Experience report of virtual currency course
Publish: 2021-05-28 11:38:24
1. Learning experience of attending the counselor training class of Ministry of ecation
Wang
garrison
2009
year
4
month
19
day -
4
month
30
day, I had the honor to participate in the second post training class of College Counselors in Jilin Province,
sincerely thank the school for creating conditions for me,
provides me with the opportunity to learn from senior leaders and experts in this field, and creates a platform for me and other college counselors to communicate with each other<
this training course is the only one with the highest level of experts, the longest learning time, the most complete learning
content and the most activities I have participated in since I came to China.
it has benefited me a lot< The experts of the training course are Xu Yanguo, director of the ideological and Political Work Department of the Ministry of ecation,
Weng, Deputy Secretary General of Shanghai municipal government,
tie Hui,
professor of China Youth College of political science,
doctoral supervisor,
Lu Shizhen, President of the Youth Development Research Institute of China Youth College of political science,
director of China Mental Health Association, and
fan Fumin, chairman of College Students' psychological counseling professional committee,
Qing Dynasty,
professor and doctoral supervisor of China University,
Bing Zheng, professor and doctoral supervisor of Jilin Academy of Social Sciences,
Secretary General of China Ethics Society,
director of ethics and morality research center of Renmin University of China,
professor of Renmin University of China,
Wu Qiantao, professor and doctoral supervisor of Jilin University Gao Wenxin, doctoral supervisor and assistant to the president, Zhang Yanyan, deputy secretary of the Party committee of Peking University, and other senior leaders and ecation experts on the ideological and political ecation front< The contents of the study include the leaders of the general headquarters of Ideological and political work of our students explaining to us the role orientation of today's counselors, the national policy for counselors, the growth and outlet of today's counselors, etc; There are senior experts from the ecational front of colleges and universities to teach us the characteristics of contemporary youth and the methods of mental health ecation< There are some current
famous leaders of student affairs in Colleges and universities who teach us the ideological and political work in typical colleges and universities
there is an introction about the student work of the key universities of the Ministry of ecation
there is an outstanding representative of counselors working in the front line like us, the national excellent assistant director Li Qin
the training course enables us to receive all-round training in all aspects< During the training period,
we also participated in two forums and two visits to Northeast Normal University, which enhanced our communication and knowledge< Through the training, I have the following experiences, which are reported as follows:
first, I fully realized the importance of counselors' work, understood the relevant background and policies of the state in the ideological and political work in Colleges and universities, and was encouraged
Xu Yanguo, director of the ideological and Political Work Department of the Ministry of ecation, pointed out in the training, The team of counselors is the personal guard of the party and the state, and the task of counselors is to train qualified socialist builders and reliable successors<
"it's easy to get a good teacher,
it's hard to get a good teacher"
,
this sentence puts the role of counselors in the work of ecating people in a lofty position,
as a counselor, we should not only teach students to survive,
but also teach students to be human beings,
it's extremely noble to be a tutor and good teacher< As a teacher who has direct contact with students' study and life,
counselors' speech and behavior not only affect the formation of students' Outlook on life,
world outlook,
values,
but also affect the growth of students< Therefore,
college counselors must fully understand their responsibilities,
further enhance their sense of honor,
sense of responsibility and historical mission,
take on the sacred mission of cultivating excellent talents for the party and the country,
promoting the prosperity and development of the motherland< At the same time, director Xu pointed out that in order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Further Strengthening and improving the ideological and political ecation of college students and effectively strengthen the construction of college counselors,
the Ministry of ecation formulated the
regulations on the construction of college counselors on May 20, 2006, which put forward the orientation of college counselors. College counselors are both teachers and administrators, organizers, implementers and instructors of students' daily ideological and political ecation,
they are intimate friends and life mentors for the healthy growth of college students< According to the regulations, counselors should account for a certain proportion in the evaluation and employment of university teachers, the evaluation criteria should be independent, the evaluation criteria should be in line with the actual work of counselors, and the achievement identification should be flexible< Director Xu pointed out that in the future, the Ministry of ecation should organize regular training for counselors in combination with the improvement of their comprehensive quality, and organize the selection of national excellent counselors, so as to create a good platform and environment for the growth of counselors< In combination with the Ministry of ecation '
24
orders, director Xu showed us the importance, background and future development of counselors' work.
