. dollars an ounce. Under the Bretton Woods system, the U.S. dollar can be exchanged for gold and the adjustable pegged exchange rate system is the two pillars of the monetary system. The International Monetary Fund is the central institution to maintain the normal operation of the system. It has three functions: supervising the international exchange rate, providing international credit and coordinating international monetary relations
the establishment of the Bretton Woods system has indeed brought about an era of unprecedented development of international trade and increasing interdependence of the global economy for quite some time after the war. However, the Bretton Woods system has its own defects. Its fatal point is that it takes a country's currency (US dollar) as its main reserve asset, which has inherent instability. Because only by relying on the long-term trade deficit of the United States can the US dollar spread to all parts of the world and other countries obtain US dollar supply
however, this will inevitably affect people's confidence in the US dollar and cause the US dollar crisis. If the United States maintains a balance of payments, it will cut off the supply of international reserves, resulting in a lack of international solvency. This is an insurmountable contradiction
since the late 1950s, with the graal weakening of U.S. economic competitiveness, its balance of payments has begun to deteriorate, resulting in a global "dollar surplus". Countries have sold dollars for gold, and U.S. gold began to flow out in large quantities. In 1971, the U.S. gold reserves could no longer support the growing flood of U.S. dollars. In August of that year, Nixon administration was forced to give up the U.S. dollar "gold standard" system of exchanging gold at the official price of 35 U.S. dollars an ounce, and implement the free floating of gold against the U.S. dollar. The European Economic Community, Japan, Canada and other countries have announced the implementation of floating exchange rate system, and they no longer bear the obligation to maintain the fixed exchange rate of the US dollar, and the US dollar is no longer the center of currencies around the world. This indicates that the foundation of the Bretton Woods system has been completely lost and the system has finally collapsed< However, the world bank and the International Monetary Fund, the two institutions born from the Bretton Woods conference, still play a crucial role in the world trade and financial structure<
the contents of the Bretton Woods system
establish the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to discuss Monetary Affairs internationally and provide credit support for short-term balance of payments deficits of member countries
the US dollar is pegged to gold, and the currencies of member countries are pegged to the US dollar
abolishing the foreign exchange control on current account transactions, etc
the "Bretton Woods system" has established two major international financial institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the world bank. The former is responsible for providing short-term capital loans to Member States to ensure the stability of the international monetary system; The latter provides medium and long-term credit to promote the economic recovery of member countries
the essence of Bretton Woods system is to establish an international monetary system with us dollar as the center. Its basic content is that the US dollar is linked to gold, the currencies of other countries are linked to the US dollar, and a fixed exchange rate system is implemented< (1) pegging of China's currency to price ratio
1. Pegging of US dollar to gold. All countries confirmed the official price of gold of 35 US dollars an ounce stipulated by the United States in January 1934, and the gold content of each US dollar is 0.888671g gold. Governments or central banks can exchange US dollars for gold at official prices. In order to protect the official price of gold from the impact of the free market gold price, governments of all countries need to cooperate with the U.S. government to maintain the official price of gold in the international financial market. 2. The currencies of other countries are linked to the US dollar. The governments of other countries stipulate the gold content of their respective currencies and determine the exchange rate with the US dollar through the proportion of gold content. 3. Implement adjustable fixed exchange rate According to the International Monetary Fund Agreement, the exchange rate of each country's currency to the US dollar can only fluctuate within 1% of the legal exchange rate. If the market exchange rate exceeds the 1% fluctuation range of the legal exchange rate, the governments of all countries have the obligation to make a forecast in the foreign exchange market in order to maintain the stability of the exchange rate. If a member's legal exchange rate changes by more than 10%, it must be approved by the International Monetary Fund. In December 1971, the fluctuation range of spot exchange rate was expanded to 2.25%, and the standard of "parity" was changed from gold to special drawing rights. The exchange rate system of Bretton Woods system is called "adjustable pegging exchange rate system"< (2) the convertibility of currencies of various countries and the principles of international payment and settlement
