Virtual currency exchange bank
Some rich gentry, who had a lot of money, saw the stable interests of the bank and competed to invest. The bank business also expanded with the prosperity of Commerce. In addition to currency exchange, it also increased deposits, loans and development of bank notes. At that time, there were a lot of banks in the bustling markets of Nanshi and Beishi, especially in Nanshi
The use of underground banks to transfer foreign exchange will bear corresponding criminal responsibility according to the seriousness of the circumstances
according to Article 191 of the criminal law, knowing that it is the income and income of drug-related crimes, organized crimes of underworld nature, crimes of terrorist activities, crimes of smuggling, crimes of corruption and bribery, crimes of Disrupting Financial management order, crimes of financial fraud, the purpose is to cover up and conceal its source and nature
Those who commit any of the following acts shall be sentenced to imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention, and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than 5% but not more than 20% of the amount of money laundering; If the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than five percent but not more than 20 percent of the money laundered:(1) providing a fund account
(2) assisting in the conversion of property into cash, financial instruments or securities< (3) assisting fund transfer through transfer or other settlement methods (4) helping to remit funds overseas (5) concealing or concealing the source and nature of the proceeds of crime and their proceeds by other means 
extended information:
foreign exchange control refers to the restrictive measures taken by a government to balance the balance of international payments and maintain the exchange rate of its own currency. In China, it is also called foreign exchange management. An international trade policy in which a government restricts the international settlement and foreign exchange trading by law
Foreign exchange control is divided into quantity control and cost control. The former means that the State Administration of foreign exchange directly limits and allocates the amount of foreign exchange transactions, and achieves the purpose of restricting exports by controlling the total amount of foreign exchangethe latter means that the State Administration of foreign exchange implements the compound exchange rate system for foreign exchange trading, and uses the difference of foreign exchange trading costs to adjust the structure of imported goods
Foreign exchange control refers to any form of intervention taken by the government or the central bank in the holding of foreign exchange, foreign trade or capital flow in order to avoid the excessive expansion of the country's money supply or the depletion of foreign exchange reserves Foreign exchange control can be divided into narrow sense and broad sense. In a narrow sense, foreign exchange control refers to a country's government's restrictions on Residents' foreign exchange trading and international settlement under current account. In a broad sense, foreign exchange control refers to a country's government's restrictive management of resident and non resident activities involving foreign exchange inflow and outflow Foreign exchange control is carried out in accordance with the laws, policies and regulations of the country. The executors of foreign exchange control are the central bank authorized by the government, the Ministry of finance or other specialized agencies, such as the administration of foreign exchangethe natural person and legal person targeted by foreign exchange control are usually divided into resident and non resident. The foreign exchange control laws and regulations of various countries are usually stricter on residents and looser on non residents
the objects of foreign exchange control include foreign banknotes and coins, foreign currency payment certificates, foreign currency securities and gold; Some countries also deal with silver, platinum and diamonds
The effective scope of foreign exchange control laws and regulations is generally limited by the territory of the country. In countries where special zones are established, certain foreign exchange control regulations may not apply to special zones. A country may have different degrees of foreign exchange control on different currenciesthe activities targeted by foreign exchange control involve foreign exchange receipt and payment, foreign exchange trading, international lending, foreign exchange transfer and use; The determination of the currency exchange rate of the country; The convertibility of the country's currency; And the cross-border flow of local currency, gold and silver
There are various means of foreign exchange control, which can be divided into two types: price control and quantity control: the former refers to various restrictions on the exchange rate of local currency, and the latter refers to foreign exchange rationing control and foreign exchange settlement control There are three ways of foreign exchange control:1, quantitative foreign exchange control
2, cost foreign exchange control
3, mixed foreign exchange control
reference materials: Network foreign exchange control
The similarity between banks and banks is that they belong to financial institutions. The difference is that banks are the financial symbols of ancient Chinese history, with small scale and weak power. Banks were introced from abroad, and graally replaced the banks, and became the financial power in the new era
on the one hand, banks accept deposits and accept credit; On the one hand, it will release money and grant credit to obtain interest
most of the lending objects of local banks are businessmen, not ordinary people. Therefore, in the form of lending, banks conform to the traditional habits and psychology of Chinese businessmen, and have been mainly credit lending
there are two types of credit lending: current and fixed. It is worth noting that the term of regular lending is usually set for one quarter or two quarters, which is not arbitrary, but to adapt to the seasonal changes of commercial capital demand. Because at that time, export traders and processing and export instries needed to buy more local procts, their short-term capital demand naturally changed regularly with the seasonal distribution of agricultural and sideline procts
The risk of credit lending can not be completely avoided. In order to further rece the risk of being owed by customers, some local money companies have formulated written rules to protect themselves. This is the fundamental difference between the money instry and the pawnbroking instry, which takes collateral as loan guarantee, in operating principles, and also the pride of the money instry As a rule of a certain bank says,in the business of QianDian, all banks should respect huachongshi and take credit
