Financial management of CCP virtual currency
Publish: 2021-05-29 16:07:45
1. The range of the North Pole
people usually say that the north pole is not limited to the north pole, but refers to latitude 66 ° The vast area north of the 34 '(Arctic Circle) is also called the Arctic region. The Arctic region includes the Arctic Ocean, marginal land coastal zone and islands, Arctic tundra and the outermost taiga forest zone. If the Arctic Circle is taken as the boundary of the Arctic, the total area of the Arctic region is 21 million square kilometers, of which the land part accounts for 8 million square kilometers. There are also some scientists from the perspective of phenology, taking July as an average of 10 ° C isotherm (5 ° In this way, the total area of the Arctic region will be expanded to 27 million square kilometers, of which the land area is about 12 million square kilometers. If the Arctic is defined by the distribution of plant species and the whole Taijialin belt is included in the Arctic, the area of the Arctic will exceed 40 million square kilometers. The standards of countries around the Arctic are not uniform. However, most people are used to regard the Arctic Circle as the boundary of the Arctic region from a geographical point of view
polar time
for the poles, all the meridians of the earth are closed to a point, so there is no time zone division, and the standard of time is lost. This is indeed a very troublesome thing. Due to the lack of common standards, the team members of the countries working in the polar regions have to keep their local time. Therefore, when scientists meet foreigners ring their Antarctic expedition, they usually do not ask "what time is it now", because their answers are often puzzling. An American team member once described the situation of their softball match at the south pole as follows: "the little softball flew from today to yesterday, and from yesterday to today."
Arctic climate
Arctic winter lasts for six months from November to April. 5. June, September and October are spring and autumn respectively, while summer is only July and August. The average temperature in January ranges from - 20 to - 40 ° C The average temperature of the warmest month in August is only - 8 ° C The lowest temperature measured at the drifting station near the arctic pole is - 59 ° C Due to the influence of ocean current and Arctic anticyclone, the coldest place in the Arctic is not in the central Arctic Ocean. In Siberia, it was recorded that - 70 ° The lowest temperature of - 62 C was also recorded in the Prospekt area of Alaska ° The temperature of C
on the whole, the average wind speed in the Arctic is far less than that in the Antarctic, and even in winter, the average wind speed along the Arctic Ocean is only 10 m / s. Especially in the Nordic sea area, it is mainly controlled by the North Point warm current, and the annual water surface temperature is maintained at 2-12 ℃ ° C, even at 69 n ° Murmansk is also a famous ice free port. In that area, even in winter, strong winds above 15 m / s are rare. However, e to the cold high pressure in Greenland, North America and northern Eurasia in winter, severe snowstorms often occur in the Arctic Ocean. The precipitation in the Arctic is generally much higher than that in the Antarctic inland. Generally, the annual precipitation is between 100 mm and 250 mm, while the annual precipitation in Greenland is 500 mm
life in the Arctic
different from the Antarctic continent, life activities in the Arctic are very active. There are 900 kinds of flowering plants, millions of reindeer, tens of thousands of musk cows, thousands of Arctic rabbits, and up to 1500 lemmings per hectare in peak years. One sixth of all birds in the northern hemisphere breed in the Arctic, and at least 12 species overwinter in the Arctic. In the River Delta, tundra lake and pool grass leaves, we can see the long tailed ck, the red necked ck, the short necked wild ck, the spotted back diving ck, the magpie ck, the merganser ck, the black ck, the snow goose and so on. There are Arctic Thunderbirds, owls, etc. Ravens, puffins, Arctic terns and black crested herons fly in the sky, grizzly bears, arctic foxes and Arctic wolves cruise on the tundra meadows, and fennel, northern pike, grey trout, herring, cucurbit, COD, whitefish and Arctic salmon play in the rivers and lakes. In the vast waters of the Arctic Ocean, there are millions of various seals, 200000 walruses, thousands of narwhals and belugas, and 20000 polar bears. In addition, the most important thing is that the Arctic region has at least tens of thousands of years of local residents - Inuit, Chukchi, Yakut, Ewenki and lapu< The Arctic is rich in natural resources, including non renewable mineral resources and chemical energy, renewable biological resources, and constant resources such as water power and wind power. If we define resources in a broad sense, we should also include military resources, scientific resources, human resources, tourism resources and so on