the "agreement" stipulates the principle of the free convertibility of currencies of various countries: any member state shall exchange its own currency for the current account accumulated by other member states. Taking into account the actual situation of each country, the "agreement" also provides for a "transitional period"“ The agreement also stipulates the principle of international payment and settlement: Member States shall not restrict the payment or settlement of the current account of the balance of payments without the agreement of IMF< (3) determine the international reserve assets
"agreement" on the currency parity provisions, so that the U.S. dollar is in the "equivalent" position of gold, becoming the most important international reserve currency in foreign exchange reserves< (4) balance of payments adjustment
25% of the IMF member states' shares are paid in gold or currencies convertible into gold, and the rest in their own currencies. When a member state has a balance of payments deficit, it can purchase (borrow) a certain amount of foreign exchange from IMF in its own currency according to the prescribed proceres, and repay the loan in the form of buying back its own currency within the prescribed time. The larger the share of Member States subscribed, the more loans they received. Loans are limited to Member States for making up the balance of payments deficit, that is, for current account payments< (5) the establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
the establishment of a permanent international financial institution, the IMF, is a major feature of the Bretton Woods system“ The agreement defines the purposes of the IMF: 1) to establish an IMF institution and promote international monetary cooperation. ② We will promote the balanced development of international trade and investment, increase the employment and real income levels of Member States, and expand their proction capacity. ③ Promote exchange rate stability, maintain normal exchange relations, and avoid competitive currency devaluation. ④ Establish a multilateral payment system and try to eliminate foreign exchange control. ⑤ To provide financing for Member States and correct the imbalance of balance of payments. ⑥ Narrowing or recing the expansion of the balance of payments deficit or surplus<
the role of the Bretton Woods system
the formation of the Bretton Woods system put an end to the chaos in the monetary and financial field before the war and maintained the normal operation of the world monetary system after the war. The fixed exchange rate system is one of the pillars of the Bretton Woods system, but it is different from the relative stability of the exchange rate under the gold standard. Under the typical gold standard, gold coins not only have a certain gold content, but also can be freely exported and imported, so the fluctuation limit of exchange rate is narrow. The capitalist world economic crisis from 1929 to 1933 led to the monetary system crisis and the collapse of the gold standard. The international monetary and financial relations presented a chaotic situation. With the establishment of the Bretton Woods system centered on the US dollar, the international monetary and financial relations have a unified standard and foundation, and the chaotic situation has been temporarily stabilized
the formation of the Bretton Woods system has expanded world trade in a relatively stable situation. The United States distributes a large amount of US dollars to the world through donation, credit, purchase of foreign goods and services, which objectively plays a role in expanding the purchasing power of the world. At the same time, the fixed exchange rate system eliminates the turbulence caused by exchange rate fluctuations to a great extent, stabilizes the currency exchange rates of major countries to a certain extent, and is concive to the development of international trade< After the formation of the Bretton Woods system, the activities of IMF and the world bank have played a positive role in the recovery and development of the world economy. On the one hand, the short-term loans provided by IMF temporarily eased the balance of payments crisis in many countries after the war, and also promoted the steady liberalization of payment methods. The loan business of IMF increased rapidly, and the focus shifted from Europe to the third world in Asia, Africa and Latin America. On the other hand, the long-term loans and investments provided and organized by the world bank have, to varying degrees, met the financial needs of Member States for their economic recovery and development after the war. In addition,
