One day electricity charge for desktop mining
Publish: 2021-05-14 22:28:31
2.
Taking t2t-30t as an example, the calculation force of t2t-30t is 30t, and the power consumption is 2200W, that is, 2.2kW. The power consumption of a single miner in 24-hour operation is 2.2kW * 24 = 52.8kwh, and the electricity charge is once calculated as 0.56rmb, the daily power consumption cost of a single miner is 52.8kw * 0.56 = 29.57rmb
to "mine" with bitcoin mining machine, if the graphics card is fully loaded for a long time, the power consumption will be quite high, and the electricity bill will be higher and higher. There are many professional mines at home and abroad in areas with extremely low electricity charges, such as hydropower stations, while more users can only mine at home or in ordinary mines, so the electricity charges are not cheap. Even some people in a residential area in Yunnan carried out crazy mining, which led to a large area trip of the residential area, and the transformer was burned
extended data
mining principle of bitcoin mining machine:
bitcoin mining and node software mainly initiates zero knowledge proof and verification transactions through point-to-point network, digital signature and interactive proof system. Each network node carries out broadcast transactions to the network. After these broadcast transactions are verified by miners (computers on the network), miners can use their own work proof results to express confirmation. The confirmed transactions will be packaged into data blocks, and the data blocks will form a continuous data block chain
every node of bitcoin will collect all the unconfirmed transactions and gather them into a data block. The miner node will add a random adjustment number and calculate the sha256 hash value of the previous data block. The mining node keeps trying again and again until the random adjustment number it finds makes the hash value lower than a specific target
3. Hello, according to the different power of your mining machine, the power consumption and electricity charge are also different
take an ant s9-13.5t mining machine as an example, the power is 1.35kw
the power consumption of 24 hours a day is: 1.35kw * 24h = 32.4kw/day
according to your local electricity charge, assuming that the electricity charge is 0.5 yuan / kWh, 32.4 * 0.5 = 16.2 yuan / day
then an ant s9-13.5t mining machine can consume 32.4 kwh a day, The daily electricity charge is 16.2 yuan
if you have any other questions, you can consult me and hope to help you, thank you!
take an ant s9-13.5t mining machine as an example, the power is 1.35kw
the power consumption of 24 hours a day is: 1.35kw * 24h = 32.4kw/day
according to your local electricity charge, assuming that the electricity charge is 0.5 yuan / kWh, 32.4 * 0.5 = 16.2 yuan / day
then an ant s9-13.5t mining machine can consume 32.4 kwh a day, The daily electricity charge is 16.2 yuan
if you have any other questions, you can consult me and hope to help you, thank you!
4.
For example
a 4-sheet R9 280x graphics card miner. About 2.9m
power consumption:
the rated power of each graphics card is about 250W, and slightly overclocking is about 300W. Four graphics cards, 1200W
platform: motherboard, CPU, hard disk, etc., which add up to no more than 200W
display, mining machine is basically no display
the total power is about 1400W. 33.6 degrees a day
if the caption is only for ordinary household desktop computers, it is not easy to calculate, because the key is the power consumption of the graphics card. The power consumption of ordinary graphics card is about 150W. And then add the others according to 200W, a total of 350W. 4.2 degrees a day
5. Same as begging bitcoin, address:
6. This depends on the actual hardware configuration of the machine. For example, several graphics cards are installed, what hardware is used, the power of all the hardware is added together, and then multiplied by 24 hours to know the power of a day.
7. 1、 Installation and configuration of network devices
when installing Linux, if you have a network card, the installation program will prompt you to give the configuration parameters of TCP / IP network, such as the IP address of the local computer, the IP address of the default gateway, the IP address of DNS, etc, The installation program will automatically compile the network card (Linux system must first support) driver into the kernel. But we must understand the process of loading the network card driver, so we can easily operate when changing the network card and using multiple network cards in the future. The network card driver is loaded into the kernel as a mole, All the network card drivers supported by Linux are stored in the directory / lib / moles / (Linux version number) / net /, for example, the driver of Inter's 82559 series 10 / 100M self-adaptive boot network card is eepro100. O, 3Com's 3c509 isa network card is 3c509. O, dlink's PCI 10 network card is via Rhine. O, NE2000 compatible network card drivers are ne2k PCI. O and ne. O. after understanding these basic drivers, we can change the network card or add the network card by modifying the mole configuration file.