when it comes to the significance of Arctic resources to modern society, the most important and direct of course is the oil and natural gas resources in energy. According to conservative estimation, the potential recoverable oil reserves in this area are 100-200 billion barrels, and the natural gas is 50-80 trillion cubic meters. It can be seen that when the oil and gas resources in other parts of the world tend to dry up, the Arctic will become the last energy base of mankind
coal resources in the Arctic
Northern Alaska is rich in coal resources, which is one of the undeveloped areas. Geologists estimate that 400 billion tons of coal, which accounts for 9% of the world's total coal resources, is stored here, no less than Datong, Shanxi, which is a famous coal capital at home and abroad. The theoretical coal storage capacity of the Western Arctic coalfield is 3 billion tons, which is the highest quality coalfield in northern Alaska and can be mined with the simplest conventional open-pit mining technology. Siberia's coal reserves are larger than Datong in China and Alaska in North America. Some people estimate that it is 700 billion tons or more, or even more than half of the global coal reserves
the Arctic is not only rich in coal resources, but also has excellent coal quality. The coal in the western part of China is a kind of high volatile bituminous coal with an average calorific value of more than 12000 joules per kilogram, low sulfur (0.1% - 0.3%), low ash (10%) and low temperature (water content of 5%). Arctic coal is almost the cleanest coal in the world, with high steam and coking quality, which can be directly used for energy and instrial raw materials
mineral resources in the Arctic are also rich in mineral resources other than energy. For example, the world-class iron ore in Kola Peninsula is well known. However, what is more interesting is that along the longitude line (60 °～ seventy-five ° E) All the way south, go to the symmetry of the southern hemisphere (66 °～ seventy-three ° S) It happens to be Prince Charles mountain in Antarctica. And Prince Charles mountain's world-class iron ore is also world-famous. It is unclear whether this interesting distribution pattern is purely accidental, or whether it has anything to do with the location of the South and North magnetic poles, or with continental drift
apart from iron ore, the Arctic also has a large number of other mineral resources. The world's largest copper nickel plutonium complex in Norilsk is one of them. Precious metals (such as gold) and diamond minerals also played an important role in the development of the Far East in the former Soviet Union, especially in the famous kolema area. In Alaska, it is estimated that the red dog mine in the north of kuzbu has 85 million tons of ore, which contains 17% zinc, 5% lead and 75 grams of silver per ton. It has become a world-class mine worth 11.1 billion US dollars (1983 price). Cumminsk and Nana are jointly developing the red dog mine< From 1880 to 1943, 108.5 tons of gold have been proced in Juno quartz vein type gold deposit, Alaska, and it is estimated that there are still 13.2 tons to be mined. The qichakov mine near xitka once proced 24.8 tons of gold and still contains 9.3 tons to be mined. The development of precious metal mines is one after another on both sides of the Bering Strait. In addition, greencreek silver mine is the largest potential silver mine in the United States. After its development in 1988, it has a proction capacity of 1000 tons of ore per day and is estimated to be able to be mined for 10-30 years
in addition to the above mineral resources, there are radioactive elements such as uranium and plutonium, which are known as strategic mineral resources. For example, the salt inclusion mine on Prince of Wales Island contains 285000 tons of plutonium ore
marine mammals in the Arctic
marine mammals in the Arctic have had a tragic experience in history. Tame Arctic walrus, male weight up to 1 360 kg, they often dozens or even hundreds of heads gathered together on the beach snoring, sleep at ease. Because their long teeth can be used as ivory carving crafts, meat can be eaten, and skin can be made into leather, they become the targets of hunting. Over the past 200 years, their number has dropped from 500000 to the brink of extinction. Since the 1970s, because people take protective measures, it can continue to reproce