6. Let me recommend you a good paper website, you see, happy campus paper website.
contemporary monetary and financial theory paper
[introction]
Abstract:
starting from the main role of interest rate on the national economy and its management system, combined with China's actual situation, this paper discusses the necessary conditions of interest rate marketization and the countermeasures that China should take, It explains the inevitable trend of interest rate marketization and the problems in the process of interest rate marketization in China< Key words: interest rate marketization, macro-economy, interest rate management
[directory]
directory
I. The main role of interest rate and interest rate management system
II. The main situation of China's interest rate management system
III. The necessity of interest rate marketization and problems that should be paid attention to
IV Interest rate liberalization in China is one of the most concerned economic variables in the economy, and the news media report its changes almost every day. It is closely related to our daily life and has a significant impact on the healthy development of the economy. Interest rate is determined by many economic and non economic factors. In turn, interest rate also affects many economic variables. Interest is the condition of credit relationship. The existence of interest makes credit relationship come into being, develop and expand, which promotes the development of social economy< (1) generally speaking, interest rate plays a role in the following aspects:
1. Interest rate affects money demand
in the theory of liquidity demand, the higher the interest rate is, the higher the opportunity cost of speculative money demand is, so the lower the money demand is; In other money demand theories, the interest rate itself is a cost that the debtor has to pay, so the interest rate and investment demand will decline. The degree of influence of interest rate and money demand depends on the interest rate environment of a country - the size of interest rate elasticity
2. Interest rate is an important tool to regulate money supply
first of all, money supply depends on the size of a country's base currency and money multiplier, while the base currency is the sum of cash issued by the central bank and liabilities to commercial banks. Obviously, there is no direct relationship between the two. However, there is an indirect relationship between the two: e to the increase of interest rate, the total amount of social deposits will increase, and the amount of cash will shrink, that is, the return of credit will rece the amount of cash in the base currency
secondly, the direct factors that affect money multiplier include cash leakage rate, deposit reserve rate, excess reserve rate and so on. There is an indirect relationship between interest rate and cash leakage rate: with the increase of interest rate, the return of cash increases, thus the cash leakage rate decreases; At the same time, the opportunity cost of excess preparation increases, so the excess preparation rate will also decrease, thus increasing the money supply. The increase of interest rate makes money supply and demand affect in two opposite aspects at the same time, so it can alleviate the contradiction of excessive money demand
3. Interest rate is an important means of macroeconomic regulation
the rediscount policy of the central bank is actually the interest rate policy of the central bank. When the economy is in depression, the central bank can rece the rediscount rate to stimulate demand; When the economy is in inflation, the central bank will raise the rediscount rate and increase the investment cost, so as to restrain the excessive money demand
...
[References]
references
1 Li Xiao, Ni Wei, Zhang Qin (1999): economic globalization and China's strategic choice, Journal of Jilin University, Social Science Edition, No.1
2 [US] Edward W; Xiao (1988): financial deepening in economic development, Shanghai Sanlian bookstore
3 [US] Ronald & 8226; McKinnon (1988): money and capital in economic development, Shanghai Sanlian bookstore
4 Hu Angang (1999): a talk in the article "experts analyze the best time for banks to liberalize interest rates", China Economic Net, November< Zhang Jie (1996): local government intervention and financial system variation, economic research, No.3
6 research group of Shanghai Branch of the people's Bank of China, hosted by Wang Huaqing (1998): Empirical Analysis on the correlation effect between interest rate changes and China's financial asset selection structure, Research Report on China's financial hot issues, Economic Science Press
7 [US] Ronald & 8226; McKinnon (1997): the order of economic marketization, Shanghai Sanlian bookstore, Shanghai People's publishing house< Xie Ping (1999): challenges facing China's financial reform, China's instrial economy, issue 4
remember to adopt it
contemporary monetary and financial theory paper
[introction]
Abstract:
starting from the main role of interest rate on the national economy and its management system, combined with China's actual situation, this paper discusses the necessary conditions of interest rate marketization and the countermeasures that China should take, It explains the inevitable trend of interest rate marketization and the problems in the process of interest rate marketization in China< Key words: interest rate marketization, macro-economy, interest rate management
[directory]
directory
I. The main role of interest rate and interest rate management system
II. The main situation of China's interest rate management system
III. The necessity of interest rate marketization and problems that should be paid attention to
IV Interest rate liberalization in China is one of the most concerned economic variables in the economy, and the news media report its changes almost every day. It is closely related to our daily life and has a significant impact on the healthy development of the economy. Interest rate is determined by many economic and non economic factors. In turn, interest rate also affects many economic variables. Interest is the condition of credit relationship. The existence of interest makes credit relationship come into being, develop and expand, which promotes the development of social economy< (1) generally speaking, interest rate plays a role in the following aspects:
1. Interest rate affects money demand
in the theory of liquidity demand, the higher the interest rate is, the higher the opportunity cost of speculative money demand is, so the lower the money demand is; In other money demand theories, the interest rate itself is a cost that the debtor has to pay, so the interest rate and investment demand will decline. The degree of influence of interest rate and money demand depends on the interest rate environment of a country - the size of interest rate elasticity
2. Interest rate is an important tool to regulate money supply
first of all, money supply depends on the size of a country's base currency and money multiplier, while the base currency is the sum of cash issued by the central bank and liabilities to commercial banks. Obviously, there is no direct relationship between the two. However, there is an indirect relationship between the two: e to the increase of interest rate, the total amount of social deposits will increase, and the amount of cash will shrink, that is, the return of credit will rece the amount of cash in the base currency
secondly, the direct factors that affect money multiplier include cash leakage rate, deposit reserve rate, excess reserve rate and so on. There is an indirect relationship between interest rate and cash leakage rate: with the increase of interest rate, the return of cash increases, thus the cash leakage rate decreases; At the same time, the opportunity cost of excess preparation increases, so the excess preparation rate will also decrease, thus increasing the money supply. The increase of interest rate makes money supply and demand affect in two opposite aspects at the same time, so it can alleviate the contradiction of excessive money demand
3. Interest rate is an important means of macroeconomic regulation
the rediscount policy of the central bank is actually the interest rate policy of the central bank. When the economy is in depression, the central bank can rece the rediscount rate to stimulate demand; When the economy is in inflation, the central bank will raise the rediscount rate and increase the investment cost, so as to restrain the excessive money demand
...