the Ministry of ecation's training for college counselors and the training for college counselors in the whole province organized by the research base fully illustrated the importance that the state and higher ecation departments attach to the work of counselors and students,
feel much more drum
dance, more energetic< Second, we should fully realize that we should improve our ability and quality to adapt to the student work in the new period. How to meet these new expectations and requirements and solve the problems existing in the current
student work is a problem that must be faced up to and urgently needed to be solved in order to do a good job of College Counselors in the new period< Through the explanation and teaching of relevant leaders and experts in the training process,
I deeply realize that the counselors in the new period are not the former nanny counselors,
fire brigade counselors and management counselors<
contemporary counselors should understand the importance of their work,
deeply understand and master the knowledge of mental health,
be familiar with the characteristics of the working group,
implement the party's major policies into the student work,
be an expert counselor,
only in this way can
have the ecational effect on students. After listening to the reports of experts, I deeply realize that
I have many shortcomings in student work
these deficiencies include,
insufficient cognition of students,
insufficient level and structure of self-knowledge,
insufficient ability to solve students' psychological problems,
insufficient ability to keep pace with the times and do a good job in students' work,
insufficient theoretical literacy. In the future work, we must face up to these shortcomings,
be determined, planned and step-by-step to supplement and improve, make up for the deficiencies, improve their ability and quality,
strive to be a qualified college counselor,
adapt to the needs of the post,
meet the new requirements and expectations of the majority of students in the new period and new stage
three, fully aware of the advanced nature of the instructor's model, and realize that there is a big gap between
training course. We invite the national excellent counsellor and the national excellent student Huang Lai daughter's counsellor
ring the training, experts have repeatedly mentioned the last national excellent counselors
Fudan University "forgive me", and I was deeply impressed by the touching deeds of the two excellent counselors<
1
, to be a conscientious person
"words of inclusion" is the epitome of the work of an ordinary college counselor, her behavior is very ordinary,
very ordinary,
it can be said that as long as a counselor who has been with students for four years, she will experience the trivial work of inclusion,
as long as she has a little sympathy and a little sense of responsibility
responsible teachers will sincerely pay for the students,
every senior
school counselor has a certain writing ability at the same time,
but why is there only one
inclusive heart language
only one inclusion? It shows that we are not living with our heart,
working with our heart
of course,
we can say that there are too many
trivial tasks that make us have no time,
especially when there are large-scale activities or important periods,
we don't even have time to sleep,
but we can't do it every day, every week, every month,
including diary,
I believe she doesn't have so much time to write diary,
what she wrote was weekly notes
this shows that inclusion is a person who has a heart of
and a heart of
life, he will certainly have a heart of work,
in order to serve the students well in his work,
lead the way<
2
, be a person without regret and selfless dedication
Li Qin put forward his theory of paratroopers in his report: if a person asks a paratrooper, you may be surrounded and arrested by the enemy as soon as you fly,
aren't you afraid? The paratrooper replied:
we paratroopers were born surrounded
- we want to be people who have no regrets,
we want to be people who give selflessly
I think it's very vivid and appropriate for counselors to
talk,
we should agree< The story of Li Qin and his classmates helping Huang Lainu and his father selflessly in his report has infected everyone,
this kind of help has surpassed the level of teachers and students,
and even the level of relatives, which shows that he has fully understood and applied the theory of paratroopers to his work practice.
Wang
garrison
2009
year
4
month
19
day -
4
month
30
day, I had the honor to participate in the second post training class of College Counselors in Jilin Province,
sincerely thank the school for creating conditions for me,
provides me with the opportunity to learn from senior leaders and experts in this field, and creates a platform for me and other college counselors to communicate with each other<
this training course is the only one with the highest level of experts, the longest learning time, the most complete learning
content and the most activities I have participated in since I came to China.
it has benefited me a lot< The experts of the training course are Xu Yanguo, director of the ideological and Political Work Department of the Ministry of ecation,
Weng, Deputy Secretary General of Shanghai municipal government,
tie Hui,
professor of China Youth College of political science,
doctoral supervisor,
Lu Shizhen, President of the Youth Development Research Institute of China Youth College of political science,
director of China Mental Health Association, and
fan Fumin, chairman of College Students' psychological counseling professional committee,
Qing Dynasty,
professor and doctoral supervisor of China University,
Bing Zheng, professor and doctoral supervisor of Jilin Academy of Social Sciences,
Secretary General of China Ethics Society,
director of ethics and morality research center of Renmin University of China,
professor of Renmin University of China,
Wu Qiantao, professor and doctoral supervisor of Jilin University Gao Wenxin, doctoral supervisor and assistant to the president, Zhang Yanyan, deputy secretary of the Party committee of Peking University, and other senior leaders and ecation experts on the ideological and political ecation front< The contents of the study include the leaders of the general headquarters of Ideological and political work of our students explaining to us the role orientation of today's counselors, the national policy for counselors, the growth and outlet of today's counselors, etc; There are senior experts from the ecational front of colleges and universities to teach us the characteristics of contemporary youth and the methods of mental health ecation< There are some current
famous leaders of student affairs in Colleges and universities who teach us the ideological and political work in typical colleges and universities
there is an introction about the student work of the key universities of the Ministry of ecation
there is an outstanding representative of counselors working in the front line like us, the national excellent assistant director Li Qin
the training course enables us to receive all-round training in all aspects< During the training period,
we also participated in two forums and two visits to Northeast Normal University, which enhanced our communication and knowledge< Through the training, I have the following experiences, which are reported as follows:
