Yellow book of virtual currency
Publish: 2021-03-28 12:45:41
1. Ethereum is a blockchain. Compared with bitcoin, it can increase smart contracts, complete Turing and faster network speed. Etherem has a lot of block chain procts with regional centralization, such as digix, gold Internet of things and so on.
2. [interpretation of new technology of auto home]? What is the most important component of the automatic driving system? Is it a sensor? Is it control software? Or processing chip? Personally, I think at the present stage, the processing chip is the most critical component, and its performance directly affects the quality of the automatic driving system. In the past, the top chip technology has been monopolized by foreign enterprises, but with the rapid catch-up of Chinese chip enterprises in recent years, the situation has changed. Today, let's talk about the level of China's automatic driving chip
● what is the autopilot chip for
although L3 level conditional autonomous vehicles have not yet landed in China, from some vehicles with high-level L2 driving assistance system, we can find that these vehicles are equipped with a large number of sensors to detect obstacles around the vehicle, so as to provide data support for control system decision-making. These sensors include millimeter wave radar, ultrasonic radar, camera and so on. These sensors will generate several GB (1GB = 1024MB = 10242kb) of data per second. The autopilot chip needs to process these data smoothly to ensure that the system can make correct decisions in time, so as to ensure the driving safety of the vehicle
maybe you don't have the concept of gigabytes per second. Here's an example from life. The peak reading speed of a common USB 3.0 interface U disk is close to 200MB / s. It takes about 5 seconds to read 1GB files from this U disk, which shows that the amount of data in GB / S is quite large
automatic driving system needs not only to solve the problem of large flow data transmission, but also to solve the problem of how to deal with these huge amounts of data quickly, and the powerful automatic driving chip is the right key.
● what is the level of foreign autopilot chips
although this article mainly talks about the development of China's autopilot chip, we should know ourselves well and win every battle. Before we examine the local situation, we should first understand the situation abroad. There are only three foreign autopilot chips that can really enter the mass proction car market on a large scale: NVIDIA, Mobileye (now acquired by Intel) and Tesla
among them, Mobileye, which takes a practical route, currently has a market share of more than 70%. The procts on the market are mainly eyeq3 chips (0.256tops, "tops" means trillions of operations per second), which are used in L2 driving assistance system, Unless otherwise specified, the computing power indicated in this paper refers to 8-bit integer computing power) and eyeq4 chip (computing power 2.5tops) with L3 level automatic driving ability. For example, Xiaopeng G3, Weilai ES6 / es8 and GAC new energy aion LX adopt eyeq4 chip as the core of their driving assistance system
compared with the computing power of drive PX Pegasus 320tops, the flagship of NVIDIA's previous generation automatic driving platform, the flagship configuration of the new drive AgX Orin platform has achieved multiple performance growth. In addition, the degree of flexibility of the drive AgX Orin platform is further improved compared with the previous platform, which can meet the requirements of different levels of vehicles from general driving assistance to L5 level fully automatic driving through the increase or decrease of hardware configuration
Tesla autopilot 1.0 system uses one NVIDIA tegra3 chip and one Mobileye eyeq3 chip; Autopilot 2.0 system uses one NVIDIA Tegra Parker chip and one Pascal architecture GPU chip; Autopilot 2.5 system uses two NVIDIA Tegra Parker chips and one Pascal architecture GPU chip
the self-developed FSD chip has been carried on the latest off-line Tesla models. The computing power of a single chip is 72tops. The full self driving computer integrates two FSD chips that work independently. One "hangs" and the other "goes up" immediately, which improves the security and stability of the whole system
of course, in addition to the above three enterprises, there are also many enterprises coveting the cake of autonomous driving chips, including Qualcomm, Xilinx, NXP, etc., but the autonomous driving chips that these enterprises are really going to mass proce cars are not large-scale. Limited to space, I will not introce them here
● the rapid rise of China's automatic driving chip Enterprises. Auto driving chip market is booming, and foreign technology giants rush to land. How about the strength of Chinese enterprises? Now let's take a look< The Cambrian China Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Cambrian") is a research group led by Chen Yunji and Chen Tianshi under the Institute of computing technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The research group began to study neural network algorithm and chip in 2008, and began to publish research results in 2012
in 2016, diannaoyu, the instruction set of deep learning processor proposed by the above research group, was accepted by isca2016. Experiments show that the chip with this instruction set has two orders of magnitude performance advantages in neural network computing compared with the chip with traditional x86 instruction set. As the research results of the research group tend to mature, China Science and technology Cambrian science and Technology Co., Ltd. was officially established, and began to transform its chip and instruction set to the commercial field. Also in 2016, Cambrian released its first commercial deep learning processor, Cambrian 1a
after talking about the company's life experience, let's take a look at its procts. At present, there are two latest AI chip IP licenses in Cambrian, namely cambrian-1m and cambrian-1h. Cambricon-1m-4k, with the strongest performance index, has 8tops computing power at 1GHz clock frequency; Cambricon-1h8mini, with the weakest performance index, has 0.5tops computing power at 1GHz clock frequency. The detailed force calculation parameters of all models can be seen in the table below
cambricon-1m and cambricon-1h are defined as terminal intelligent processor IP. The applications such as face recognition, fingerprint recognition, obstacle recognition, road sign recognition and so on, which appear on mobile phones or cars, can be accelerated by integrating the above processor IP in the chip
the word "edge" mentioned above comes from "edge computing". Edge computing refers to providing network, storage, computing, application and other capabilities at the end close to intelligent devices (terminals) or data sources (cloud), so as to achieve faster network service response and more secure local data transmission. Edge computing can meet the requirements of real-time business, intelligent applications, security and privacy protection, and provide local intelligent services for users. Siyuan 220 plays the role of improving data security, recing processing delay and optimizing bandwidth utilization in edge computing