[References]
references
1 Li Xiao, Ni Wei, Zhang Qin (1999): economic globalization and China's strategic choice, Journal of Jilin University, Social Science Edition, No.1
2 [US] Edward W; Xiao (1988): financial deepening in economic development, Shanghai Sanlian bookstore
3 [US] Ronald & 8226; McKinnon (1988): money and capital in economic development, Shanghai Sanlian bookstore
4 Hu Angang (1999): a talk in the article "experts analyze the best time for banks to liberalize interest rates", China Economic Net, November< Zhang Jie (1996): local government intervention and financial system variation, economic research, No.3
6 research group of Shanghai Branch of the people's Bank of China, hosted by Wang Huaqing (1998): Empirical Analysis on the correlation effect between interest rate changes and China's financial asset selection structure, Research Report on China's financial hot issues, Economic Science Press
7 [US] Ronald & 8226; McKinnon (1997): the order of economic marketization, Shanghai Sanlian bookstore, Shanghai People's publishing house< Xie Ping (1999): challenges facing China's financial reform, China's instrial economy, issue 4
remember to adopt it
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8. 送给亲密朋友：
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[ftc=00A650]乐[/ft] ◆[/ft][/ft]
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[fts=3][ftc=#F79700]〓★〓[/ft]
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参考资料：http://www.qqdong.com/qqliuyan/qqkjjieri/index.html
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[ftc=#00A99E]||←Yǒú…1.誋嘚 ◎ [ftc=ED008C]中秋节快乐[/ft]→||[/ft][/ft]
[fts=3][ftc=#F79700]〓★〓[/ft]
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参考资料：http://www.qqdong.com/qqliuyan/qqkjjieri/index.html
9.
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[ftc=#FFFFFF][ftc=#FFFF00]星星[/ft]落下要[ftc=#0066FF]3小时[/ft]，
地球[ftc=#0066FF]自转[/ft]一次要1天，
爱一个人要[ftc=#666600]一辈子[/ft]，
但一句[ftc=#FF33FF]贴心的话[/ft]只需一秒：[/ft]
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[ftc=#FF0000]我会好好照顾一被子[/ft]
[ftc=#FFFFFF]七夕情人节快乐[/ft]
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七夕情人节QQ空间留言代码样式：
QQ空间留言如何加代码：
1、打开所要留言的好友QQ空间，
2、点击好友留言板
3、进入到发表留言窗口，在窗口上面，点击“高级模式”输入要发表的留言代码
4、点发布按钮，就可以了
10. Chinese
1. Textbook question setting: review the textbook, explore the source of the test point by point, link the real questions after class, clarify the test direction and question setting methods, and guide the solution techniques
2. Read the text with punctuation: mark the key points in a circle, read it thoroughly, clear the thinking in three steps, and remove the obstacles to solve the problem
3. Test site specific training: set up test site specific training to help candidates better grasp the test site
√ classical Chinese materials exploration training
for the last question of classical Chinese, materials are selected from theme related, author related, character related and other aspects for centralized training< Good writing: carefully examine the topic, skillfully fill the question, draw up the question, analyze and guide the three propositions one by one, and make the first shot
2. The way to upgrade: from the three aspects of purposive selection, layout and language, we can give examples of the process of upgrading. 3. Understand the birth techniques of excellent works, pave the way to upgrade the exercises, and consolidate the second step of high scores
3. Predict Chongqing composition: stones from other mountains can be used to attack jade. Research the college entrance examination vision, high school entrance examination vision, textbook unit writing, explore the direction of Chongqing composition
mathematics
√ wanwei test preparation method - micro topic
nine micro topics are specially set up for Chongqing's frequent examination questions, which are explained by models or methods, mastered by means of training, comprehensive improvement, and question type links, and practiced methods to pave the way for solving heavy problems
√ breakthrough of key and difficult points
1. Examples are flexibly set in the form of "multiple questions for one question" and "questions from shallow to deep", so as to get through the knowledge points. In the geometry part, add the "problem-solving basis", recall the test points, exercise the logical reasoning ability
2. Aiming at the practical application problems of equations (Systems) and inequalities, this paper adopts the methods of [equivalence relationship], [information combing], [hierarchical analysis] to understand the meaning of the problems and establish the equivalence relationship
√ the core literacy in the senior high school entrance examination