1. Modify the / etc / conf.moles file
this configuration file is an important parameter file to load the mole, Let's first look at a sample file
; / etc / conf.moles
alias eth0 eepro100
alias eth1 eepro100
this file is the content of conf.moles in a Linux system with two inter 82559 series network cards. The alias command indicates the name of the driver of the Ethernet port (such as eth0), If you use the command modprobe eth0, the system will automatically load eepro100. O into the kernel, So it is not necessary to use options in conf.moles to specify the IO address and interrupt number of the network card. However, corresponding to isa network card, you must specify the IO address or interrupt number of the hardware in conf.moles, as shown below, which indicates the conf.moles file of NE isa network card.
alias eth0 ne
Options ne IO = 0x300 IRQ = 5
after modifying the conf.moles file, You can use the command to load the mole, for example, the second network card to be inserted into the inter:
? Insmod / lib / moles / 2.2.14/net/eepro100. O
so that the mole eepro100. O can be loaded at the Ethernet port, You can also use the command to view the currently loaded mole information:
[ root@ice /Etc] # lsmod
mole size used by
eepro100 15652 (autoclean)
the meaning of the returned result is that the currently loaded mole is eepro100, with 15652 bytes in size and two users, The method is to clear automatically.
2. Modify the / etc / lilo.conf file
in some relatively new Linux versions, because the operating system automatically detects all related hardware, it is not necessary to modify the / etc / lilo.conf file at this time, You can modify the lilo.conf file. Add the following command to the / etc / lilo.conf file:
append = & quot; ether=5,0x240,eth0 ether=7,0x300,eth1"<
the meaning of this command is that the IO address of eth0 is 0x240, the interrupt is 5, the IO address of eth1 is 0x300, and the interrupt is 7.
in fact, this statement comes from the parameter passed when the system boot image file,
Lilo: Linux ether = 5,0x240, eth0 ether = 7,0x300, eth1
this method can also make the Linux system configure two network cards, When using more than three network cards, you can follow the same method.
after configuring the network card, you should configure the TCP / IP parameters. In general, when installing the Linux system, you will be prompted to configure the network parameters, You can use the following commands:
? Ifconfig eth0 a.b.c.d netmask e.f.g.h
a.b.c.d is the IP address of eth0, and e.f.g.h is the netmask.
in fact, in Linux system, we can set multiple IP addresses for a network card, such as the following command:
? Ifconfig eth0: 1 202.112.11.218 netmask 255.255.192
then, Use the command "ifconfig - a" to see the interfaces of all network interfaces:
eth0 link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:90:27:58:AF:1A
inet addr:202.112.13.204 Bcast :202.112.13.255 M ask:255.255.255.192
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 M etric:1
RX packets:435510 errors :0 dropped:0 overruns :0 frame:2
TX packets:538988 error s:0 dropped:0 overruns :0 carrier:0
c ollisions:318683 txqueuelen :100
I nterrupt:10 Base address:0xc000
eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:90:27:58:AF:1A
inet addr:202.112.11.218 Bcast :202.112.11.255 M ask:255.255.255.192
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 M etric:1
I nterrupt:10 Base address:0xc000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask :255.0.0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:3924 M etric:1
RX packets:2055 errors :0 dropped:0 overruns :0 frame:0
TX packets:2055 errors :0 dropped:0 overruns :0 carrier:0
c ollisions:0 txqueuelen : 0
there are three network interfaces, eth0, eth0:1, lo, Eth0 is the real Ethernet interface. Eth0:1 and eth0 are the same network card, but they are bound with another address. Lo is the sending address<
eth0 and eth0:
1 the IP addresses of different network segments can be used, which is very useful when the same physical network segment uses different network addresses<
in addition, the network card has a mode of prosimc. In this mode, the network card will receive all the data packets in the network. Some network monitoring tools under Linux, such as tcpmp, snort, etc., set the network card to hybrid mode.