at present, Cambrian high computing power chip procts are defined as smart accelerators, which can be used to accelerate AI operations in servers. I believe you've heard that Google's alphago AI robot beat South Korea's world go champion Li Shishi. Behind the alphago AI robot is Google's self-developed TPU chip. The features and applications of Cambrian high computing power chip procts are similar to Google TPU. Of course, they can also be regarded as competitors
the difference is that Siyuan 270-s4 adopts a passive cooling design, with a maximum thermal design power consumption of 70W, and is positioned as a data center accelerator card with higher energy efficiency than that designed by artificial intelligence reasoning. This also means that the card will have a "power wall" setting, that is, when the power consumption of the accelerator card reaches the upper limit of the threshold, the computing power will be reced to ensure lower power consumption and heating
Siyuan 270-f4 is equivalent to "full blood version" Siyuan 270-s4, with a maximum thermal design power consumption of 150W and active cooling by turbofan. Good heat dissipation and sufficient power supply enable Siyuan 270-f4 to give full play to the full performance of Siyuan 270 chip. The positioning of the card is to provide data center level AI computing power for desktop environment. In short, it is a high-performance AI accelerator card for desktop
although Siyuan 270 only uses TSMC's 16nm process, the overall energy consumption ratio is quite good. Although the computing power of a single card is less than that of the latest NVIDIA flagship computing card, the peak computing power of five Siyuan 270-s4 / Siyuan 270-f4 parallel cards can also reach the level of NVIDIA A100. However, the more advanced process of NVIDIA A100 should have certain advantages in energy consumption
among them, Siyuan 100-c is equipped with video and image decoding units and adopts passive cooling mode, with the maximum thermal design power consumption of 110W; Siyuan 100-d is not equipped with video and image decoding unit, and adopts passive cooling mode, with the maximum thermal design power consumption of 75W. At present, Siyuan 100 series procts have been applied in didi cloud and Jinshan cloud in 2019. Didi cloud uses Siyuan 100 card to accelerate the elastic reasoning service, which is used for deep learning reasoning task; Jinshanyun uses Siyuan 100 card to accelerate the application of artificial intelligence such as voice, image and video
what I mentioned above is all about server level computing cards. Does this deviate from the topic of autopilot chip that we should talk about? Not really. As mentioned earlier, Cambrian is currently an enterprise focusing on the development of artificial intelligence chips, and the field of automatic driving is not deeply involved, but there are still some achievements through the cooperation with other domestic partners< The br / > WiseADCU CN1 automatic driving domain controller provides the computing power and the number of sensor connections required for L3 or above level automatic driving system, and realizes the self control of seven key control points of simulation, model, system, architecture, encoding, acceleration, and algorithm.
in fact, e to the weak performance competitiveness of processor procts, Weisheng group has long withdrawn from the competition in the mainstream x86 processor market, leaving Intel and AMD competing in the market. Since the establishment of megacore, it has mastered Viagra's x86 technology, made comprehensive improvement and Optimization on the basis of the latest processor architecture of Viagra at that time, and successively launched zx-a, zx-c, zx-c + and other processor procts
on June 2, the municipal Party committee of science and Technology Innovation Board announced the results of the 33rd review meeting in 2020, and the listing of Cambrian was approved. From acceptance to approval, it took only 68 days for Cambrian to refresh the review speed of science and technology innovation board. Cambrian has become the only AI chip company in A-share market since its listing. The market space in this field is expected to exceed 50 billion US dollars in 2022, with huge development potential. Can Cambrian, which has opened up A-share financing channels, further develop and grow with its unique technical advantages? No one can say for sure, but it is certain that the successful listing of the Cambrian period has won the confidence and hope of many companies engaged in this field, which may usher in the era of Chinese artificial intelligence chips
> horizon robot
OK, after talking about the Cambrian, let's talk about another AI chip enterprise, horizon robot technology research and Development Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Horizon"). Horizon is a company founded in 2015 by Yu Kai, former executive vice president of the online Deep Learning Institute, focusing on automatic driving and artificial intelligence chips. Yu Kai is also the originator of Internet autopilot
the horizon established by Yu Kai has always adhered to the direction of combining software and hardware. He believes that algorithms, chips and cloud computing will constitute the three core fulcrums of automatic driving. Compared with the Cambrian period, which focused on building high-performance hardware chips, horizon's business model focused on "algorithm + chip"
● what is the autopilot chip for
although L3 level conditional autonomous vehicles have not yet landed in China, from some vehicles with high-level L2 driving assistance system, we can find that these vehicles are equipped with a large number of sensors to detect obstacles around the vehicle, so as to provide data support for control system decision-making. These sensors include millimeter wave radar, ultrasonic radar, camera and so on. These sensors will generate several GB (1GB = 1024MB = 10242kb) of data per second. The autopilot chip needs to process these data smoothly to ensure that the system can make correct decisions in time, so as to ensure the driving safety of the vehicle
maybe you don't have the concept of gigabytes per second. Here's an example from life. The peak reading speed of a common USB 3.0 interface U disk is close to 200MB / s. It takes about 5 seconds to read 1GB files from this U disk, which shows that the amount of data in GB / S is quite large
automatic driving system needs not only to solve the problem of large flow data transmission, but also to solve the problem of how to deal with these huge amounts of data quickly, and the powerful automatic driving chip is the right key.