according to the Chongqing senior high school entrance examination, the first examination of mathematical culture was concted in question 7 of volume a in 2019, and a special "mathematical culture training" was set up< The practical application of indefinite equation, in the form of "basic practice" + "targeted practice", is progressive layer by layer
2. According to the real questions of Chongqing senior high school entrance examination in 2019, "data sorting and analysis" and "function image inquiry" are added in the answers to the difficult questions
3. For quadratic function comprehensive questions, the mode of "one question with multiple questions" is adopted for hierarchical training, and the difficult questions are thoroughly practiced from multiple angles to break through various types of questions< The skills section summarizes writing skills from four aspects: skillful use of coordinate conjunctions, phrases, three clauses and special sentence patterns, so as to enhance the diversity of sentence patterns and learn to add good sentences
2. Topic chapter
the first step is to examine the questions well, and the first step is to create annotation style examination, and use the method of "Annotation" to improve the ability of examination
second level written sentences should be subdivided according to the topic, imitated and expanded to proce good sentences with high scores
the third-order practice of paragraph is to train the core paragraph from the perspective of text and memorize the high score model passage< In the third part of the research, we use micro skills to explain cloze, selective reading comprehension and task-based reading. Cloze summarizes 5 kinds of reading micro skills, general selective reading comprehension summarizes 8 kinds of micro skills according to the form of question setting, summarizes the method by skill, breaks through the micro skills in the form of example analysis + method training, and decomposes the reading problem-solving obstacles
√ the text is selected from the original foreign language materials
according to the research, in recent years, there are classic materials of famous websites in Chongqing high school entrance examination, which are the essence of current articles; Foreign language materials will also be used for reference. Therefore, the selection of the original topic is the same as the real topic, and the training is more targeted
physics
√ wanwei test preparation method - electrical micro topic
divides electrical knowledge into five micro topics according to the type of regular examination, breaks the traditional chapter review mode of electrical, and reviews more efficiently
√ experimental breakthrough of Wan Wei's test preparation method - improvement of scientific inquiry literacy
a national horizon layered training was specially set up to analyze the national classic and innovative questions, select and adapt according to the test situation in Chongqing, and set the example layered training Basic question setting] focuses on "raising questions and hypotheses, designing and concting experiments, analyzing data and phenomena, and summarizing conclusions" Ability improvement questions] focus on "communication and reflection" to strengthen the practice, one question to practice one experiment
√ play with the real questions of Chongqing's 10-year senior high school entrance examination
add [variant training], aiming at the difficult and typical questions, take the real questions of Chongqing's senior high school entrance examination as the motif template, change the conditions or background of question setting, and draw inferences from one instance
chemistry
√ wanwei test preparation method - three rounds of overcoming chemical equation
three rounds of flipped training, one group every day, can be cut and copied, repeated practice, to ensure that the chemical equation does not lose points
a round of sorting out 66 chemical equations in teaching materials, carpet training
two rounds of analysis of 7-year real questions, summarizing 7 kinds of examination forms, and practicing in a variety of ways
three rounds of inction of high-frequency chemical equations in the 7-year senior high school entrance examination and intensive training
√ wanwei test preparation method - micro topic
through the form of micro (Intensive) lecture and follow-up training, we can overcome the 13 key and difficult points of the regular test, and speak through and practice according to the characteristics of the test questions
√ wanwei test preparation method experimental breakthrough
1. Special "core literacy innovation": innovate experiments from the aspects of drugs, devices, principles, and exploration methods, embody the concepts of environmental protection, rece experimental errors, and improve innovation awareness
