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1. How to define virtual economy? Why can you perform the magic of money making money? Then, the first question I want to talk about is virtual capital. Virtual capital is a concept put forward in several chapters after chapter 21 of Volume III of Marx's capital. Its concept can be summarized into two aspects: one is that virtual capital is developed from securities and real estate mortgage bills. This is a view, and this is the development of credit system. The second point of view is that virtual capital itself has no value, but it can generate profits through circular movement, which Marx called some form of surplus value. However, it is a pity that the overall economic development at that time did not reach today's level. So Marx didn't put forward the concept of virtual economy at that time, so the concept of virtual capital has developed since Marx. From my personal research, I think Marx analyzed the ality of commodity, that is, value and use value. We analyzed virtual capital, We should also see the al ownership of capital, that is, capital has ownership and use right. Well, if a person gives his capital to another person, he will actually lose his right to use the capital and retain his ownership of the capital, right? At this time, the person who uses his capital will give him an ownership certificate, such as stock, which is the ownership certificate to prove that you have an investment. The bond is the ownership certificate. It will give him an ownership certificate. Then the ownership certificate is to prove that the ownership is given to you, but you have lost the ownership. So I think the generation of virtual capital is from the separation of the right to use and ownership of capital. Then we have to ask, why do people want to use this capital for others? It must be that the financing party has some kind of ability to attract people to be willing to give him the right to use the money, so the financing party quotes some form of capital, which is intangible, non-material, and the value is uncertain. Because if he doesn't have capital, you won't give it, right? He must have some reason, that is, he has some capital, so I think he has this kind of capital, which is what we call virtual capital. I think there are three types of virtual capital: the first is credit capital. This is familiar to the financial sector. It's because you have credit. I'll lend it to you. Right? You promise to return it to me. People in the bank deposit their money in the bank. This is the bank. The bank has credit. People are willing to invest in an enterprise because the enterprise has credit. So credit is a kind of intangible capital, a kind of virtual intangible capital, But it can absorb people's actual capital. The second kind is called intellectual capital, which includes your technology, secrets, patents, brands, standards and so on. With the approaching of knowledge society and the development of knowledge economy, the knowledge capital is becoming more and more important. Some people call intellectual capital, or intellectual capital, which means the same thing. People who have such knowledge are willing to invest in them in the hope that they can turn their knowledge into procts and instries, and make money. After making money, they can make money. So venture capital is such a concept. Venture capital enables venture capitalists to pool people's money and then lend it to those who have made innovative achievements. If they fail, they will split up. If they succeed, I'm sorry, share the profits. So it is obvious that intellectual capital is embodied in venture capital. It is the combination of knowledge capital and actual capital that leads to the concept of venture capital. Because the risk of venture capital is very big, we usually say three lose seven, then why do people still want to invest? It is because the high income of successful projects can not only supplement the compensation of those failed projects, but also bring higher income to people. So this is a kind of mechanism. Because of this mechanism, people are willing to invest in people with intellectual capital. So when venture capital is relatively hot, there is a word called "Zhiben", capitalist. People with knowledge are called "Zhiben". Venture capital comes from the combination of capitalist and Zhiben. This is the second type. The third type, we call it social capital. This social capital is a concept in sociology. My definition is that social capital is a kind of mutual trust and cooperation formed by people in social interaction. In China, we all know this problem very well. There is a word in China called "relationship". It seems that the word "relationship" has become a derogatory term in modern times. It seems that talking about relationship is corruption. In fact, it is not completely so. Relationship is important. In foreign countries, we also talk about relationship. Acquaintances are always easy to handle. He can trust you, right? Do I know you? Can I give you the money, right. According to sociological research, this social capital is also very important at present, and it also plays a unique role in economic development. Some people have studied that the economic development of northern Italy is better than that of southern Italy? Because southern Italy is used to monarchy, and northern Italy is used to republicanism. As we all know, in the case of republicanism, of course, the mutual trust and cooperation between people is stronger than monarchy. Of course, this is an explanation. However, no matter how important it is, we can see the importance of social capital in our daily life. It's only because of corruption that the word "relationship" is not well-known. In fact, relationship is still important. So you are like a venture capitalist. Why are people willing to give money to him? It's because his projects are effective. People believe in him and think that he is not a simple investor. Instead, he can use his knowledge and his relationship in all aspects to help this innovator start a business and transform his innovative achievements into procts, In fact, only 1% to 2% of the money he manages is his own money, and most of the money is given to him by others. Now private equity funds are also like this. Most of them are given by others. If they are willing to give them, they believe that they can bring more benefits to this investor. So we say that there are probably three types of virtual capital. So why do we call virtual capital virtual? As I said just now, the first is intangible. You can see that credit, knowledge and relationships are intangible. How much money you buy for a stock does not mean its value. The stock may rise to a couple of times, or fall to several times. Therefore, people jokingly call the stock papermoney, which is money on paper, because when you don't cash it doesn't exist, It has no fixed value. Similarly, when knowledge, credit and money are related to it, it also has no fixed value. So the carrier of virtual capital, as I just said, is a kind of ownership certificate. Because you have invested, people admit that they have taken away the right to use your money, and give the ownership certificate to prove that you have the capital, which is its carrier. Then you can keep the carrier yourself, or you can exchange it in the market. In this way, you are involved in the concept of virtual economy. So what is virtual economy? We say that virtual economy is a variety of activities of virtual capital based on financial platform. To put it simply, it is to use money to make money. The activity of directly making money with money, or academically speaking, is the activity of trading with your ownership certificate. As we all know, the mode of economic activity mentioned in Marx's capital is the mode of real economy. You think this is that it first transforms money into labor force, employing people, raw materials, equipment and factories through exchange. Right? This is a process of exchange, and then combines these proction factors into procts through the proction process, Procts become commodities through circulation, and commodities return to the form of money through exchange. At this time, profits are generated in the process of capital circulation. This is Marx's traditional concept of real economy. And the virtual economy is to use money directly to make money. For example, when you are in the stock market, you take money to buy stocks. This is an exchange, that is, you turn your real capital into virtual capital, and then you sell the stocks and pour back the money. This is another kind of exchange, and the virtual capital turns into the money of that entity. So we say that it is not through the illusion of the real economy, but a virtual circular movement, that is, exchange, and then exchange this circular movement to achieve the purpose of profit. This is the real economy and virtual economy are two different modes of economic activities. So this is a basic concept of virtual economy. Next page: how does the environment affect your decisions? Why is the ability to take risks overestimated?