● what is the level of foreign autopilot chips
although this article mainly talks about the development of China's autopilot chip, we should know ourselves well and win every battle. Before we examine the local situation, we should first understand the situation abroad. There are only three foreign autopilot chips that can really enter the mass proction car market on a large scale: NVIDIA, Mobileye (now acquired by Intel) and Tesla
among them, Mobileye, which takes a practical route, currently has a market share of more than 70%. The procts on the market are mainly eyeq3 chips (0.256tops, "tops" means trillions of operations per second), which are used in L2 driving assistance system, Unless otherwise specified, the computing power indicated in this paper refers to 8-bit integer computing power) and eyeq4 chip (computing power 2.5tops) with L3 level automatic driving ability. For example, Xiaopeng G3, Weilai ES6 / es8 and GAC new energy aion LX adopt eyeq4 chip as the core of their driving assistance system
compared with the computing power of drive PX Pegasus 320tops, the flagship of NVIDIA's previous generation automatic driving platform, the flagship configuration of the new drive AgX Orin platform has achieved multiple performance growth. In addition, the degree of flexibility of the drive AgX Orin platform is further improved compared with the previous platform, which can meet the requirements of different levels of vehicles from general driving assistance to L5 level fully automatic driving through the increase or decrease of hardware configuration
Tesla autopilot 1.0 system uses one NVIDIA tegra3 chip and one Mobileye eyeq3 chip; Autopilot 2.0 system uses one NVIDIA Tegra Parker chip and one Pascal architecture GPU chip; Autopilot 2.5 system uses two NVIDIA Tegra Parker chips and one Pascal architecture GPU chip
the self-developed FSD chip has been carried on the latest off-line Tesla models. The computing power of a single chip is 72tops. The full self driving computer integrates two FSD chips that work independently. One "hangs" and the other "goes up" immediately, which improves the security and stability of the whole system
of course, in addition to the above three enterprises, there are also many enterprises coveting the cake of autonomous driving chips, including Qualcomm, Xilinx, NXP, etc., but the autonomous driving chips that these enterprises are really going to mass proce cars are not large-scale. Limited to space, I will not introce them here
● the rapid rise of China's automatic driving chip Enterprises. Auto driving chip market is booming, and foreign technology giants rush to land. How about the strength of Chinese enterprises? Now let's take a look< The Cambrian China Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Cambrian") is a research group led by Chen Yunji and Chen Tianshi under the Institute of computing technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The research group began to study neural network algorithm and chip in 2008, and began to publish research results in 2012
in 2016, diannaoyu, the instruction set of deep learning processor proposed by the above research group, was accepted by isca2016. Experiments show that the chip with this instruction set has two orders of magnitude performance advantages in neural network computing compared with the chip with traditional x86 instruction set. As the research results of the research group tend to mature, China Science and technology Cambrian science and Technology Co., Ltd. was officially established, and began to transform its chip and instruction set to the commercial field. Also in 2016, Cambrian released its first commercial deep learning processor, Cambrian 1a
after talking about the company's life experience, let's take a look at its procts. At present, there are two latest AI chip IP licenses in Cambrian, namely cambrian-1m and cambrian-1h. Cambricon-1m-4k, with the strongest performance index, has 8tops computing power at 1GHz clock frequency; Cambricon-1h8mini, with the weakest performance index, has 0.5tops computing power at 1GHz clock frequency. The detailed force calculation parameters of all models can be seen in the table below
cambricon-1m and cambricon-1h are defined as terminal intelligent processor IP. The applications such as face recognition, fingerprint recognition, obstacle recognition, road sign recognition and so on, which appear on mobile phones or cars, can be accelerated by integrating the above processor IP in the chip
the word "edge" mentioned above comes from "edge computing". Edge computing refers to providing network, storage, computing, application and other capabilities at the end close to intelligent devices (terminals) or data sources (cloud), so as to achieve faster network service response and more secure local data transmission. Edge computing can meet the requirements of real-time business, intelligent applications, security and privacy protection, and provide local intelligent services for users. Siyuan 220 plays the role of improving data security, recing processing delay and optimizing bandwidth utilization in edge computing
at present, Cambrian high computing power chip procts are defined as smart accelerators, which can be used to accelerate AI operations in servers. I believe you've heard that Google's alphago AI robot beat South Korea's world go champion Li Shishi. Behind the alphago AI robot is Google's self-developed TPU chip. The features and applications of Cambrian high computing power chip procts are similar to Google TPU. Of course, they can also be regarded as competitors
the difference is that Siyuan 270-s4 adopts a passive cooling design, with a maximum thermal design power consumption of 70W, and is positioned as a data center accelerator card with higher energy efficiency than that designed by artificial intelligence reasoning. This also means that the card will have a "power wall" setting, that is, when the power consumption of the accelerator card reaches the upper limit of the threshold, the computing power will be reced to ensure lower power consumption and heating