first, I fully realized the importance of counselors' work, understood the relevant background and policies of the state in the ideological and political work in Colleges and universities, and was encouraged
Xu Yanguo, director of the ideological and Political Work Department of the Ministry of ecation, pointed out in the training, The team of counselors is the personal guard of the party and the state, and the task of counselors is to train qualified socialist builders and reliable successors<
"it's easy to get a good teacher,
it's hard to get a good teacher"
,
this sentence puts the role of counselors in the work of ecating people in a lofty position,
as a counselor, we should not only teach students to survive,
but also teach students to be human beings,
it's extremely noble to be a tutor and good teacher< As a teacher who has direct contact with students' study and life,
counselors' speech and behavior not only affect the formation of students' Outlook on life,
world outlook,
values,
but also affect the growth of students< Therefore,
college counselors must fully understand their responsibilities,
further enhance their sense of honor,
sense of responsibility and historical mission,
take on the sacred mission of cultivating excellent talents for the party and the country,
promoting the prosperity and development of the motherland< At the same time, director Xu pointed out that in order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Further Strengthening and improving the ideological and political ecation of college students and effectively strengthen the construction of college counselors,
the Ministry of ecation formulated the
regulations on the construction of college counselors on May 20, 2006, which put forward the orientation of college counselors. College counselors are both teachers and administrators, organizers, implementers and instructors of students' daily ideological and political ecation,
they are intimate friends and life mentors for the healthy growth of college students< According to the regulations, counselors should account for a certain proportion in the evaluation and employment of university teachers, the evaluation criteria should be independent, the evaluation criteria should be in line with the actual work of counselors, and the achievement identification should be flexible< Director Xu pointed out that in the future, the Ministry of ecation should organize regular training for counselors in combination with the improvement of their comprehensive quality, and organize the selection of national excellent counselors, so as to create a good platform and environment for the growth of counselors< In combination with the Ministry of ecation '
24
orders, director Xu showed us the importance, background and future development of counselors' work.
the Ministry of ecation's training for college counselors and the training for college counselors in the whole province organized by the research base fully illustrated the importance that the state and higher ecation departments attach to the work of counselors and students,
feel much more drum
dance, more energetic< Second, we should fully realize that we should improve our ability and quality to adapt to the student work in the new period. How to meet these new expectations and requirements and solve the problems existing in the current
student work is a problem that must be faced up to and urgently needed to be solved in order to do a good job of College Counselors in the new period< Through the explanation and teaching of relevant leaders and experts in the training process,
I deeply realize that the counselors in the new period are not the former nanny counselors,
fire brigade counselors and management counselors<
contemporary counselors should understand the importance of their work,
deeply understand and master the knowledge of mental health,
be familiar with the characteristics of the working group,
implement the party's major policies into the student work,
be an expert counselor,
only in this way can
have the ecational effect on students. After listening to the reports of experts, I deeply realize that
I have many shortcomings in student work
these deficiencies include,
insufficient cognition of students,
insufficient level and structure of self-knowledge,
insufficient ability to solve students' psychological problems,
insufficient ability to keep pace with the times and do a good job in students' work,
insufficient theoretical literacy. In the future work, we must face up to these shortcomings,
be determined, planned and step-by-step to supplement and improve, make up for the deficiencies, improve their ability and quality,
strive to be a qualified college counselor,
adapt to the needs of the post,
meet the new requirements and expectations of the majority of students in the new period and new stage
three, fully aware of the advanced nature of the instructor's model, and realize that there is a big gap between
training course. We invite the national excellent counsellor and the national excellent student Huang Lai daughter's counsellor
ring the training, experts have repeatedly mentioned the last national excellent counselors
Fudan University "forgive me", and I was deeply impressed by the touching deeds of the two excellent counselors<
1
, to be a conscientious person
"words of inclusion" is the epitome of the work of an ordinary college counselor, her behavior is very ordinary,
very ordinary,
it can be said that as long as a counselor who has been with students for four years, she will experience the trivial work of inclusion,
as long as she has a little sympathy and a little sense of responsibility
responsible teachers will sincerely pay for the students,
every senior
school counselor has a certain writing ability at the same time,
but why is there only one
inclusive heart language
only one inclusion? It shows that we are not living with our heart,
working with our heart
of course,
we can say that there are too many
trivial tasks that make us have no time,
especially when there are large-scale activities or important periods,
we don't even have time to sleep,
but we can't do it every day, every week, every month,
including diary,
I believe she doesn't have so much time to write diary,
what she wrote was weekly notes
this shows that inclusion is a person who has a heart of
and a heart of
life, he will certainly have a heart of work,
in order to serve the students well in his work,
lead the way<
2
, be a person without regret and selfless dedication
Li Qin put forward his theory of paratroopers in his report: if a person asks a paratrooper, you may be surrounded and arrested by the enemy as soon as you fly,
aren't you afraid? The paratrooper replied:
we paratroopers were born surrounded
- we want to be people who have no regrets,
we want to be people who give selflessly
I think it's very vivid and appropriate for counselors to
talk,
we should agree< The story of Li Qin and his classmates helping Huang Lainu and his father selflessly in his report has infected everyone,
this kind of help has surpassed the level of teachers and students,
and even the level of relatives, which shows that he has fully understood and applied the theory of paratroopers to his work practice.