the living habits of Arctic seals are similar to those of Antarctic fur seals. They live together as a family. The parents are usually a male seal weighing 300 kg, dominating about 50 female seals weighing only 30-50 kg and their children. Because their fur is so popular in the market, millions of them have been almost wiped out. Fortunately, they were protected together with the Arctic walrus, so that the number of Arctic seals began to rise in recent years
there are only six species of cetaceans in the Arctic, and the number is far less than that in the Southern Ocean. However, the narwhal and beluga in the Arctic Ocean are the most precious species of cetaceans in the world
the difference between the South and the Arctic
the biggest difference between the Arctic and the Antarctic is that there are residents in the Arctic. At present, there are more than 7 million local residents in the Arctic region, including less than 2 million real Arctic Indigenous people
another characteristic of the Arctic region is that it has a large area of permafrost, which can not be found in other parts of the world. These permafrost layers, like the Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets, store a lot of information about the earth's paleoenvironment. By drilling frozen soil cores and analyzing ice cores, we can understand the process of paleoclimate change and the changes of paleoenvironment, so as to provide an important basis for predicting the future trend of global climate change. In addition, there are a lot of solid carbon and hydrocarbons in these permafrost, which has great potential to regulate the greenhouse effect and affect global climate change
the third characteristic of the Arctic, which is different from the Antarctic, is terrestrial biodiversity. This characteristic is obviously e to the environmental factors of the Arctic itself. The first is that the annual average temperature in the Arctic is 20% higher than that in the Antarctic ° C. It is more concive to the survival and development of different species than Antarctica. Secondly, the land around the Arctic Ocean can extend southward to the middle and low latitude environment, which is very concive to the migration and evolution of terrestrial organisms. Therefore, compared with the Antarctic continent, which is cut off by the circumpolar current and almost becomes a life forbidden zone, the life activities in the Arctic land are more colorful. The study of biodiversity, biomass and ecological environment in the Arctic is not only directly related to the living environment of local residents, but also has a more extensive and far-reaching significance from the perspective of human biological resources prospects and biological genetic engineering e to the biological relationship between the Arctic and the middle and low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere
Antarctic natural environment
Antarctica, located around the Antarctic point, is a continent covered with ice and snow, and the surrounding islands are scattered. The area of Antarctica, including the Antarctic continent and its islands, is about 14 million square kilometers, accounting for the largest proportion of the world's land
people usually say that the north pole is not limited to the north pole, but refers to latitude 66 ° The vast area north of the 34 '(Arctic Circle) is also called the Arctic region. The Arctic region includes the Arctic Ocean, marginal land coastal zone and islands, Arctic tundra and the outermost taiga forest zone. If the Arctic Circle is taken as the boundary of the Arctic, the total area of the Arctic region is 21 million square kilometers, of which the land part accounts for 8 million square kilometers. There are also some scientists from the perspective of phenology, taking July as an average of 10 ° C isotherm (5 ° In this way, the total area of the Arctic region will be expanded to 27 million square kilometers, of which the land area is about 12 million square kilometers. If the Arctic is defined by the distribution of plant species and the whole Taijialin belt is included in the Arctic, the area of the Arctic will exceed 40 million square kilometers. The standards of countries around the Arctic are not uniform. However, most people are used to regard the Arctic Circle as the boundary of the Arctic region from a geographical point of view
polar time
for the poles, all the meridians of the earth are closed to a point, so there is no time zone division, and the standard of time is lost. This is indeed a very troublesome thing. Due to the lack of common standards, the team members of the countries working in the polar regions have to keep their local time. Therefore, when scientists meet foreigners ring their Antarctic expedition, they usually do not ask "what time is it now", because their answers are often puzzling. An American team member once described the situation of their softball match at the south pole as follows: "the little softball flew from today to yesterday, and from yesterday to today."