2. There is a special "national horizon layered training" for example: extract and adapt the examination questions of various provinces and cities in recent three years, set up basic training and ability improvement, and attack key experiments in an advanced way
morality and rule of law
√ ten thousand only test preparation method - textbook material adaptation questions
according to the test situation of Chongqing high school entrance examination, some proposition materials are from the textbook, and the multi-dimensional adaptation of the test questions in line with the form of the real test questions, return to the textbook, dig deep into the material, and understand the textbook
√ add mole mind map and answer knowledge required
Add mind map, present the overall knowledge framework, grasp the overall content and the relationship between them; According to the examination situation of Chongqing in recent five years, a new column of "necessary knowledge of answering questions" is added to summarize the types of materials, high-frequency sentences of answering questions and core sentences of teaching materials, so as to memorize efficiently and consolidate the basic points
√ question type research - annotation explanation
according to the characteristics of the question type, annotated analysis of the test questions, intuitive presentation of examination ideas. Make the students know how to solve the problem and master different types of questions
√ core point and answer template
in the hot research section, there are special columns of "core point" and "answer template" to refine the key sentences of high-frequency answers and frequently asked questions, memorize the key core knowledge, consolidate the foundation and answer efficiently< Senior high school entrance examination, senior high school entrance examination, People's Republic of China, China, and the 70th anniversary pamphlets of
History
√ wanwei test preparation method - the first "two-line review mode"
line 1 element learning test site, according to the 2011 curriculum standard, unified textbooks, etc., elements sort out the test site; To memorize the key pictures of the textbook
based on the situation of Chongqing senior high school entrance examination, the history of line 2's vertical and horizontal studies, from the perspective of the national senior high school entrance examination questions in recent 10 years, combined with the review habits of front-line teachers, presents the relevance and contrast of knowledge in the form of structure chart, coordinate axis, table and other forms from the vertical and horizontal dimensions, so as to broaden the breadth and depth of knowledge and make a comprehensive understanding
√ core literacy of landing subjects
put forward the requirements of core literacy according to the examination instructions of Chongqing, and the 2019 examination questions reflect the five core literacy of the subject, landing core literacy
1. Historical sequence: it presents the development sequence of theme events, reflects the idea of compiling unified textbooks, and highlights the development characteristics of the times
2. Historical explanation: explain historical terms and understand historical facts
3. "Core literacy promotion": according to the situation of Chongqing, the column of "core literacy promotion" is specially set up, which is embodied in four dimensions: the concept of time and space, the history of historical materials, historical materialism, and the feelings of family and country
take "the history of historical materials study" as an example: the senior high school entrance examination questions focus on materials, select materials suitable for Chongqing examination from the dimensions of material type and material source, and excavate questions from multiple angles, which is more suitable for Chongqing examination
4. Concise Edition: select the national high school entrance examination questions, Chongqing simulation questions and original questions according to the situation of Chongqing examination, implement the core quality and highlight the local characteristics
√ major hot topics: celebrate the 70th anniversary of the founding of the people's Republic of China
1. The concise edition interprets the hot topics from the aspects of the annual overview, knowledge string combing, hot material selection analysis, etc; Refine the test questions, and update the content continuously in the form of two-dimensional code to overcome major hot spots
2. specially matched 32 to open the 70th anniversary Thematic Interpretation of the founding of the People's Republic of China. From the speech and activities commentary of President Xi Jinping, we extracted 10 clues, set up hotspots and thread of knowledge, and analyzed hot topics from hot topics and knowledge. And special match with the original hot topic, concentrated practice, docking test.