Siyuan 270-f4 is equivalent to "full blood version" Siyuan 270-s4, with a maximum thermal design power consumption of 150W and active cooling by turbofan. Good heat dissipation and sufficient power supply enable Siyuan 270-f4 to give full play to the full performance of Siyuan 270 chip. The positioning of the card is to provide data center level AI computing power for desktop environment. In short, it is a high-performance AI accelerator card for desktop
although Siyuan 270 only uses TSMC's 16nm process, the overall energy consumption ratio is quite good. Although the computing power of a single card is less than that of the latest NVIDIA flagship computing card, the peak computing power of five Siyuan 270-s4 / Siyuan 270-f4 parallel cards can also reach the level of NVIDIA A100. However, the more advanced process of NVIDIA A100 should have certain advantages in energy consumption
among them, Siyuan 100-c is equipped with video and image decoding units and adopts passive cooling mode, with the maximum thermal design power consumption of 110W; Siyuan 100-d is not equipped with video and image decoding unit, and adopts passive cooling mode, with the maximum thermal design power consumption of 75W. At present, Siyuan 100 series procts have been applied in didi cloud and Jinshan cloud in 2019. Didi cloud uses Siyuan 100 card to accelerate the elastic reasoning service, which is used for deep learning reasoning task; Jinshanyun uses Siyuan 100 card to accelerate the application of artificial intelligence such as voice, image and video
what I mentioned above is all about server level computing cards. Does this deviate from the topic of autopilot chip that we should talk about? Not really. As mentioned earlier, Cambrian is currently an enterprise focusing on the development of artificial intelligence chips, and the field of automatic driving is not deeply involved, but there are still some achievements through the cooperation with other domestic partners< The br / > WiseADCU CN1 automatic driving domain controller provides the computing power and the number of sensor connections required for L3 or above level automatic driving system, and realizes the self control of seven key control points of simulation, model, system, architecture, encoding, acceleration, and algorithm.
in fact, e to the weak performance competitiveness of processor procts, Weisheng group has long withdrawn from the competition in the mainstream x86 processor market, leaving Intel and AMD competing in the market. Since the establishment of megacore, it has mastered Viagra's x86 technology, made comprehensive improvement and Optimization on the basis of the latest processor architecture of Viagra at that time, and successively launched zx-a, zx-c, zx-c + and other processor procts
on June 2, the municipal Party committee of science and Technology Innovation Board announced the results of the 33rd review meeting in 2020, and the listing of Cambrian was approved. From acceptance to approval, it took only 68 days for Cambrian to refresh the review speed of science and technology innovation board. Cambrian has become the only AI chip company in A-share market since its listing. The market space in this field is expected to exceed 50 billion US dollars in 2022, with huge development potential. Can Cambrian, which has opened up A-share financing channels, further develop and grow with its unique technical advantages? No one can say for sure, but it is certain that the successful listing of the Cambrian period has won the confidence and hope of many companies engaged in this field, which may usher in the era of Chinese artificial intelligence chips
> horizon robot
OK, after talking about the Cambrian, let's talk about another AI chip enterprise, horizon robot technology research and Development Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Horizon"). Horizon is a company founded in 2015 by Yu Kai, former executive vice president of the online Deep Learning Institute, focusing on automatic driving and artificial intelligence chips. Yu Kai is also the originator of Internet autopilot
the horizon established by Yu Kai has always adhered to the direction of combining software and hardware. He believes that algorithms, chips and cloud computing will constitute the three core fulcrums of automatic driving. Compared with the Cambrian period, which focused on building high-performance hardware chips, horizon's business model focused on "algorithm + chip"
3.
Polkadot in English, or dot for short, is called Boca coin in Chinese. It's an encrypted digital currency, and of course it's a virtual currency
dot is the original token of Polkadot platform, which is mainly used to manage the platform, operate the network, and create a blockchain by bonding dot to pay for information transmission
Polkadot was established in 2015. The main leader of Polkadot project is Dr. Gavin wood. Dr. Gavin wood is one of the founders of Ethereum and the procer of Ethereum yellow book
After leaving Ethereum, Dr. Gavin wood set up his own technology company, parity, which currently manages Polkadot
extended data:
dot token will serve three main purposes in Polkadot network:
1. Governance: token holder will completely control the protocol. Privileges normally reserved for miners on other platforms will include those reserved for token holders, including determining the fee structure, changing the agreement, and adding or removing side chains
these functions are not officially granted to token holders, but because they are token holders, they will be able to participate in the decision-making process. This participation feature will be built into the underlying code
Operation: dot token will promote the basic consensus mechanism of Polkadot network. Token holders need to actively participate and use "bond" tokens (to put them at risk) to prevent malicious behavior Guarantee and payment: This is the value mechanism. Dot will be used as a reward for active participation in the network. You also need to bind dot to add a new parallel chain, which is a proof of interest4. Personal travel abroad
(1) with 2 copies of "China's citizens' application for approval to go abroad (territory)", the registered residence certificate or residence booklet or other household registration certificate is issued to the exit and Entry Administration Department of the municipal and County Public Security Bureau where the household is located.
