Hedging virtual currency
Publish: 2021-05-27 09:49:49
1. 1、 Cryptocurrency
firstly, the scope of cryptocurrency is the smallest, including digital currency or virtual currency. For example, we can say that bitcoin is a kind of digital currency / virtual currency, but we cannot say that digital currency / virtual currency is a kind of bitcoin
furthermore, only currencies based on blockchain Technology (including cryptography and encryption algorithms) can be called cryptocurrencies. So cryptocurrency is a word specially prepared for bitcoin, Ethereum, and a lot of currencies based on blockchain technology. For example, CT currency and trip currency on the coin exchange platform
2. Legal currency
means that it does not represent the real goods or goods, and the issuer has not fulfilled the obligation to cash the currency in kind; A currency that becomes legal currency only by government decrees. The value of fiat money comes from the owner's belief that money will maintain its purchasing power in the future. Money itself has no intrinsic value, that is to say, when paper money comes into being, legal tender is essentially the paper money that can be circulated according to the law.
firstly, the scope of cryptocurrency is the smallest, including digital currency or virtual currency. For example, we can say that bitcoin is a kind of digital currency / virtual currency, but we cannot say that digital currency / virtual currency is a kind of bitcoin
furthermore, only currencies based on blockchain Technology (including cryptography and encryption algorithms) can be called cryptocurrencies. So cryptocurrency is a word specially prepared for bitcoin, Ethereum, and a lot of currencies based on blockchain technology. For example, CT currency and trip currency on the coin exchange platform
2. Legal currency
means that it does not represent the real goods or goods, and the issuer has not fulfilled the obligation to cash the currency in kind; A currency that becomes legal currency only by government decrees. The value of fiat money comes from the owner's belief that money will maintain its purchasing power in the future. Money itself has no intrinsic value, that is to say, when paper money comes into being, legal tender is essentially the paper money that can be circulated according to the law.
2. The processor is not suitable for mining, and the performance of notebook is lower than that of desktop, so it is not suitable for mining
at present, the vast majority of professional mining equipment use graphics card.
at present, the vast majority of professional mining equipment use graphics card.
3. If halving leads to greater difficulty in mining, then the reward will surely be higher. Because bitcoin is graally scarce, it will rise. At present, bitcoin on bitoffer is US $9300. If it is halved and doubled, the later theoretical price is US $18600. Let's give it a discount. How can it be US $15000
4. The market has graally improved, arbitrage is not as easy as before. For this kind of arbitrage software, it is either very expensive or deceptive
because of the rapid development of virtual money market, arbitrage is very difficult.
because of the rapid development of virtual money market, arbitrage is very difficult.
5. I think, first of all, you need to understand what forward contracts and currency options are ~
in essence, a forward contract is to deliver an asset at a certain time in the future according to the price agreed by both parties. The characteristic is that the price of the contract is agreed in advance, and because the future price is unknown, so when one party locks in the transaction price, the other party has to bear the risk, and may gain or lose money
options are almost the same, in which one party pays the other party a sum of money first and gains a right. This power means that the party who purchases the option can choose to sell or buy an asset on the maturity date (European style) or any day before the maturity date (American style). The seller of the option, that is, the person who receives money at the beginning, must unconditionally accept to buy or sell the asset at the agreed price. The power involved in currency options is the power to buy and sell currency or foreign exchange
understanding these two, let's look at the foreign exchange risk of importers and exporters. It mainly refers to the risks caused by foreign exchange fluctuations. In other words, if I export 1 million US dollars today, the exchange rate will be 6.5 RMB for 1 US dollar; But maybe the money won't arrive until the day after tomorrow. At that time, the exchange rate will change to 6.30 RMB for 1 US dollar, so I lost 200000 RMB. In fact, the risk also appears in the difference between the signing of the contract and the delivery date. If you have a long time between signing a contract and paying for delivery, interest rate fluctuation can always bring risks
for this reason, forward contracts and currency options come in handy. If: now I want to export a batch of goods, but the payment for goods - 1 million US dollars will be received in three months, so I signed a forward currency contract with one of my counterparties, and agreed to sell 1 million US dollars at the price of 6.45 RMB: 1 US dollar, that is to say, no matter how the exchange rate changes in the future, as long as the other party does not breach the contract, I can use this exchange rate to lock in the RMB that can be exchanged for one million US dollars in the future. However, if the appreciation of RMB is generally expected in the market, the RMB dollar exchange rate of forward contract is lower than that of spot contract