It means that on the one hand, banks rely on their own good faith to carry out various business activities, on the other hand, they require their customers to keep their faith Historically, the operating principles of small profits and high income are mainly reflected in two aspects: one is to grasp the difference between lending interest and deposit interest; The second is to grasp the price difference of currency exchangefor a long time, banks rely on the deposits they absorb. Interest is paid on a deposit. Therefore, the interest difference between deposit and loan is the traditional important source of business income
for example, in Wuhan, the bank's deposit interest is calculated on the basis of daily interbank lending market, while the lending interest is calculated on the basis of daily interbank lending plus 1.20 Jiao, equivalent to 3.75 ‰ monthly interest. Therefore, if all deposits can be released, only 3.75 ‰ of monthly interest can be obtained
If only 60% of the deposit is released, the loan is unprofitable. However, in fact, the profit of the bank is quite good. It is not surprising that a bank with a total capital of 30000-40000 can make a net profit of 12000 yuan a year. In this way, according to the amount of investment capital, its annual profit rate is often more than 50%
the reason why there is such a high net profit margin is mainly e to careful calculation and small profits, and the trick is to loan out the deposits as safely as possible. In Hankou bank's jargon, this is called "internal air and external communication"
"neikong" means to loan out the bank's own funds and deposits as far as possible, so as not to waste positions“ "Waitong" means to try to attract deposits and increase the source of funds. When the financial market is tight or the position of the bank is insufficient, it can dredge the channels of funds in time to make up the position
to achieve "internal air and external communication", we can make the capital flow continuously as far as possible on the premise of ensuring the reputation of deposit cashing, and minimize the time of capital staying in the bank
in order to make full use of even temporarily idle funds, Shanghai money instry also has a special way of "deposit with peers". After the banks with large financial resources in Shanghai take back the loans to the instrial and commercial customers around December 20 of the lunar calendar, they often put the surplus money to other banks for interest collection ring the new year, which is usually 15 days or 20 days, not more than one month at most. This is also a way to make full use of loans for profits
However, compared with modern banks, although they are "small businesses", their loan turnover can often exceed the cost by dozens of times, so as to obtain huge profits The ultimate purpose of grasping the price difference of currency exchange is, of course, profit. The exchange of various currencies is the traditional business of the bank, and the exchange price difference is the source of profits. This business did not stop until the later currency reform, which changed the "two" into "Yuan" The bank's money exchange business is the inevitable result of the serious defects of modern banking system. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, silver has graally become the currency standard, but it has been in circulation in the natural form of weighing money for a long time. There is no unified national system, and its use is very complicated In the Qing Dynasty, there were four types of silver: Yuanbao silver and Yuanbao silver; Second, medium ingot; The third is small ingot; Fourth, broken silver, that is, scattered silveralthough there are about four kinds of silvers, the weight and quality of all kinds of precious silvers cast in different places are actually different, so the silvers in different places have their own names
coin making was a kind of copper coin with a certain shape and face value, which was not made until the end of the Qing Dynasty. The types and values of money made by the local governments are also different, which leads to the exchange demand of various kinds of silver and money making
With the development of Sino foreign trade, a large number of foreign silver coins have been in circulation since the Ming and Qing Dynasties After the Opium War, e to the increase of foreign firms and banks, foreign money flowed in more, such as the "Eagle ocean" made in Mexico. Thus, the exchange demand between China's silver, money making and foreign silver dollar came into beingit's not hard to imagine how much trouble it would be to convert and use such kinds of silver, silver dollar and money in circulation. The business of the bank is to exchange these currencies, which is a financial service proced in response to the needs of the society. In the early days, the currency exchange of banks was mainly the exchange between silver and money making, which was generally referred to as the exchange of silver
after the Opium War, the inland banks were still mainly engaged in the exchange of silver, while the coastal banks were mainly engaged in the exchange of domestic silver and foreign silver dollars in response to the surging demand for foreign trade, commonly known as the exchange of silver dollars
Yangli and Yinjie are two unique ways of operation of banks. As a means of manipulating the financial market, they play an important role in the development of banks. Yangli is the market price of silver dollar in terms of silver. Silver yuan is commonly known as foreign money or foreign mother of pearl. A piece of silver yuan is 7.2 yuan for Kuping silver or 7.3 yuan for Caoping silver, which is the basis of market price. It goes up and down with the market to the level of Li, so it is called "foreign Li" or "Li price"
the interest rate calculated with silver as the standard is called silver split, and the interest rate calculated with silver dollar is called foreign split. In the money instry, it is sometimes referred to as the bank or interest rate. This is the interest rate of interbank lending, which is controlled by the association of banks or the association of money banks or the association of money instry
Yang Li refers to the daily market price of silver yuan equivalent to silver Liang. If the conversion is purely based on the price of silver, the average silver dollar contains 7.3 yuan of silver, which means that 73% of the two silver prices can be converted into one silver dollar. However, in fact, just like other currencies, the actual exchange rate between silver and silver must be determined according to the supply and demand of silver in the financial market. If we grasp the supply and demand of silver dollars in the market and make good use of the seasonal fluctuation of Yangli, we can benefit from it
e to the great demand for short-term commercial capital, the bank still has a considerable profit despite the fact that Yangli claims to be a profit of 10% or 10%
Later, the source of working capital of the bank changed greatly, increasing the fixed deposit of Shanxi Bank and the bill dismantling from foreign banks. It is a kind of short-term loan that banks borrow from each other. The term is usually two days, which shows its flexibility