(2) fill in the "approval form for Chinese citizens going abroad" in detail and submit the political review opinions of the unit or local police station
(3) submit the identity card, registered residence book or other household registration certificates of the applicant, and submit photocopies;
(4) submit 4 recent full face bareheaded COLOR ID photos of the applicant (smooth photo paper). State officials do not wear standard clothes, children do not wear red scarves, photos are limited to one person. The background color of the photo is white or light sky blue. The portrait is clear, with rich layers and natural look. The size of the photo is small two inches and 32mm × 40 mm, head width: 21-24 mm, head length: 28-33 mm. One time imaging snapshot, reproced photos or photos printed by various color printers will not be accepted
(5) submit the proof of foreign exchange expenses required for the trip (such as the applicant's bank deposit certificate, the amount shall not be less than US $4000 or the equivalent international currency in circulation)
(6) submit other certificates that the examination and approval authority considers necessary
(7) if the materials are complete and the proceres are complete and approved, the applicant shall collect the passport from the exit Entry Administration Department of the Public Security Bureau of the county or city where the registered permanent residence is located within 15 to
20 working days, and pay the passport certificate fee of 200 yuan, and the additional fee of 20 yuan for each item if there is a note< (1) register with the travel agency that has the right to operate the overseas tourism, pay the travel expenses, and get two "approval forms for Chinese citizens going abroad" from the travel agency
(2) fill in the "approval form for Chinese citizens going abroad" in detail and submit the political review opinions of the unit or local police station
(3) I apply to the exit and Entry Administration Department of the municipal and County Public Security Bureau where the registered residence is located, and submit the identity card, residence booklet or other household registration certificate of the applicant, and submit photocopies;
(4) submit 4 recent full face bareheaded COLOR ID photos of the applicant (smooth photo paper). State officials do not wear standard clothes, children do not wear red scarves, photos are limited to one person. The background color of the photo is white or light sky blue. The portrait is clear, with rich layers and natural look. The size of the photo is small two inches and 32mm × 40 mm, head width: 21-24 mm, head length: 28-33 mm. One time imaging snapshot, reproced photos or photos printed by various color printers will not be accepted
(5) submit the invoice of full amount of travel expenses issued by the travel agency with the right to operate overseas tourism
(6) submit other certificates that the examination and approval authority considers necessary
(7) if the materials are complete and the proceres are complete and approved, the travel agency of the group will collect the passport from the public security organ issuing the license. The travel agency of the group will inform the applicant to participate in the tour and pay the passport fee of 200 yuan. If there is a note, the additional fee of 20 yuan per item will be paid<
3. General knowledge of overseas travel proceres
1. Tips for passport application
passport application is the first step for overseas travel, because no country allows people without a passport to enter its territory. The inspection of passports in various countries is also strict to prevent people who hold expired, invalid or even forged passports from entering the country. The application for a passport for overseas travel is handled by the relevant authorities authorized by the Ministry of public security. After getting the passport, you should check whether the name, date of birth and place are correctly filled in and sign on the signature box. The period of validity of a passport is generally five years, and an extension procere is required upon expiration. It's troublesome to apply for a passport abroad. If you travel abroad with a group, it's better to entrust a travel agency to apply for a simple passport
2. Keep your passport properly
before going abroad, you should apply for the visa of the country you want to go to and the country you want to stop on the way with your passport, purchase international flight tickets and train and ship tickets with your passport, stay in a hotel with your passport and go through residence proceres with your passport. Therefore, your passport must be kept properly without alteration, defacement or loss
3. Visa instructions
a visa is a certificate issued by a country's official agency for its or foreign citizens to enter or leave the country or stay or live in the country. The visa is made on the passport or other ID card
4. Regulations on visa and passing visa
the contents of visa in different countries are basically the same, including the period of validity and the period of stay. If the entry-exit visa to a country is valid for half a year, the residence period is one month, and the entry-exit time is once, that is to say, you can enter and stay for one month within half a year. If it is more than one month, the visa shall be extended to the relevant units
the transit visa is valid for one month and the time limit of stay in transit is three days. It is stipulated that the transit visa can enter and leave the country on any day ring the valid period, but can only stay for three days< In addition, e to agreements with North Korea, Romania, Yugoslavia and other countries, people holding ordinary passports for diplomatic, official and business purposes are visa free< In order to prevent the epidemic of some infectious diseases in the world, all countries have made regulations on some vaccinations that foreigners need to enter their own borders. There are mainly kinds of vaccinia, vaccination against cholera and yellow fever. It is effective for 8 days after the first vaccination and 3 years after the second vaccination. Cholera prevention is effective within six months from six days after vaccination. The prevention of yellow fever is effective within 9 years from 10 days after inoculation. However, different countries need to be vaccinated differently. Therefore, it is necessary to know before going abroad to go through the vaccination proceres
6. The shortcut to purchase air tickets in advance
before traveling abroad, we should choose a convenient, economical and reasonable route according to the actual situation. Airlines of all countries provide accommodation convenience for long-distance passengers to transfer within 24 hours. Therefore, we should consider this factor when choosing the time and place to transfer. The purchase of air tickets can be done through the travel agency, or directly to the airline's business office. When buying a ticket, you should confirm whether the seat number, flight number, date, route city and arrival city are correct, and then you can take the plane only after the seat is confirmed (that is, OK). Tickets are not transferable
7. Regulations on the weight of luggage by air
generally, 20 kg of luggage can be checked in free of charge by air, and 30 kg can be checked in first class. Some airlines can relax the regulations to 30 kg, and the overweight part of luggage has to be paid, so it's better to prepare the luggage without overweight. The luggage should be light and firm suitcase, which is easy to handle and has obvious marks, Write down your Chinese name and place of arrival. Group tourism can be identified with unified marks
8. Tips for saving money in checking luggage
if there are too many and too large luggage, articles, instruments, etc., in addition to carrying them, in order to save money, they can be checked in advance, and the freight is cheaper than ordinary shipping