the same is true for options, except that you have to pay a sum of money in advance. At this time, the higher the exercise price agreed in the contract, the more money you have to pay. The forward price is fixed at one time point. As an exporter, you buy a US dollar put option (or RMB call option, because you want to exercise when the US dollar falls or the RMB rises). If the US dollar falls, you choose to exercise to sell; If the U.S. dollar rises, you will not have the right to go directly to the spot market for RMB. So you lock in the foreign exchange risk
for importers, it is similar to the above discussion, except that the forward contract is to sell the local currency and buy the foreign currency; The option should choose foreign currency call option or local currency put option
the level is limited, I hope it can help you. The hand is slow. I hope it's too late~
in essence, a forward contract is to deliver an asset at a certain time in the future according to the price agreed by both parties. The characteristic is that the price of the contract is agreed in advance, and because the future price is unknown, so when one party locks in the transaction price, the other party has to bear the risk, and may gain or lose money
options are almost the same, in which one party pays the other party a sum of money first and gains a right. This power means that the party who purchases the option can choose to sell or buy an asset on the maturity date (European style) or any day before the maturity date (American style). The seller of the option, that is, the person who receives money at the beginning, must unconditionally accept to buy or sell the asset at the agreed price. The power involved in currency options is the power to buy and sell currency or foreign exchange
understanding these two, let's look at the foreign exchange risk of importers and exporters. It mainly refers to the risks caused by foreign exchange fluctuations. In other words, if I export 1 million US dollars today, the exchange rate will be 6.5 RMB for 1 US dollar; But maybe the money won't arrive until the day after tomorrow. At that time, the exchange rate will change to 6.30 RMB for 1 US dollar, so I lost 200000 RMB. In fact, the risk also appears in the difference between the signing of the contract and the delivery date. If you have a long time between signing a contract and paying for delivery, interest rate fluctuation can always bring risks
for this reason, forward contracts and currency options come in handy. If: now I want to export a batch of goods, but the payment for goods - 1 million US dollars will be received in three months, so I signed a forward currency contract with one of my counterparties, and agreed to sell 1 million US dollars at the price of 6.45 RMB: 1 US dollar, that is to say, no matter how the exchange rate changes in the future, as long as the other party does not breach the contract, I can use this exchange rate to lock in the RMB that can be exchanged for one million US dollars in the future. However, if the appreciation of RMB is generally expected in the market, the RMB dollar exchange rate of forward contract is lower than that of spot contract
the same is true for options, except that you have to pay a sum of money in advance. At this time, the higher the exercise price agreed in the contract, the more money you have to pay. The forward price is fixed at one time point. As an exporter, you buy a US dollar put option (or RMB call option, because you want to exercise when the US dollar falls or the RMB rises). If the US dollar falls, you choose to exercise to sell; If the U.S. dollar rises, you will not have the right to go directly to the spot market for RMB. So you lock in the foreign exchange risk
for importers, it is similar to the above discussion, except that the forward contract is to sell the local currency and buy the foreign currency; The option should choose foreign currency call option or local currency put option
the level is limited, I hope it can help you. The hand is slow. I hope it's too late~
6. In finance, hedge refers to an investment designed to rece the risk of another investment. It is a way to rece business risks while still making profits in investment. General hedging is to carry out two transactions which are related to the market, opposite in direction, equal in quantity and balanced in profit and loss at the same time. Market correlation means that there is identity between supply and demand in the market which affects the prices of two kinds of goods. If the supply and demand change, it will affect the prices of two kinds of goods, and the direction of price change is roughly the same. Opposite direction refers to the opposite trading direction of two transactions, so that no matter what direction the price changes, there is always a profit and a loss. Of course, in order to balance the profits and losses, the quantity of the two transactions must be determined according to the range of their respective price changes, so that the quantity is roughly equal.