2. I was cheated by the cloud Business Alliance for 1200 yuan. Why didn't I manage it
3. Monetary Fund is the necessary assets and the most liquid assets for the normal operation of the unit. At the same time, it also has the common property of assets that can bring the expected income to enterprises and institutions. The importance of monetary fund management is self-evident. How to improve the level of monetary fund management in the increasingly complex environment has become a problem faced by more and more enterprises and institutions, especially large enterprises and institutions. I think to improve the level of capital management should focus on the three goals of capital security, capital monitoring and improving the efficiency of capital use. We can take measures to prevent capital risk, such as reasonable job division, strict implementation of incompatible job separation system, strengthening the custody and check system of monetary funds.
4. 1. The functions of money: 1) value scale 2) means of circulation 3) means of storage 4) means of payment 5) world currency
2. The division of monetary levels, basis and level: the division of monetary levels is based on their main functions and liquidity differences, thus giving different levels of empirical statistical definition of money. It is usually divided into M0 = cash in circulation M1 = M0 + current deposit of commercial bank M2 = M1 + fixed deposit of Commercial Bank + savings deposit of commercial bank m3 = M2 + deposit of other financial institutions M4 = m3 + L. L is liquid asset
3. Evolution of monetary system, content of each monetary system: in the history of monetary system development, there were four different monetary systems, namely, bank based unit system, gold based unit system, Gold and silver plicate unit system, gold single standard system, paper currency system. (1) the silver based unit system is the earliest and longest monetary system, which met the social needs of the underdeveloped commodity economy at that time. With the economic development, the increase of bulk commodity transactions exposed the shortcomings of its unstable value. (2) e to the increasing demand for gold and silver in commodity transactions, silver is used for small transactions and gold is used for large transactions, thus forming the gold and silver compound position system, which has experienced three forms: parallel standard system, double standard system and lame standard system. (3) the gold based unit system is a relatively stable unit system, in which the amount of money in the country is appropriate. In practice, the external exchange rate of domestic currency is relatively stable. Later, e to the expansion of the world economy, the gold stock was limited and difficult to maintain< The characteristics of the gold based unit system are as follows: (1) gold coins can be cast freely, while other metal currencies are restricted; (2) gold coins can be freely circulated, and value symbols can be freely exchanged for gold coins; (3) gold can be freely imported among countries.
the main contents of the paper money system are as follows: (1) the right to issue paper money is monopolized by the state, and after the establishment of the central bank system, it is generally issued by the central bank authorized by the state, In order to ensure that the income from issuing banknotes belongs to the state. (2) the banknotes issued by the central bank are legal tender and have unlimited legal compensation capacity within a country. (3) banknotes can not be cashed. (4) under the banknote system, non cash settlement methods are widely used to improve the accuracy of settlement and payment and save cash circulation costs
the difference and connection between paper money circulation and money circulation: the connection is mainly manifested in that they are restricted by commodity circulation. The differences are: (1) the two laws adapt to different ways of commodity circulation; (2) the relationship between the two laws and the total price of commodities is different; (3) the conditions under which the two laws work are different.