1. Textbook question setting: review the textbook, explore the source of the test point by point, link the real questions after class, clarify the test direction and question setting methods, and guide the solution techniques
2. Read the text with punctuation: mark the key points in a circle, read it thoroughly, clear the thinking in three steps, and remove the obstacles to solve the problem
3. Test site specific training: set up test site specific training to help candidates better grasp the test site
√ classical Chinese materials exploration training
for the last question of classical Chinese, materials are selected from theme related, author related, character related and other aspects for centralized training< Good writing: carefully examine the topic, skillfully fill the question, draw up the question, analyze and guide the three propositions one by one, and make the first shot
2. The way to upgrade: from the three aspects of purposive selection, layout and language, we can give examples of the process of upgrading. 3. Understand the birth techniques of excellent works, pave the way to upgrade the exercises, and consolidate the second step of high scores
3. Predict Chongqing composition: stones from other mountains can be used to attack jade. Research the college entrance examination vision, high school entrance examination vision, textbook unit writing, explore the direction of Chongqing composition
mathematics
√ wanwei test preparation method - micro topic
nine micro topics are specially set up for Chongqing's frequent examination questions, which are explained by models or methods, mastered by means of training, comprehensive improvement, and question type links, and practiced methods to pave the way for solving heavy problems
√ breakthrough of key and difficult points
1. Examples are flexibly set in the form of "multiple questions for one question" and "questions from shallow to deep", so as to get through the knowledge points. In the geometry part, add the "problem-solving basis", recall the test points, exercise the logical reasoning ability
2. Aiming at the practical application problems of equations (Systems) and inequalities, this paper adopts the methods of [equivalence relationship], [information combing], [hierarchical analysis] to understand the meaning of the problems and establish the equivalence relationship
√ the core literacy in the senior high school entrance examination
according to the Chongqing senior high school entrance examination, the first examination of mathematical culture was concted in question 7 of volume a in 2019, and a special "mathematical culture training" was set up< The practical application of indefinite equation, in the form of "basic practice" + "targeted practice", is progressive layer by layer
2. According to the real questions of Chongqing senior high school entrance examination in 2019, "data sorting and analysis" and "function image inquiry" are added in the answers to the difficult questions
3. For quadratic function comprehensive questions, the mode of "one question with multiple questions" is adopted for hierarchical training, and the difficult questions are thoroughly practiced from multiple angles to break through various types of questions< The skills section summarizes writing skills from four aspects: skillful use of coordinate conjunctions, phrases, three clauses and special sentence patterns, so as to enhance the diversity of sentence patterns and learn to add good sentences
2. Topic chapter
the first step is to examine the questions well, and the first step is to create annotation style examination, and use the method of "Annotation" to improve the ability of examination
second level written sentences should be subdivided according to the topic, imitated and expanded to proce good sentences with high scores
the third-order practice of paragraph is to train the core paragraph from the perspective of text and memorize the high score model passage< In the third part of the research, we use micro skills to explain cloze, selective reading comprehension and task-based reading. Cloze summarizes 5 kinds of reading micro skills, general selective reading comprehension summarizes 8 kinds of micro skills according to the form of question setting, summarizes the method by skill, breaks through the micro skills in the form of example analysis + method training, and decomposes the reading problem-solving obstacles
√ the text is selected from the original foreign language materials
according to the research, in recent years, there are classic materials of famous websites in Chongqing high school entrance examination, which are the essence of current articles; Foreign language materials will also be used for reference. Therefore, the selection of the original topic is the same as the real topic, and the training is more targeted
physics
√ wanwei test preparation method - electrical micro topic
divides electrical knowledge into five micro topics according to the type of regular examination, breaks the traditional chapter review mode of electrical, and reviews more efficiently
√ experimental breakthrough of Wan Wei's test preparation method - improvement of scientific inquiry literacy
a national horizon layered training was specially set up to analyze the national classic and innovative questions, select and adapt according to the test situation in Chongqing, and set the example layered training Basic question setting] focuses on "raising questions and hypotheses, designing and concting experiments, analyzing data and phenomena, and summarizing conclusions" Ability improvement questions] focus on "communication and reflection" to strengthen the practice, one question to practice one experiment
√ play with the real questions of Chongqing's 10-year senior high school entrance examination
add [variant training], aiming at the difficult and typical questions, take the real questions of Chongqing's senior high school entrance examination as the motif template, change the conditions or background of question setting, and draw inferences from one instance
chemistry