the ifconfig command can change the IP address of the network card ring the running time, but if the system is restarted, Linux still starts the network interface according to the original default settings
at this time, you can use netconfig or NETCONF command to reset the default network parameters. Netconfig command is to reconfigure the basic TCP / IP parameters, including whether to dynamically obtain IP address (dhcpd and BOOTP), IP address of network card, network mask, default gateway and preferred domain name server address
NETCONF command can configure all network parameters in detail, which is divided into three parts: client task, server task and other configuration. In the client configuration, it mainly includes the configuration of basic host (host name, valid domain name, network alias, IP address of corresponding network card, network mask, network device name, kernel driver of network device),
DNS address configuration, default gateway address configuration, NIS address configuration, IPX interface configuration, PPP / slip configuration, etc. In the server configuration, it mainly includes NFS configuration, DNS configuration, Apache webserver configuration, samba configuration and Wu ftpd configuration
. Among the other configuration options, one is about the host configuration in the / etc / hosts file, one is about the network configuration information in the / etc / networks file, and the last is about the configuration information using linuxconf
under the command of linuxconf, you can also configure the network information, but you can find that the linuxconf program calls NETCONF to configure the network<
in addition, the system configuration files about the network are stored in the / etc / sysconfig / network scripts directory.
examples are as follows:
:
& lt; br>& lt; br> <
ifcfg-eth0 * ifdown post * ifup aliases * ifup PPP *
ifcfg-eth1 * ifdown PPP * ifup IPX * ifup routes *
ifcfg lo * ifdown sl * ifup PLIP * ifup sl *
ifdown @ ifup @ ifup post * network functions
ifcfg-eth0 is the configuration information of Ethernet port eth0,
its content is as follows:
device = & quot; eth0" /* Specify the network device name * /
IPADDR = & quot; 202.112.13.204" /* Indicate the IP address of the network device * /
netmask = & quot; 255.255.255.192" /* Specify network mask * /
Network = 202.112.13.192 / * specify network address * /
broadcast = 202.112.13.255 / * specify broadcast address * /
onboot = & quot; yes" /* Indicates whether the network card is activated at system startup * /
bootproto = & quot; none" /* Indicates whether to use BOOTP protocol * /
therefore, you can also modify this file to change network parameters under Linux[/ Size]
configuration of two network services
in this section, we do not introce the configuration of specific network servers (DNS, FTP, WWW, sendmail) in detail (that will be a huge space), but introce the files related to the configuration of Linux Network services.
1. Lilo configuration file
in Linux system, there is a system boot program, Lilo (Linux loadin) is used to realize the selective startup of multiple operating systems. Its configuration file is / etc / lilo.conf. In this configuration file, the configuration parameters of Lilo are mainly divided into two parts. One is the global configuration parameters, including setting the boot device, etc. the other is the local configuration parameters, It includes the configuration parameters of each boot image file.
I will not describe each parameter in detail here, but only two important parameters: password and restricted option. The password option adds password protection to each boot image file. As we all know, there is a single user mode in Linux system. In this mode, the, Users log in to the Linux system as super users. By adding parameters (Linux single or Linux init 0) ring Lilo boot, people can directly enter the single user mode super user environment without password, This will be very dangerous. So the password configuration option is added in lilo.conf to add password protection to each image file. You can use the password option in global mode (add the same password to all image files), or add a password to each indivial image file.
in this way, every time the system starts up, the, You may find it troublesome to enter the password every time. You can use the restricted option, which enables Lilo to check the password only when the parameters (such as Linux single) are entered ring Linux startup. These two options can greatly increase the security of the system, It is recommended to set them in lilo.conf file.
since password is stored in clear text in / etc / lilo.conf file, it is necessary to change the attribute of / etc / lilo.conf file to only root readable (0400).
in addition, in the early version of Lilo, there was a limitation that the boot sector must be stored in the first 1024 cylinder, which was broken in Lilo version 2.51, After downloading and decompressing the latest version, use the command make & quot; After that, use the command make install to complete the installation.
note: physical security is the most basic security, even if the password protection is added in lilo.conf, if there is no physical security, the password protection can be used, The malicious intruder can use the boot floppy disk to start the Linux system.
2. The configuration file of domain name service
(1) / etc / host name stores the host name and domain name of the Linux system in this file
when installing Linux, if you have a network card, the installation program will prompt you to give the configuration parameters of TCP / IP network, such as the IP address of the local computer, the IP address of the default gateway, the IP address of DNS, etc, The installation program will automatically compile the network card (Linux system must first support) driver into the kernel. But we must understand the process of loading the network card driver, so we can easily operate when changing the network card and using multiple network cards in the future. The network card driver is loaded into the kernel as a mole, All the network card drivers supported by Linux are stored in the directory / lib / moles / (Linux version number) / net /, for example, the driver of Inter's 82559 series 10 / 100M self-adaptive boot network card is eepro100. O, 3Com's 3c509 isa network card is 3c509. O, dlink's PCI 10 network card is via Rhine. O, NE2000 compatible network card drivers are ne2k PCI. O and ne. O. after understanding these basic drivers, we can change the network card or add the network card by modifying the mole configuration file.