the basic characteristics of credit: it has two characteristics: return at maturity and interest payment
types and characteristics of modern credit forms: the main forms are usury credit, commercial credit, bank credit, national credit, consumption credit and international credit< The characteristics of usury credit are as follows: 1. Usury capital comes from merchants, officials and religious institutions, which is mainly used for daily consumption, so it has no direct and close relationship with social proction. 2. Usury has the mode of exploitation of capital, but not the mode of proction of capital< The characteristics of commercial credit: 1. The subject of commercial credit is manufacturer; 2. The object of commercial credit is commodity capital; 3. The dynamic consistency between commercial credit and instrial capital
the characteristics of bank credit: 1. The subject of bank credit is different from that of commercial credit; 2. The object of bank credit is single form of monetary capital; 3. The dynamic inconsistency between bank credit and instrial capital; 4. Bank credit The characteristics of national credit are as follows: 1. National credit includes domestic credit and foreign credit; 2. The emergence of national credit is directly related to national finance; 3. The funds raised by national credit are mainly used for various government expenditures; and
the characteristics of consumer credit are: 1. Expanding demand, increasing consumption and stimulating economic development, To ease the contradiction between the limited purchasing power of consumers and the increasing demand for living. 2. It is a favorable means of sales promotion, which can open up the sales market and promote the proction and circulation of goods. 3. It adds unstable factors to the economy, It is easy to cause demand expansion
characteristics of international credit: international credit is the lending behavior in the international and domestic markets
limitations of commercial credit: 1. The scale of commercial credit is limited by the amount of capital of manufacturers; 2. Commercial credit is limited by the direction of commodity circulation
overcoming of bank credit: bank credit overcomes the limitations of commercial credit, The scope, quantity and term of credit have been greatly expanded, which can meet the needs of economic development to a greater extent. The main performance is that more and more loan capital is concentrated in the hands of a few big banks, the scale of banks is becoming larger and larger, the amount of loans is increasing, the term of loans is extending, and the combination of bank capital and instrial capital is becoming closer and closer, The scope of bank credit is also expanding
Bill: a written document with a certain format that can be used to prove the relationship between creditor's rights and debt
acceptance: before the maturity of a bill, Promissory note: a debt certificate issued by the drawer to the payee to pay a certain amount of money within a certain period of time. Bill of exchange: a debt certificate that the drawer requires the payee to pay a certain amount of money to the payee within a certain period of time, Bill of exchange accepted by the buyer: Bill of exchange accepted by the bank on the entrustment of the buyer. Financial institution system: the modern financial institution system is usually composed of the central bank as the core, banks mainly engaged in credit business, non bank financial institutions providing various financing services, and relevant financial regulatory agencies< The functions of commercial banks are as follows: 1. Credit intermediary; 2. Payment intermediary; 3. Credit creation; 4. Financial services; 5. Economic regulation, Other business
function of commercial banks: financing function, regulation function
moral hazard of commercial banks: in the operation of commercial banks, there are not only internal moral hazard caused by the violation of rules and regulations by banking institutions themselves and employees, but also the dishonesty of banking institutions' customers The adverse selection of commercial banks refers to the expulsion of high-quality procts from inferior procts e to the asymmetric information of both sides of the transaction and the decline of market price, Then the average quality of market trading procts declines
the business principles and period relationship of commercial banks: 1. Security principle 2. Liquidity principle 3. Profitability principle should first adhere to the security principle, and strive for the maximum profitability on the premise of ensuring the security principle. In the case of conflict between security and profitability, we should try to improve the liquidity of bank assets
types of financial market: 1. Divided by financing term, it can be divided into money market and capital market; 2. Divided by financing instruments, it can be divided into securities market, commercial paper market and negotiable time deposit certificate market; 3. Divided by trading partner, it can be divided into capital market, Foreign exchange market, gold market 4. According to the geographical scope, it can be divided into domestic financial market, international financial market
financial market main body: institutional investors, long-term investors, Speculators
the functions of the financial market are as follows: 1. To gather and distribute funds; 2. To change the term of funds; 3. To disperse and transfer risks; 4. To collect and distribute information; 4, Indirect financing refers to the process that the lender of last resort complete the financing to the borrower of last resort through financial intermediaries. Advantages of direct financing: 1, It is concive to the rapid and rational allocation of funds and the improvement of the use efficiency. 2. The cost of financing is low and the investment income is large
disadvantages: 1. Both sides of direct financing are subject to more restrictions in terms of the amount of funds, term and interest rate. 2. The liquidity of financial instruments used in direct financing is weaker than that of indirect financing, The advantages of indirect financing are: 1. Flexibility and convenience; 2. High security; 3. Improving the scale economy of finance; 3. Disadvantages: 1. The direct connection between the supply and demand of funds is cut off, To a certain extent, it will rece the investors' attention to the enterprise proction and the pressure and binding force of the fund raisers on the use of funds. 2. Intermediary agencies charge a certain fee to provide services, which increases the cost of financing
nominal interest rate: the interest rate without excluding the inflation factor
real interest rate: the interest rate under the condition that the price remains unchanged and the purchasing power of money remains unchanged, In the case of inflation, the interest rate after excluding the inflation factor
market interest rate: refers to the interest rate determined by the supply and demand of monetary funds
official interest rate: refers to the interest rate determined by the financial management department of a government or the central bank
fixed interest rate: ring the whole lending period, the interest rate is determined by the supply and demand of monetary funds, Interest rate that does not change with the supply and demand of loan
floating interest rate: the interest rate that is adjusted periodically with the change of market interest rate
the factors that determine and affect interest rate: 1. Average profit rate 2. Supply and demand of loan capital 3. Monetary policy of central bank 4. International interest rate 5. Expected inflation rate and deflation 6. Exchange rate
the content and significance of classical interest rate theory: 1 The interest rate has the function of automatically adjusting the economy to achieve equilibrium: when saving is greater than investment, the interest rate will fall, and people will automatically rece saving and increase investment; When saving is less than investment, interest rate rises, and people automatically rece investment and increase savings. Interest rate has nothing to do with monetary factors, and interest rate is not affected by any monetary policy.