√ wanwei test preparation method - three rounds of overcoming chemical equation
three rounds of flipped training, one group every day, can be cut and copied, repeated practice, to ensure that the chemical equation does not lose points
a round of sorting out 66 chemical equations in teaching materials, carpet training
two rounds of analysis of 7-year real questions, summarizing 7 kinds of examination forms, and practicing in a variety of ways
three rounds of inction of high-frequency chemical equations in the 7-year senior high school entrance examination and intensive training
√ wanwei test preparation method - micro topic
through the form of micro (Intensive) lecture and follow-up training, we can overcome the 13 key and difficult points of the regular test, and speak through and practice according to the characteristics of the test questions
√ wanwei test preparation method experimental breakthrough
1. Special "core literacy innovation": innovate experiments from the aspects of drugs, devices, principles, and exploration methods, embody the concepts of environmental protection, rece experimental errors, and improve innovation awareness
2. There is a special "national horizon layered training" for example: extract and adapt the examination questions of various provinces and cities in recent three years, set up basic training and ability improvement, and attack key experiments in an advanced way
morality and rule of law
√ ten thousand only test preparation method - textbook material adaptation questions
according to the test situation of Chongqing high school entrance examination, some proposition materials are from the textbook, and the multi-dimensional adaptation of the test questions in line with the form of the real test questions, return to the textbook, dig deep into the material, and understand the textbook
√ add mole mind map and answer knowledge required
Add mind map, present the overall knowledge framework, grasp the overall content and the relationship between them; According to the examination situation of Chongqing in recent five years, a new column of "necessary knowledge of answering questions" is added to summarize the types of materials, high-frequency sentences of answering questions and core sentences of teaching materials, so as to memorize efficiently and consolidate the basic points
√ question type research - annotation explanation
according to the characteristics of the question type, annotated analysis of the test questions, intuitive presentation of examination ideas. Make the students know how to solve the problem and master different types of questions
√ core point and answer template
in the hot research section, there are special columns of "core point" and "answer template" to refine the key sentences of high-frequency answers and frequently asked questions, memorize the key core knowledge, consolidate the foundation and answer efficiently< Senior high school entrance examination, senior high school entrance examination, People's Republic of China, China, and the 70th anniversary pamphlets of
History
√ wanwei test preparation method - the first "two-line review mode"
line 1 element learning test site, according to the 2011 curriculum standard, unified textbooks, etc., elements sort out the test site; To memorize the key pictures of the textbook
based on the situation of Chongqing senior high school entrance examination, the history of line 2's vertical and horizontal studies, from the perspective of the national senior high school entrance examination questions in recent 10 years, combined with the review habits of front-line teachers, presents the relevance and contrast of knowledge in the form of structure chart, coordinate axis, table and other forms from the vertical and horizontal dimensions, so as to broaden the breadth and depth of knowledge and make a comprehensive understanding
√ core literacy of landing subjects
put forward the requirements of core literacy according to the examination instructions of Chongqing, and the 2019 examination questions reflect the five core literacy of the subject, landing core literacy
1. Historical sequence: it presents the development sequence of theme events, reflects the idea of compiling unified textbooks, and highlights the development characteristics of the times
2. Historical explanation: explain historical terms and understand historical facts
3. "Core literacy promotion": according to the situation of Chongqing, the column of "core literacy promotion" is specially set up, which is embodied in four dimensions: the concept of time and space, the history of historical materials, historical materialism, and the feelings of family and country
take "the history of historical materials study" as an example: the senior high school entrance examination questions focus on materials, select materials suitable for Chongqing examination from the dimensions of material type and material source, and excavate questions from multiple angles, which is more suitable for Chongqing examination
4. Concise Edition: select the national high school entrance examination questions, Chongqing simulation questions and original questions according to the situation of Chongqing examination, implement the core quality and highlight the local characteristics
√ major hot topics: celebrate the 70th anniversary of the founding of the people's Republic of China
1. The concise edition interprets the hot topics from the aspects of the annual overview, knowledge string combing, hot material selection analysis, etc; Refine the test questions, and update the content continuously in the form of two-dimensional code to overcome major hot spots
2. specially matched 32 to open the 70th anniversary Thematic Interpretation of the founding of the People's Republic of China. From the speech and activities commentary of President Xi Jinping, we extracted 10 clues, set up hotspots and thread of knowledge, and analyzed hot topics from hot topics and knowledge. And special match with the original hot topic, concentrated practice, docking test.
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