9. When traveling abroad, pay attention to the weather forecast of the country.
when traveling abroad, you usually need to buy new clothes. You should first understand the climate and customs of the country you are going to, and then decide what kind of clothes to prepare. Otherwise, it will be cumbersome to bring more, and you will be embarrassed to bring less
10. When traveling abroad, you should understand the entry proceres.
every country should carry out strict inspection on the entry passengers, and the departments handling these proceres are generally located at the ports, entry and exit places, such as airports, stations or docks
entry inspection includes frontier inspection. The entry and exit personnel should fill in the exit card, check the passport and visa, and affix the entry and exit inspection seal. The main purpose of customs inspection is to fill in the declaration form of carried articles. The Customs checks whether the luggage of tourists is illegal and whether there are contraband articles. Some countries have to fill in the foreign currency declaration form and check it when they leave the country. Safety inspection mainly forbids carrying weapons, lethal weapons, explosives and highly toxic substances, etc., passing through the safety door, magnetic detector, close inspection, bag opening inspection, body searching, etc
quarantine, yellow paper inspection, quarantine, compulsory vaccination and other measures will be taken for uninoculated passengers
11. Tips for saving money when you travel to Europe
accommodation in Europe is very expensive. If you travel to Europe, you can find youth hostels, which are cheap and easy to send e-mail. Because it's young people who set up shops, the atmosphere is lively and there are many programs. In addition, they can find folk houses. Many European citizens have contact with travel agencies. The price of folk houses and hotels is cheap, and they can integrate into the folk and appreciate the customs of Europe. European film and batteries are expensive. When you travel in Europe, you must bring enough film and batteries to bring back the beautiful scenery without regret
12. You must bring trousers when you travel to Europe
there are many splendid church buildings in Europe, but they refuse people who wear shorts and skirts. Therefore, you must bring a pair of trousers when you go to Europe even in midsummer, otherwise, you will leave a regret that you can't watch the beautiful church buildings<
choose the best way to carry money when traveling abroad
seeing that the Spring Festival is coming, many people have started to sign up for overseas tour groups for the Spring Festival. Compared with domestic tourism, overseas tourism needs long preparation time and complex process, which inevitably involves the issue of currency exchange. In addition to cash, you can also use international credit cards, bank drafts and traveler's checks to carry foreign exchange
cash
advantages: simple and direct, no handling charge
disadvantages: unsafe, inconvenient and loss of exchange. Most people choose to carry cash when traveling abroad, which has its advantages, but its disadvantages are obvious: it is neither convenient nor safe to carry a large amount of cash with them; When converting foreign currency back to RMB, the price of cash is lower than that of cash, which will cause losses; In addition, the use of cash may encounter counterfeit money, and the risk of loss should be borne by oneself
bank draft
advantages: reliable, low handling charge
disadvantages: complicated and not widely used. Bank draft has its own characteristics: it is usually opened by foreign exchange banks dealing with international business, with reliable credit and low cost. Generally, banks only charge a few thousandths of the handling charge. However, its disadvantage is that it has to be handled through the bank, and the proceres are relatively cumbersome. In foreign countries, it is not easy to be directly accepted in the hotel and catering instry, which is not convenient for tourists
traveler's checks
advantages: you can enjoy a variety of services
disadvantages: it is more complex than cash and requires a certain handling charge<
international credit card
cash deposit and withdrawal function: cardholders can deposit and withdraw cash at ICBC foreign currency savings outlets all over the country, and can also withdraw cash from overseas ATMs with visa or master logo
transfer function: according to the regulations of the issuing bank, the card holder can deposit funds from other domestic banks or the agent bank of ICBC overseas through transfer
one card with two currencies - the cardholder's domestic consumption is recorded in RMB and his foreign consumption is recorded in US dollars
overdraft consumption: within the credit limit, the cardholder can use the credit card to overdraft consumption in domestic ICBC special merchants or overseas 15 million visa and master special merchants
interest free repayment - the cardholder can enjoy an interest free repayment period of 25 to 60 days
online shopping: after applying to the issuing bank, the cardholder can make online shopping on the Internet
Global Services: ICBC has set up a 24-hour service hotline in China to provide a full range of consulting services, and has set up visa and master emergency service centers in many countries around the world, so that cardholders can enjoy supplementary services
(1) with 2 copies of "China's citizens' application for approval to go abroad (territory)", the registered residence certificate or residence booklet or other household registration certificate is issued to the exit and Entry Administration Department of the municipal and County Public Security Bureau where the household is located.
