What is x86 mining
mining: that is, bitcoin mining, is a process of using computer hardware to calculate the location of bitcoin and obtain it
Bitcoin is actually a virtual currency. When bitcoin first appeared, if you want to get bitcoin, you have to get bitcoin through mining. Therefore, bitcoin mining appeared. But bitcoin mining is more and more difficult, so it is very difficult to get bitcoin now
so now many people use Haru miner digs Ethereum, Monroe and other virtual coins. Most importantly, BTC can be directly equivalent in the end
Mining is the use of bitcoin mining machine, which is used to earn bitcoin
one of the ways to get bitcoin is that users download software from personal computer and then run specific algorithm to get corresponding bitcoin after communicating with remote server
bitcoin is a kind of virtual currency. Bitcoin mining system is the process of carrying out mathematical operation for bitcoin network through computer hardware. Miners who provide services can get a reward, because the network reward is calculated according to the tasks completed by miners, so the competition for mining is very fierce
mining is actually a competition of performance and equipment. The mining machine composed of many graphics cards, even if it's only hd6770, can surpass the single graphics card of most users
and this is not the most terrible. Some mining machines are made up of more such graphics card arrays. When dozens or even hundreds of graphics cards come together, the graphics card itself costs money. Considering the hardware price and other costs, there is a considerable expenditure in mining
bitcoin mining process:
1. To find the ore pool
to start mining, there must be a ore pool with convenient operation and stable output. Its function is to subdivide the data packets for each terminal, and pay the corresponding amount of bitcoin according to the proportion of the data packets calculated by the terminal through precise algorithm
2. Download bitcoin miner (software)
in fact, there are many kinds of this miner, you can go to the official website to download
3. Setting mining software is a green software. After installation, we can set the language first to facilitate further setting. Next, you need to set the server, user name, password, equipment and so on. Generally, the server chooses a better network from BTC guide series, and the user name and password are set by ourselves before
4, bitcoin mining start
when we confirm that all settings are correct, click the "start mining" button to start bitcoin mining, and then the graphics card will soon enter the full speed running state, the temperature and fan speed will increase, you can monitor the state through gpu-z or graphics card driver
bitcoin can change money
but the total amount of these things is fixed. They have been g for decades, and there is not much to dig, unless you are the God of technology
" Bitcoin Mining & quot; The concept of "gold mining" comes from the existing concepts in real economic life, such as gold mining and silver mining. Because minerals are valuable, it drives people to pay labor to dig
significance: compared with the special currency network, bitcoin mining is not only the basic guarantee for issuing coins, but also for maintaining the operation of bitcoin system; Behind every bitcoin mining activity is to create a new-type & quot; Note printing machine & quot
Bitcoin does not rely on specific currency institutions to issue. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on specific algorithms. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transaction lines, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulationthe decentralized feature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially control the value of bitcoin by mass manufacturing. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has scarcity
Architecture Pattern:
x86 architecture is an important variable instruction length CISC (complex instruction set computer). The memory access of the length of word (4 bytes) allows the memory address to be misaligned, and the word group is stored in the memory in the order that the lower byte comes first. Forward compatibility has always been a driving force behind the development of x86 architecture (the need for design determines this factor and often leads to criticism, especially from the supporters and theorists of rival processors, who are puzzled by the continuous success of an architecture widely considered as backward design). However, in the newer microarchitecture, the x86 processor will convert the x86 instructions into more RISC like ones for further execution, thus achieving superscalar performance comparable to RISC, while still maintaining forward compatibility. The processor of x86 architecture has four execution modes: real mode, protection mode, system management mode and virtual v86 mode.
Intel is very clear that the x86 instruction set limits the further improvement of CPU performance, so they are working with HP to develop the next generation instruction set architecture (ISA): Epic (Explicit Parallel Instruction Computing). For Intel, IA-64 (Intel's 64 bit architecture) is the next 10 to 15 years of architecture. The new isa will enable Intel to get rid of the limitation of x86 architecture and design new processors that surpass all existing RISC CPUs and x86 CPUs. So where is the advantage of epic? Why did Intel give up the x86 architecture that made it a chip giant< As we know, engineers can improve performance by increasing the number of instructions executed per clock. The primary purpose of Intel's new instruction set is to make the instructions easier to decode and execute in parallel. In this way, new processors can be developed without limitation
however, for engineers, the x86 instruction set compatible with 8086 is always a necessary task. After all, compatibility with previous generation procts is a key factor in Intel's growth, and it can also protect users' original investment and use millions of applications. So why abandon the entire x86 instruction set and start over? What are the shortcomings of X86
(1) variable instruction length
the length of X86 instruction is variable, and there are several different formats. As a result, the decoding work of X86 CPU is very complex. In order to improve the working frequency of CPU, we have to extend the pipeline in CPU. When the branch prediction error occurs, the long pipeline will bring the disadvantage of long CPU dead time
(2) register poverty
x86 instruction set architecture has only 8 general registers, and only 6 registers can be used in practice. This situation is not suitable for the modern superscalar CPU. Although engineers use register renaming technology to make up for this defect, it leads to the situation that the CPU is too complex and the pipeline is too long
(3) memory access
x86 instructions can access memory addresses, while modern RISC CPUs use load / store mode. Only load and store instructions can read data from memory to registers, and all other instructions only calculate the operands in registers. At present, the CPU speed is five times or more than five times of the memory speed, the latter mode is the right way
(4) floating point stack
x87 FPU is the slowest FPU at present, one of the main reasons is that x87 instructions use an operand stack. If you don't have enough registers to compute, you have to use the stack to store the data, which wastes a lot of time using the FXCH instruction (that is, putting the correct data at the top of the stack)< (5) 4GB limit
this does not seem to be a problem. However, six years ago, mainstream PCs only had 4MB of memory, while most PCs are now equipped with more than 64MB of memory, 16 times more than before. Therefore, it is absolutely not surprising that PC memory will exceed 1GB in the next decade, and the current large servers have used more than 1GB of memory, The breakthrough of 4GB memory will come soon< All the methods used to improve the performance of X86 CPU, such as register renaming, huge buffer, out of order execution, branch prediction, x86 instruction conversion, etc., make the chip area of CPU larger and limit the further improvement of working frequency. The extra integrated transistors are only used to solve the problem of X86 instruction.