1. Modify the / etc / conf.moles file
this configuration file is an important parameter file to load the mole, Let's first look at a sample file
; / etc / conf.moles
alias eth0 eepro100
alias eth1 eepro100
this file is the content of conf.moles in a Linux system with two inter 82559 series network cards. The alias command indicates the name of the driver of the Ethernet port (such as eth0), If you use the command modprobe eth0, the system will automatically load eepro100. O into the kernel, So it is not necessary to use options in conf.moles to specify the IO address and interrupt number of the network card. However, corresponding to isa network card, you must specify the IO address or interrupt number of the hardware in conf.moles, as shown below, which indicates the conf.moles file of NE isa network card.
alias eth0 ne
Options ne IO = 0x300 IRQ = 5
after modifying the conf.moles file, You can use the command to load the mole, for example, the second network card to be inserted into the inter:
? Insmod / lib / moles / 2.2.14/net/eepro100. O
so that the mole eepro100. O can be loaded at the Ethernet port, You can also use the command to view the currently loaded mole information:
[ root@ice /Etc] # lsmod
mole size used by
eepro100 15652 (autoclean)
the meaning of the returned result is that the currently loaded mole is eepro100, with 15652 bytes in size and two users, The method is to clear automatically.
2. Modify the / etc / lilo.conf file
in some relatively new Linux versions, because the operating system automatically detects all related hardware, it is not necessary to modify the / etc / lilo.conf file at this time, You can modify the lilo.conf file. Add the following command to the / etc / lilo.conf file:
append = & quot; ether=5,0x240,eth0 ether=7,0x300,eth1"<
the meaning of this command is that the IO address of eth0 is 0x240, the interrupt is 5, the IO address of eth1 is 0x300, and the interrupt is 7.
in fact, this statement comes from the parameter passed when the system boot image file,
Lilo: Linux ether = 5,0x240, eth0 ether = 7,0x300, eth1
this method can also make the Linux system configure two network cards, When using more than three network cards, you can follow the same method.
after configuring the network card, you should configure the TCP / IP parameters. In general, when installing the Linux system, you will be prompted to configure the network parameters, You can use the following commands:
? Ifconfig eth0 a.b.c.d netmask e.f.g.h
a.b.c.d is the IP address of eth0, and e.f.g.h is the netmask.
in fact, in Linux system, we can set multiple IP addresses for a network card, such as the following command:
? Ifconfig eth0: 1 202.112.11.218 netmask 255.255.192
then, Use the command "ifconfig - a" to see the interfaces of all network interfaces:
eth0 link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:90:27:58:AF:1A
inet addr:202.112.13.204 Bcast :202.112.13.255 M ask:255.255.255.192
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 M etric:1
RX packets:435510 errors :0 dropped:0 overruns :0 frame:2
TX packets:538988 error s:0 dropped:0 overruns :0 carrier:0
c ollisions:318683 txqueuelen :100
I nterrupt:10 Base address:0xc000
eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:90:27:58:AF:1A
inet addr:202.112.11.218 Bcast :202.112.11.255 M ask:255.255.255.192
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 M etric:1
I nterrupt:10 Base address:0xc000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask :255.0.0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:3924 M etric:1
RX packets:2055 errors :0 dropped:0 overruns :0 frame:0
TX packets:2055 errors :0 dropped:0 overruns :0 carrier:0
c ollisions:0 txqueuelen : 0
there are three network interfaces, eth0, eth0:1, lo, Eth0 is the real Ethernet interface. Eth0:1 and eth0 are the same network card, but they are bound with another address. Lo is the sending address<
eth0 and eth0:
1 the IP addresses of different network segments can be used, which is very useful when the same physical network segment uses different network addresses<
in addition, the network card has a mode of prosimc. In this mode, the network card will receive all the data packets in the network. Some network monitoring tools under Linux, such as tcpmp, snort, etc., set the network card to hybrid mode.