Arctic climate
Arctic winter lasts for six months from November to April. 5. June, September and October are spring and autumn respectively, while summer is only July and August. The average temperature in January ranges from - 20 to - 40 ° C The average temperature of the warmest month in August is only - 8 ° C The lowest temperature measured at the drifting station near the arctic pole is - 59 ° C Due to the influence of ocean current and Arctic anticyclone, the coldest place in the Arctic is not in the central Arctic Ocean. In Siberia, it was recorded that - 70 ° The lowest temperature of - 62 C was also recorded in the Prospekt area of Alaska ° The temperature of C
on the whole, the average wind speed in the Arctic is far less than that in the Antarctic, and even in winter, the average wind speed along the Arctic Ocean is only 10 m / s. Especially in the Nordic sea area, it is mainly controlled by the North Point warm current, and the annual water surface temperature is maintained at 2-12 ℃ ° C, even at 69 n ° Murmansk is also a famous ice free port. In that area, even in winter, strong winds above 15 m / s are rare. However, e to the cold high pressure in Greenland, North America and northern Eurasia in winter, severe snowstorms often occur in the Arctic Ocean. The precipitation in the Arctic is generally much higher than that in the Antarctic inland. Generally, the annual precipitation is between 100 mm and 250 mm, while the annual precipitation in Greenland is 500 mm
life in the Arctic
different from the Antarctic continent, life activities in the Arctic are very active. There are 900 kinds of flowering plants, millions of reindeer, tens of thousands of musk cows, thousands of Arctic rabbits, and up to 1500 lemmings per hectare in peak years. One sixth of all birds in the northern hemisphere breed in the Arctic, and at least 12 species overwinter in the Arctic. In the River Delta, tundra lake and pool grass leaves, we can see the long tailed ck, the red necked ck, the short necked wild ck, the spotted back diving ck, the magpie ck, the merganser ck, the black ck, the snow goose and so on. There are Arctic Thunderbirds, owls, etc. Ravens, puffins, Arctic terns and black crested herons fly in the sky, grizzly bears, arctic foxes and Arctic wolves cruise on the tundra meadows, and fennel, northern pike, grey trout, herring, cucurbit, COD, whitefish and Arctic salmon play in the rivers and lakes. In the vast waters of the Arctic Ocean, there are millions of various seals, 200000 walruses, thousands of narwhals and belugas, and 20000 polar bears. In addition, the most important thing is that the Arctic region has at least tens of thousands of years of local residents - Inuit, Chukchi, Yakut, Ewenki and lapu< The Arctic is rich in natural resources, including non renewable mineral resources and chemical energy, renewable biological resources, and constant resources such as water power and wind power. If we define resources in a broad sense, we should also include military resources, scientific resources, human resources, tourism resources and so on
when it comes to the significance of Arctic resources to modern society, the most important and direct of course is the oil and natural gas resources in energy. According to conservative estimation, the potential recoverable oil reserves in this area are 100-200 billion barrels, and the natural gas is 50-80 trillion cubic meters. It can be seen that when the oil and gas resources in other parts of the world tend to dry up, the Arctic will become the last energy base of mankind
coal resources in the Arctic
Northern Alaska is rich in coal resources, which is one of the undeveloped areas. Geologists estimate that 400 billion tons of coal, which accounts for 9% of the world's total coal resources, is stored here, no less than Datong, Shanxi, which is a famous coal capital at home and abroad. The theoretical coal storage capacity of the Western Arctic coalfield is 3 billion tons, which is the highest quality coalfield in northern Alaska and can be mined with the simplest conventional open-pit mining technology. Siberia's coal reserves are larger than Datong in China and Alaska in North America. Some people estimate that it is 700 billion tons or more, or even more than half of the global coal reserves
the Arctic is not only rich in coal resources, but also has excellent coal quality. The coal in the western part of China is a kind of high volatile bituminous coal with an average calorific value of more than 12000 joules per kilogram, low sulfur (0.1% - 0.3%), low ash (10%) and low temperature (water content of 5%). Arctic coal is almost the cleanest coal in the world, with high steam and coking quality, which can be directly used for energy and instrial raw materials
mineral resources in the Arctic are also rich in mineral resources other than energy. For example, the world-class iron ore in Kola Peninsula is well known. However, what is more interesting is that along the longitude line (60 °～ seventy-five ° E) All the way south, go to the symmetry of the southern hemisphere (66 °～ seventy-three ° S) It happens to be Prince Charles mountain in Antarctica. And Prince Charles mountain's world-class iron ore is also world-famous. It is unclear whether this interesting distribution pattern is purely accidental, or whether it has anything to do with the location of the South and North magnetic poles, or with continental drift