(2) fill in the "approval form for Chinese citizens going abroad" in detail and submit the political review opinions of the unit or local police station
(3) submit the identity card, registered residence book or other household registration certificates of the applicant, and submit photocopies;
(4) submit 4 recent full face bareheaded COLOR ID photos of the applicant (smooth photo paper). State officials do not wear standard clothes, children do not wear red scarves, photos are limited to one person. The background color of the photo is white or light sky blue. The portrait is clear, with rich layers and natural look. The size of the photo is small two inches and 32mm × 40 mm, head width: 21-24 mm, head length: 28-33 mm. One time imaging snapshot, reproced photos or photos printed by various color printers will not be accepted
(5) submit the proof of foreign exchange expenses required for the trip (such as the applicant's bank deposit certificate, the amount shall not be less than US $4000 or the equivalent international currency in circulation)
(6) submit other certificates that the examination and approval authority considers necessary
(7) if the materials are complete and the proceres are complete and approved, the applicant shall collect the passport from the exit Entry Administration Department of the Public Security Bureau of the county or city where the registered permanent residence is located within 15 to
20 working days, and pay the passport certificate fee of 200 yuan, and the additional fee of 20 yuan for each item if there is a note< (1) register with the travel agency that has the right to operate the overseas tourism, pay the travel expenses, and get two "approval forms for Chinese citizens going abroad" from the travel agency
(2) fill in the "approval form for Chinese citizens going abroad" in detail and submit the political review opinions of the unit or local police station
(3) I apply to the exit and Entry Administration Department of the municipal and County Public Security Bureau where the registered residence is located, and submit the identity card, residence booklet or other household registration certificate of the applicant, and submit photocopies;
(4) submit 4 recent full face bareheaded COLOR ID photos of the applicant (smooth photo paper). State officials do not wear standard clothes, children do not wear red scarves, photos are limited to one person. The background color of the photo is white or light sky blue. The portrait is clear, with rich layers and natural look. The size of the photo is small two inches and 32mm × 40 mm, head width: 21-24 mm, head length: 28-33 mm. One time imaging snapshot, reproced photos or photos printed by various color printers will not be accepted
(5) submit the invoice of full amount of travel expenses issued by the travel agency with the right to operate overseas tourism
(6) submit other certificates that the examination and approval authority considers necessary
(7) if the materials are complete and the proceres are complete and approved, the travel agency of the group will collect the passport from the public security organ issuing the license. The travel agency of the group will inform the applicant to participate in the tour and pay the passport fee of 200 yuan. If there is a note, the additional fee of 20 yuan per item will be paid<
3. General knowledge of overseas travel proceres
1. Tips for passport application
passport application is the first step for overseas travel, because no country allows people without a passport to enter its territory. The inspection of passports in various countries is also strict to prevent people who hold expired, invalid or even forged passports from entering the country. The application for a passport for overseas travel is handled by the relevant authorities authorized by the Ministry of public security. After getting the passport, you should check whether the name, date of birth and place are correctly filled in and sign on the signature box. The period of validity of a passport is generally five years, and an extension procere is required upon expiration. It's troublesome to apply for a passport abroad. If you travel abroad with a group, it's better to entrust a travel agency to apply for a simple passport
2. Keep your passport properly
before going abroad, you should apply for the visa of the country you want to go to and the country you want to stop on the way with your passport, purchase international flight tickets and train and ship tickets with your passport, stay in a hotel with your passport and go through residence proceres with your passport. Therefore, your passport must be kept properly without alteration, defacement or loss
3. Visa instructions
a visa is a certificate issued by a country's official agency for its or foreign citizens to enter or leave the country or stay or live in the country. The visa is made on the passport or other ID card
4. Regulations on visa and passing visa
the contents of visa in different countries are basically the same, including the period of validity and the period of stay. If the entry-exit visa to a country is valid for half a year, the residence period is one month, and the entry-exit time is once, that is to say, you can enter and stay for one month within half a year. If it is more than one month, the visa shall be extended to the relevant units
the transit visa is valid for one month and the time limit of stay in transit is three days. It is stipulated that the transit visa can enter and leave the country on any day ring the valid period, but can only stay for three days< In addition, e to agreements with North Korea, Romania, Yugoslavia and other countries, people holding ordinary passports for diplomatic, official and business purposes are visa free< In order to prevent the epidemic of some infectious diseases in the world, all countries have made regulations on some vaccinations that foreigners need to enter their own borders. There are mainly kinds of vaccinia, vaccination against cholera and yellow fever. It is effective for 8 days after the first vaccination and 3 years after the second vaccination. Cholera prevention is effective within six months from six days after vaccination. The prevention of yellow fever is effective within 9 years from 10 days after inoculation. However, different countries need to be vaccinated differently. Therefore, it is necessary to know before going abroad to go through the vaccination proceres
6. The shortcut to purchase air tickets in advance
before traveling abroad, we should choose a convenient, economical and reasonable route according to the actual situation. Airlines of all countries provide accommodation convenience for long-distance passengers to transfer within 24 hours. Therefore, we should consider this factor when choosing the time and place to transfer. The purchase of air tickets can be done through the travel agency, or directly to the airline's business office. When buying a ticket, you should confirm whether the seat number, flight number, date, route city and arrival city are correct, and then you can take the plane only after the seat is confirmed (that is, OK). Tickets are not transferable
7. Regulations on the weight of luggage by air
generally, 20 kg of luggage can be checked in free of charge by air, and 30 kg can be checked in first class. Some airlines can relax the regulations to 30 kg, and the overweight part of luggage has to be paid, so it's better to prepare the luggage without overweight. The luggage should be light and firm suitcase, which is easy to handle and has obvious marks, Write down your Chinese name and place of arrival. Group tourism can be identified with unified marks
8. Tips for saving money in checking luggage
if there are too many and too large luggage, articles, instruments, etc., in addition to carrying them, in order to save money, they can be checked in advance, and the freight is cheaper than ordinary shipping