theory of loanable capital interest rate: interest comes from the loan process of capital, so the decision of interest rate should focus on the supply and demand of loanable capital, The demand for loanable funds does not necessarily come from investment, but also from the interest rate theory of hoard
IS-LM analysis: the liquidity preference interest rate theory and the classical interest rate theory both ignore the income factor and cannot determine the interest rate level. They think that the monetary factor and the physical factor should be combined for analysis, and the income should be considered as a variable related to interest rate, The interest rate is restricted by four factors: investment function, saving function, liquidity preference function and money supply
term structure theory of interest rate: it refers to the relationship between spot interest rate and maturity at a certain time point. It includes expectation hypothesis, market segmentation theory, term choice and liquidity premium theory, Also known as long-term financial market or securities market
the definition of stock: stock is a kind of valuable securities issued by a joint-stock company to its shareholders as a share certificate and used as current dividend income, Corporate shares and indivial shares
bond definition: a written debt certificate issued by the debtor in accordance with legal proceres, which promises to pay interest at the agreed interest rate and date, and repay the principal on a specific date
bond features: 1. Maturity 2. Security 3. Liquidity 4. Profitability
bond classification: 1. Government bonds and corporate bonds 2. Fixed interest bonds and discount bonds, Floating rate bonds and cumulative interest rate bonds 3. Public bonds and private bonds 4. Short term bonds, medium term bonds and long term bonds
2. The division of monetary levels, basis and level: the division of monetary levels is based on their main functions and liquidity differences, thus giving different levels of empirical statistical definition of money. It is usually divided into M0 = cash in circulation M1 = M0 + current deposit of commercial bank M2 = M1 + fixed deposit of Commercial Bank + savings deposit of commercial bank m3 = M2 + deposit of other financial institutions M4 = m3 + L. L is liquid asset
3. Evolution of monetary system, content of each monetary system: in the history of monetary system development, there were four different monetary systems, namely, bank based unit system, gold based unit system, Gold and silver plicate unit system, gold single standard system, paper currency system. (1) the silver based unit system is the earliest and longest monetary system, which met the social needs of the underdeveloped commodity economy at that time. With the economic development, the increase of bulk commodity transactions exposed the shortcomings of its unstable value. (2) e to the increasing demand for gold and silver in commodity transactions, silver is used for small transactions and gold is used for large transactions, thus forming the gold and silver compound position system, which has experienced three forms: parallel standard system, double standard system and lame standard system. (3) the gold based unit system is a relatively stable unit system, in which the amount of money in the country is appropriate. In practice, the external exchange rate of domestic currency is relatively stable. Later, e to the expansion of the world economy, the gold stock was limited and difficult to maintain< The characteristics of the gold based unit system are as follows: (1) gold coins can be cast freely, while other metal currencies are restricted; (2) gold coins can be freely circulated, and value symbols can be freely exchanged for gold coins; (3) gold can be freely imported among countries.
the main contents of the paper money system are as follows: (1) the right to issue paper money is monopolized by the state, and after the establishment of the central bank system, it is generally issued by the central bank authorized by the state, In order to ensure that the income from issuing banknotes belongs to the state. (2) the banknotes issued by the central bank are legal tender and have unlimited legal compensation capacity within a country. (3) banknotes can not be cashed. (4) under the banknote system, non cash settlement methods are widely used to improve the accuracy of settlement and payment and save cash circulation costs
the difference and connection between paper money circulation and money circulation: the connection is mainly manifested in that they are restricted by commodity circulation. The differences are: (1) the two laws adapt to different ways of commodity circulation; (2) the relationship between the two laws and the total price of commodities is different; (3) the conditions under which the two laws work are different.