2. 1. It is a kind of capital, which is the value used for operating profit. Money is the general equivalent of all commodities, which is essentially different from capital. It can only be converted into capital and become virtual capital when it is used to make profits. Securities can only be transformed into virtual capital when they become trading objects and tools that can earn operating profits. Similarly, in the foreign exchange market, when people take foreign currency as a trading partner and a tool to earn profits, foreign currency will be transformed into virtual capital

2. Virtual capital is based on real capital. First of all, without real capital or real economy, there will be no virtual capital. That is to say, if there is no joint-stock enterprise, no economic entity issuing bonds and other valuable securities, there will be no securities such as stocks and bonds, and no virtual capital will be generated
3. Virtual capital is independent of real capital. Although it comes from and must rely on the entity capital, it is another set of capital independent from the entity capital. Taking the listed stocks as an example, the capital entity invested in the joint-stock enterprises is in the process of proction and operation in the form of labor force, factory building, machinery, raw materials and finished procts, constantly creating new value and profits and playing the role of capital

4. Virtual capital has its own unique movement law. First of all, compared with the real capital, virtual capital can be transferred rapidly in a large span, aiming at this enterprise or instry for a while, and then running to another enterprise or instry for a while; Even in this region or country for a while, and in another region or country for a while, in order to effectively capture the opportunity to make money and maximize profits

positive impact: 1. Promote the optimal allocation of resources. One of the characteristics of virtual capital is its strong liquidity. In today's highly developed financial market, the carrier of virtual capital, securities, especially derivative financial instruments, can move very sensitively with the help of modern information, communication, finance and other conditions

2. It can promote more consumption funds and idle funds to be converted into large amount of proction and operation capital, and accelerate economic development. Because of the liquidity of virtual capital, investors can invest or withdraw their capital at any time, and may obtain additional income through trading, which increases the attraction of virtual capital embodiment such as stocks, bonds and derivative financial instruments to investors, and makes a part of the money originally intended to be consumed and scattered leisure funds invest in the embodiment of virtual capital, and thus into the real economy, So that the whole society's funds for economic construction will be increased and the speed of economic construction will be accelerated

3. When an enterprise issues stocks, bonds and other securities, it must be highly transparent and have the foundation and prospect to obtain greater economic benefits. Otherwise, the securities it issues will not be bought and will be sold quickly even if bought

negative effects: 1. Increase the possibility of economic turbulence and crisis. As we have said before, virtual capital is a kind of capital with great liquidity, which is based on and independent of real capital. Coupled with the development of derivative financial instruments, it is further separated from the real capital, with stronger liquidity, and can change the form at any time to buy and sell, which naturally becomes the best way for speculative capital to gamble on the economy

2. is easy to cause bubble economy. The so-called bubble economy is the price of certain commodities, such as real estate, stock and so on. Due to over optimistic expectations, the price of the procts is derived from their own value base and social price level. The virtual capital's commitment is the securities. Due to the influence of political and economic factors, the price of securities is easy to rise and fall without its value.