9. When traveling abroad, pay attention to the weather forecast of the country.
when traveling abroad, you usually need to buy new clothes. You should first understand the climate and customs of the country you are going to, and then decide what kind of clothes to prepare. Otherwise, it will be cumbersome to bring more, and you will be embarrassed to bring less
10. When traveling abroad, you should understand the entry proceres.
every country should carry out strict inspection on the entry passengers, and the departments handling these proceres are generally located at the ports, entry and exit places, such as airports, stations or docks
entry inspection includes frontier inspection. The entry and exit personnel should fill in the exit card, check the passport and visa, and affix the entry and exit inspection seal. The main purpose of customs inspection is to fill in the declaration form of carried articles. The Customs checks whether the luggage of tourists is illegal and whether there are contraband articles. Some countries have to fill in the foreign currency declaration form and check it when they leave the country. Safety inspection mainly forbids carrying weapons, lethal weapons, explosives and highly toxic substances, etc., passing through the safety door, magnetic detector, close inspection, bag opening inspection, body searching, etc
quarantine, yellow paper inspection, quarantine, compulsory vaccination and other measures will be taken for uninoculated passengers
11. Tips for saving money when you travel to Europe
accommodation in Europe is very expensive. If you travel to Europe, you can find youth hostels, which are cheap and easy to send e-mail. Because it's young people who set up shops, the atmosphere is lively and there are many programs. In addition, they can find folk houses. Many European citizens have contact with travel agencies. The price of folk houses and hotels is cheap, and they can integrate into the folk and appreciate the customs of Europe. European film and batteries are expensive. When you travel in Europe, you must bring enough film and batteries to bring back the beautiful scenery without regret
12. You must bring trousers when you travel to Europe
there are many splendid church buildings in Europe, but they refuse people who wear shorts and skirts. Therefore, you must bring a pair of trousers when you go to Europe even in midsummer, otherwise, you will leave a regret that you can't watch the beautiful church buildings<
choose the best way to carry money when traveling abroad
seeing that the Spring Festival is coming, many people have started to sign up for overseas tour groups for the Spring Festival. Compared with domestic tourism, overseas tourism needs long preparation time and complex process, which inevitably involves the issue of currency exchange. In addition to cash, you can also use international credit cards, bank drafts and traveler's checks to carry foreign exchange
cash
advantages: simple and direct, no handling charge
disadvantages: unsafe, inconvenient and loss of exchange. Most people choose to carry cash when traveling abroad, which has its advantages, but its disadvantages are obvious: it is neither convenient nor safe to carry a large amount of cash with them; When converting foreign currency back to RMB, the price of cash is lower than that of cash, which will cause losses; In addition, the use of cash may encounter counterfeit money, and the risk of loss should be borne by oneself
bank draft
advantages: reliable, low handling charge
disadvantages: complicated and not widely used. Bank draft has its own characteristics: it is usually opened by foreign exchange banks dealing with international business, with reliable credit and low cost. Generally, banks only charge a few thousandths of the handling charge. However, its disadvantage is that it has to be handled through the bank, and the proceres are relatively cumbersome. In foreign countries, it is not easy to be directly accepted in the hotel and catering instry, which is not convenient for tourists
traveler's checks
advantages: you can enjoy a variety of services
disadvantages: it is more complex than cash and requires a certain handling charge<
international credit card
cash deposit and withdrawal function: cardholders can deposit and withdraw cash at ICBC foreign currency savings outlets all over the country, and can also withdraw cash from overseas ATMs with visa or master logo
transfer function: according to the regulations of the issuing bank, the card holder can deposit funds from other domestic banks or the agent bank of ICBC overseas through transfer
one card with two currencies - the cardholder's domestic consumption is recorded in RMB and his foreign consumption is recorded in US dollars
overdraft consumption: within the credit limit, the cardholder can use the credit card to overdraft consumption in domestic ICBC special merchants or overseas 15 million visa and master special merchants
interest free repayment - the cardholder can enjoy an interest free repayment period of 25 to 60 days
online shopping: after applying to the issuing bank, the cardholder can make online shopping on the Internet
Global Services: ICBC has set up a 24-hour service hotline in China to provide a full range of consulting services, and has set up visa and master emergency service centers in many countries around the world, so that cardholders can enjoy supplementary services
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