the basic characteristics of credit: it has two characteristics: return at maturity and interest payment
types and characteristics of modern credit forms: the main forms are usury credit, commercial credit, bank credit, national credit, consumption credit and international credit< The characteristics of usury credit are as follows: 1. Usury capital comes from merchants, officials and religious institutions, which is mainly used for daily consumption, so it has no direct and close relationship with social proction. 2. Usury has the mode of exploitation of capital, but not the mode of proction of capital< The characteristics of commercial credit: 1. The subject of commercial credit is manufacturer; 2. The object of commercial credit is commodity capital; 3. The dynamic consistency between commercial credit and instrial capital
the characteristics of bank credit: 1. The subject of bank credit is different from that of commercial credit; 2. The object of bank credit is single form of monetary capital; 3. The dynamic inconsistency between bank credit and instrial capital; 4. Bank credit The characteristics of national credit are as follows: 1. National credit includes domestic credit and foreign credit; 2. The emergence of national credit is directly related to national finance; 3. The funds raised by national credit are mainly used for various government expenditures; and
the characteristics of consumer credit are: 1. Expanding demand, increasing consumption and stimulating economic development, To ease the contradiction between the limited purchasing power of consumers and the increasing demand for living. 2. It is a favorable means of sales promotion, which can open up the sales market and promote the proction and circulation of goods. 3. It adds unstable factors to the economy, It is easy to cause demand expansion
characteristics of international credit: international credit is the lending behavior in the international and domestic markets
limitations of commercial credit: 1. The scale of commercial credit is limited by the amount of capital of manufacturers; 2. Commercial credit is limited by the direction of commodity circulation
overcoming of bank credit: bank credit overcomes the limitations of commercial credit, The scope, quantity and term of credit have been greatly expanded, which can meet the needs of economic development to a greater extent. The main performance is that more and more loan capital is concentrated in the hands of a few big banks, the scale of banks is becoming larger and larger, the amount of loans is increasing, the term of loans is extending, and the combination of bank capital and instrial capital is becoming closer and closer, The scope of bank credit is also expanding
Bill: a written document with a certain format that can be used to prove the relationship between creditor's rights and debt
acceptance: before the maturity of a bill, Promissory note: a debt certificate issued by the drawer to the payee to pay a certain amount of money within a certain period of time. Bill of exchange: a debt certificate that the drawer requires the payee to pay a certain amount of money to the payee within a certain period of time, Bill of exchange accepted by the buyer: Bill of exchange accepted by the bank on the entrustment of the buyer. Financial institution system: the modern financial institution system is usually composed of the central bank as the core, banks mainly engaged in credit business, non bank financial institutions providing various financing services, and relevant financial regulatory agencies< The functions of commercial banks are as follows: 1. Credit intermediary; 2. Payment intermediary; 3. Credit creation; 4. Financial services; 5. Economic regulation, Other business
function of commercial banks: financing function, regulation function
moral hazard of commercial banks: in the operation of commercial banks, there are not only internal moral hazard caused by the violation of rules and regulations by banking institutions themselves and employees, but also the dishonesty of banking institutions' customers The adverse selection of commercial banks refers to the expulsion of high-quality procts from inferior procts e to the asymmetric information of both sides of the transaction and the decline of market price, Then the average quality of market trading procts declines
the business principles and period relationship of commercial banks: 1. Security principle 2. Liquidity principle 3. Profitability principle should first adhere to the security principle, and strive for the maximum profitability on the premise of ensuring the security principle. In the case of conflict between security and profitability, we should try to improve the liquidity of bank assets
types of financial market: 1. Divided by financing term, it can be divided into money market and capital market; 2. Divided by financing instruments, it can be divided into securities market, commercial paper market and negotiable time deposit certificate market; 3. Divided by trading partner, it can be divided into capital market, Foreign exchange market, gold market 4. According to the geographical scope, it can be divided into domestic financial market, international financial market
financial market main body: institutional investors, long-term investors, Speculators
the functions of the financial market are as follows: 1. To gather and distribute funds; 2. To change the term of funds; 3. To disperse and transfer risks; 4. To collect and distribute information; 4, Indirect financing refers to the process that the lender of last resort complete the financing to the borrower of last resort through financial intermediaries. Advantages of direct financing: 1, It is concive to the rapid and rational allocation of funds and the improvement of the use efficiency. 2. The cost of financing is low and the investment income is large
disadvantages: 1. Both sides of direct financing are subject to more restrictions in terms of the amount of funds, term and interest rate. 2. The liquidity of financial instruments used in direct financing is weaker than that of indirect financing, The advantages of indirect financing are: 1. Flexibility and convenience; 2. High security; 3. Improving the scale economy of finance; 3. Disadvantages: 1. The direct connection between the supply and demand of funds is cut off, To a certain extent, it will rece the investors' attention to the enterprise proction and the pressure and binding force of the fund raisers on the use of funds. 2. Intermediary agencies charge a certain fee to provide services, which increases the cost of financing
nominal interest rate: the interest rate without excluding the inflation factor
real interest rate: the interest rate under the condition that the price remains unchanged and the purchasing power of money remains unchanged, In the case of inflation, the interest rate after excluding the inflation factor
market interest rate: refers to the interest rate determined by the supply and demand of monetary funds
official interest rate: refers to the interest rate determined by the financial management department of a government or the central bank
fixed interest rate: ring the whole lending period, the interest rate is determined by the supply and demand of monetary funds, Interest rate that does not change with the supply and demand of loan
floating interest rate: the interest rate that is adjusted periodically with the change of market interest rate
the factors that determine and affect interest rate: 1. Average profit rate 2. Supply and demand of loan capital 3. Monetary policy of central bank 4. International interest rate 5. Expected inflation rate and deflation 6. Exchange rate
the content and significance of classical interest rate theory: 1 The interest rate has the function of automatically adjusting the economy to achieve equilibrium: when saving is greater than investment, the interest rate will fall, and people will automatically rece saving and increase investment; When saving is less than investment, interest rate rises, and people automatically rece investment and increase savings. Interest rate has nothing to do with monetary factors, and interest rate is not affected by any monetary policy.