3. As the carrier of virtual capital, negotiable securities become commodities, not because they are created as commodities, but because circulation makes them commodities. Securities are not labor procts, they do not condense human labor without distinction, so they have no value, but they are ownership certificates; If it can bring income, income will become the content of its "market value". Under the condition of developed credit system, people can calculate how much capital the income is equivalent to by taking the regular income brought by ownership as the measure of market interest rate

the change of virtual capital market value and its determination method have their own unique forms of movement, which are as follows:

(1) its market value is determined by the regular return and interest rate of securities, and does not change with the change of functional capital value< (2) generally speaking, its market value is directly proportional to the amount of regular income and inversely proportional to the level of interest rate

(3) its price fluctuation is determined by both the supply and demand of securities and money

Marx once pointed out: "when the money market is urgent, the price of this kind of securities will double drop: first, it is because the interest rate increases; second, it is because the interest rate increases; Second, it is because such securities are put into the market in large quantities in order to realize the realization of currency. " This shows that the fluctuation of the price of virtual capital depends on the degree of substitution of securities and money, and the factor leading to the degree of substitution is people's choice of assets.

4. The inflation of fictitious capital attracts foreign investment, the demand of foreign investors for foreign exchange causes the appreciation of local currency, and the exchange rate is overvalued

5. Weight is a relative concept, which refers to a certain index. The weight of an index refers to the relative importance of the index in the overall evaluation.
for example, the final evaluation is a comprehensive evaluation of students' usual performance, midterm examination results and final examination results, but the proportion of these three results in the final evaluation is different, For example, a thing, you give it 100 points, your boss give it 60 points, if the average, it is (100 + 60) / 2 = 80 points. But because the weight of the boss is heavier than you, if the weight of the boss is 2, you are 1, then the average is the weighted average, The result is (100 * 1 + 60 * 2) / (1 + 2) = 73.3 points, which obviously inclines to your boss. If the boss's weight is 1 and your weight is 3, the result is (100 * 3 + 60 * 1) / (1 + 3) = 90. This is the calculation of the average according to different weights, so it is also called weighted average

6.

Weight is a scoring mechanism of Taobao comprehensive ranking, that is, a scoring system. The higher the score, the higher the weight, the higher the relative ranking of the baby. The score level determines the weight level, and the weight level determines the baby ranking level

by optimizing all aspects of Taobao stores, we can increase the weight, improve the shopping experience of customers entering the store, and then improve the commodity conversion rate

extended materials:

adjustment of Taobao search ranking rules since July 8, 2010, Taobao search ranking rules have been adjusted, and the influence weight of seller service quality on ranking has greatly increased

the seller's illegal dection degree, the number and proportion of refunds, the number of complaints and other factors will directly affect their ranking in Taobao search results. At the same time, cheating records will be accumulated and archived, as one of the factors to measure the quality of service of sellers. Cheating sellers will be reced by the search engine, serious or even direct filtering does not show

the main factors affecting the weight are: Taobao service, praise rate, store dection value, DSR, etc

7. Hello, the weighted stock is the weighted stock, that is, the stock of a listed company with a huge total share capital. Its total number of shares accounts for a large proportion of the total number of shares in the stock market, which means it has a great weight. Its rise and fall have a great impact on the stock index
for example, PetroChina, which was included in the Shanghai Composite Index on November 19, 2008, ranked first in the total market value of Shanghai and Shanghai Shenzhen A shares. Since the Shanghai composite index determines the weight based on the total equity, PetroChina accounts for about 25.15% of the weight.

8. Assistant software
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9. Every assistant has every method. No one else will teach you. It's a big loss to teach others.

10.

Meaning: power, power. It refers to the importance of a factor or indicator relative to something, which is different from the general proportion. It reflects not only the percentage of a factor or indicator, but also the relative importance of the factor or indicator, and tends to contribute or importance

pronunciation: [Qu] á n zh ò Happy New Year! My blessing to you! Here I sincerely wish you: high position, light responsibility, less work, more money, close to home, wake up naturally every day when you sleep, others work overtime, you get a raise, you get money well, you have cramps, and pretty girls love you. Happy New Year

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extended data

weight synonym: proportion

pronunciation: [b] ǐ zh ò Ng]

definition:

1. The ratio of the weight of a substance to its volume, that is, the weight per unit volume of a substance

2. The weight of one thing in the whole: the proportion of China's instry in the whole national economy increases year by year

The third part of Mao Zedong's "on the ten relations" is quoted as follows: "ring the first five year plan period, military and political expenses accounted for 30% of the total expenditure of the state budget. That's too much. "