apart from iron ore, the Arctic also has a large number of other mineral resources. The world's largest copper nickel plutonium complex in Norilsk is one of them. Precious metals (such as gold) and diamond minerals also played an important role in the development of the Far East in the former Soviet Union, especially in the famous kolema area. In Alaska, it is estimated that the red dog mine in the north of kuzbu has 85 million tons of ore, which contains 17% zinc, 5% lead and 75 grams of silver per ton. It has become a world-class mine worth 11.1 billion US dollars (1983 price). Cumminsk and Nana are jointly developing the red dog mine< From 1880 to 1943, 108.5 tons of gold have been proced in Juno quartz vein type gold deposit, Alaska, and it is estimated that there are still 13.2 tons to be mined. The qichakov mine near xitka once proced 24.8 tons of gold and still contains 9.3 tons to be mined. The development of precious metal mines is one after another on both sides of the Bering Strait. In addition, greencreek silver mine is the largest potential silver mine in the United States. After its development in 1988, it has a proction capacity of 1000 tons of ore per day and is estimated to be able to be mined for 10-30 years
in addition to the above mineral resources, there are radioactive elements such as uranium and plutonium, which are known as strategic mineral resources. For example, the salt inclusion mine on Prince of Wales Island contains 285000 tons of plutonium ore
marine mammals in the Arctic
marine mammals in the Arctic have had a tragic experience in history. Tame Arctic walrus, male weight up to 1 360 kg, they often dozens or even hundreds of heads gathered together on the beach snoring, sleep at ease. Because their long teeth can be used as ivory carving crafts, meat can be eaten, and skin can be made into leather, they become the targets of hunting. Over the past 200 years, their number has dropped from 500000 to the brink of extinction. Since the 1970s, because people take protective measures, it can continue to reproce
the living habits of Arctic seals are similar to those of Antarctic fur seals. They live together as a family. The parents are usually a male seal weighing 300 kg, dominating about 50 female seals weighing only 30-50 kg and their children. Because their fur is so popular in the market, millions of them have been almost wiped out. Fortunately, they were protected together with the Arctic walrus, so that the number of Arctic seals began to rise in recent years
there are only six species of cetaceans in the Arctic, and the number is far less than that in the Southern Ocean. However, the narwhal and beluga in the Arctic Ocean are the most precious species of cetaceans in the world
the difference between the South and the Arctic
the biggest difference between the Arctic and the Antarctic is that there are residents in the Arctic. At present, there are more than 7 million local residents in the Arctic region, including less than 2 million real Arctic Indigenous people
another characteristic of the Arctic region is that it has a large area of permafrost, which can not be found in other parts of the world. These permafrost layers, like the Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets, store a lot of information about the earth's paleoenvironment. By drilling frozen soil cores and analyzing ice cores, we can understand the process of paleoclimate change and the changes of paleoenvironment, so as to provide an important basis for predicting the future trend of global climate change. In addition, there are a lot of solid carbon and hydrocarbons in these permafrost, which has great potential to regulate the greenhouse effect and affect global climate change
the third characteristic of the Arctic, which is different from the Antarctic, is terrestrial biodiversity. This characteristic is obviously e to the environmental factors of the Arctic itself. The first is that the annual average temperature in the Arctic is 20% higher than that in the Antarctic ° C. It is more concive to the survival and development of different species than Antarctica. Secondly, the land around the Arctic Ocean can extend southward to the middle and low latitude environment, which is very concive to the migration and evolution of terrestrial organisms. Therefore, compared with the Antarctic continent, which is cut off by the circumpolar current and almost becomes a life forbidden zone, the life activities in the Arctic land are more colorful. The study of biodiversity, biomass and ecological environment in the Arctic is not only directly related to the living environment of local residents, but also has a more extensive and far-reaching significance from the perspective of human biological resources prospects and biological genetic engineering e to the biological relationship between the Arctic and the middle and low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere
Antarctic natural environment
Antarctica, located around the Antarctic point, is a continent covered with ice and snow, and the surrounding islands are scattered. The area of Antarctica, including the Antarctic continent and its islands, is about 14 million square kilometers, accounting for the largest proportion of the world's land
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