theory of loanable capital interest rate: interest comes from the loan process of capital, so the decision of interest rate should focus on the supply and demand of loanable capital, The demand for loanable funds does not necessarily come from investment, but also from the interest rate theory of hoard
IS-LM analysis: the liquidity preference interest rate theory and the classical interest rate theory both ignore the income factor and cannot determine the interest rate level. They think that the monetary factor and the physical factor should be combined for analysis, and the income should be considered as a variable related to interest rate, The interest rate is restricted by four factors: investment function, saving function, liquidity preference function and money supply
term structure theory of interest rate: it refers to the relationship between spot interest rate and maturity at a certain time point. It includes expectation hypothesis, market segmentation theory, term choice and liquidity premium theory, Also known as long-term financial market or securities market
the definition of stock: stock is a kind of valuable securities issued by a joint-stock company to its shareholders as a share certificate and used as current dividend income, Corporate shares and indivial shares
bond definition: a written debt certificate issued by the debtor in accordance with legal proceres, which promises to pay interest at the agreed interest rate and date, and repay the principal on a specific date
bond features: 1. Maturity 2. Security 3. Liquidity 4. Profitability
bond classification: 1. Government bonds and corporate bonds 2. Fixed interest bonds and discount bonds, Floating rate bonds and cumulative interest rate bonds 3. Public bonds and private bonds 4. Short term bonds, medium term bonds and long term bonds
5.
If you dig toward the center of the earth, you'll never get through it
man made deep mine
the deepest mine in the world is the mponig mine in South Africa, with a depth of 4 km. The temperature at the bottom of the mine is close to 60 ℃. The elevator goes down at a speed of 13 meters per second, and then transfers to another elevator at 2220 meters in 3 minutes, and then goes down to the bottom of the mine in 3 minutes
Therefore, with the current ability of human beings, it is impossible to dig through the earth, unless more advanced drilling technology is invented in the future. For example, in the science fiction movie star trek, the Romulans' mining spaceship has a device that can dig through the earth6. It has been more than 20 years since China's stock market recovered
7.
MOS can be divided into two types according to the polarity of its "channel"; N" The MOSFET structure with "P" channel and "P" channel
The figure below is a cross-sectional view of a typical planar n-channel enhanced MOSFET. It uses a p-type silicon semiconctor material as the substrate (Fig. LA), diffuses two n-type regions on its surface (Fig. lb), and then covers it with a layer of silicon dioxide (SiO2) insulating layer (Fig. 1c). Finally, two holes are made above the N-region by etching, and three electrodes are made on the insulating layer and in the two holes by metallization: G (gate), s (source) and D (drain), As shown in Figure 1D The figure shows that gate G is insulated from drain D and source s, and there are two PN junctions between D and s In general, the substrate and the source are connected internally 
extended data:
MOS transistors are metal oxide semiconctor field effect transistors, or metal insulator semiconctor
The source and drain ofMOS transistor can be switched. They are n-type regions formed in p-type backgate. In most cases, the two regions are the same, even if the two ends are switched, the performance of the device will not be affected. Such devices are considered symmetrical
field effect transistor (FET) converts the change of input voltage into the change of output current. The gain of a FET is equal to its transconctance, defined as the ratio of the change in output current to the change in input voltage. N-channel and p-channel are common in the market. For details, please refer to the picture on the right (p-channel depletion MOS transistor). The most common p-channel is low-voltage MOS transistor
Thep-channel MOS transistor indicates that an electric field affects the current flowing through the transistor on an insulating layer. In fact, no current flows through the insulator, so the gate current of FET is very small
The most common FET uses a thin layer of silica as the insulator under gate. This kind of transistor is called metal oxide semiconctor (MOS) transistor, or metal oxide semiconctor field effect transistor (MOSFET). Because MOS transistors are smaller and more power efficient, they have replaced bipolar transistors in many applications8. Some research charts and transaction order charts of wechat business circle of friends are generally true, but some are false. These transaction record charts can be made. After they are sent by one wechat business, they are copied by other wechat business agents, and then sent to the circle of friends.
Hot content