the ifconfig command can change the IP address of the network card ring the running time, but if the system is restarted, Linux still starts the network interface according to the original default settings
at this time, you can use netconfig or NETCONF command to reset the default network parameters. Netconfig command is to reconfigure the basic TCP / IP parameters, including whether to dynamically obtain IP address (dhcpd and BOOTP), IP address of network card, network mask, default gateway and preferred domain name server address
NETCONF command can configure all network parameters in detail, which is divided into three parts: client task, server task and other configuration. In the client configuration, it mainly includes the configuration of basic host (host name, valid domain name, network alias, IP address of corresponding network card, network mask, network device name, kernel driver of network device),
DNS address configuration, default gateway address configuration, NIS address configuration, IPX interface configuration, PPP / slip configuration, etc. In the server configuration, it mainly includes NFS configuration, DNS configuration, Apache webserver configuration, samba configuration and Wu ftpd configuration
. Among the other configuration options, one is about the host configuration in the / etc / hosts file, one is about the network configuration information in the / etc / networks file, and the last is about the configuration information using linuxconf
under the command of linuxconf, you can also configure the network information, but you can find that the linuxconf program calls NETCONF to configure the network<
in addition, the system configuration files about the network are stored in the / etc / sysconfig / network scripts directory.
examples are as follows:
:
& lt; br>& lt; br> <
ifcfg-eth0 * ifdown post * ifup aliases * ifup PPP *
ifcfg-eth1 * ifdown PPP * ifup IPX * ifup routes *
ifcfg lo * ifdown sl * ifup PLIP * ifup sl *
ifdown @ ifup @ ifup post * network functions
ifcfg-eth0 is the configuration information of Ethernet port eth0,
its content is as follows:
device = & quot; eth0" /* Specify the network device name * /
IPADDR = & quot; 202.112.13.204" /* Indicate the IP address of the network device * /
netmask = & quot; 255.255.255.192" /* Specify network mask * /
Network = 202.112.13.192 / * specify network address * /
broadcast = 202.112.13.255 / * specify broadcast address * /
onboot = & quot; yes" /* Indicates whether the network card is activated at system startup * /
bootproto = & quot; none" /* Indicates whether to use BOOTP protocol * /
therefore, you can also modify this file to change network parameters under Linux[/ Size]
configuration of two network services
in this section, we do not introce the configuration of specific network servers (DNS, FTP, WWW, sendmail) in detail (that will be a huge space), but introce the files related to the configuration of Linux Network services.
1. Lilo configuration file
in Linux system, there is a system boot program, Lilo (Linux loadin) is used to realize the selective startup of multiple operating systems. Its configuration file is / etc / lilo.conf. In this configuration file, the configuration parameters of Lilo are mainly divided into two parts. One is the global configuration parameters, including setting the boot device, etc. the other is the local configuration parameters, It includes the configuration parameters of each boot image file.
I will not describe each parameter in detail here, but only two important parameters: password and restricted option. The password option adds password protection to each boot image file. As we all know, there is a single user mode in Linux system. In this mode, the, Users log in to the Linux system as super users. By adding parameters (Linux single or Linux init 0) ring Lilo boot, people can directly enter the single user mode super user environment without password, This will be very dangerous. So the password configuration option is added in lilo.conf to add password protection to each image file. You can use the password option in global mode (add the same password to all image files), or add a password to each indivial image file.
in this way, every time the system starts up, the, You may find it troublesome to enter the password every time. You can use the restricted option, which enables Lilo to check the password only when the parameters (such as Linux single) are entered ring Linux startup. These two options can greatly increase the security of the system, It is recommended to set them in lilo.conf file.
since password is stored in clear text in / etc / lilo.conf file, it is necessary to change the attribute of / etc / lilo.conf file to only root readable (0400).
in addition, in the early version of Lilo, there was a limitation that the boot sector must be stored in the first 1024 cylinder, which was broken in Lilo version 2.51, After downloading and decompressing the latest version, use the command make & quot; After that, use the command make install to complete the installation.
note: physical security is the most basic security, even if the password protection is added in lilo.conf, if there is no physical security, the password protection can be used, The malicious intruder can use the boot floppy disk to start the Linux system.
2. The configuration file of domain name service
(1) / etc / host name stores the host name and domain name of the Linux system in this file
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