7. Buying a lot of hard currency gold in the international market can only rece losses, just like buying the euro. But there is not so much gold for you to buy, and the international gold price is controlled by Wall Street. Do you know that most of the world's gold reserves are in the United States? You can raise the price by buying him. We can only rece the losses. There is no other way. In fact, it has caused huge losses. It can only be blamed for the long-term problems in the way of development of our own. We have to rely on the big money of the United States. In fact, China, like Japan and the four little dragons in Asia, is an export-oriented economy. Later, not all of them were played by the United States. Japan's economy has fallen into recession for more than 20 years and has not yet climbed out today. Taiwan's economy is still in the doldrums, prices are rising, and several serious financial crises have been caused by the United States. I tell you that China's transition period will be more difficult in the next few years. If it is successful, it will be called a soft landing, otherwise it will be a hard landing. Moreover, the transformation of an economy as big as China can not be completed in just a few years, and it is very difficult. In the mid-1990s, the state said it would change the mode of economic development and increase people's consumption, which has been said for decades. In the final analysis, the government is corrupt and incompetent, and it can not cultivate useful talents under the efficiency, which restricts the economy. Nothing can be done well without political reform
at present, China has low wages and high prices, while the United States has high wages and low prices. Combining these factors, the gap between the real income of China and the United States is much higher than that between the monetary income. This phenomenon is reflected in real life, that is, American workers can support their families only by one person, while in China's working class, even if both husband and wife have stable jobs, they are still willing to share the burden of a child, but they are not able to do so, and sometimes they need help from their parents. Why does the gap between Chinese and American workers' monetary wages seem to be narrowing, but the ability of Chinese workers to support their families is declining, even to the point that it is difficult for husband and wife to work together to support a child? This situation is unique in the history of world instrial development
in addition, it is worth mentioning that in recent years, China's GDP has risen sharply, but the rise of household savings is very slow. If savings can be used as an indicator of wealth, our GDP in recent years has been growing at an annual rate of 10%, but it has little to do with the people, because the wealth of the people has not increased correspondingly. In other words, the gap between the growth rate of people's wealth and the growth rate of national GDP is graally widening. National income can't keep pace with GDP growth. What's more, our national income can't keep pace with CPI (consumer price index). Therefore, the 12th Five Year Plan adopted by the NPC and CPPCC proposed that the national income level should keep pace with GDP growth ring the 12th Five Year Plan period
what causes this reality? The answer is simple: China's finance
both the low prices in the United States and the high prices in China are the result of China's financial operation. This is also the fundamental reason why the US government is so concerned about China's reform and opening up
first of all, there is a certain relationship between low prices in the United States and financial subsidies in China. China's foreign trade financial subsidy policy, one is through the export tax rebate way according to the commodity distribution; The second is to distribute the loss subsidies to enterprises
secondly, China's high prices are the result of China's high taxes and inflation. The highest proportion of tax revenue in the price of consumer goods in China is 64%, while the proportion of goods themselves is only 36%. Every 100 yuan of goods purchased by Chinese people includes 64 yuan of tax revenue, which is nearly 1.8 times more than that of the goods themselves. Such an astonishingly high tax added to commodity prices will naturally cause prices to soar
but the situation is not only that, the problem is far from over, and the Chinese people have to bear the huge inflation losses caused by exports. For every dollar China exports, China will issue an additional 7 yuan at the exchange rate of about 1:7. Taking China's current foreign exchange reserves of US $2.3 trillion as an example, the amount of additional RMB issuance in China will exceed 16 trillion yuan, which is nearly five times of the market currency circulation of 3.4 trillion yuan in 2008. These huge amounts of money put in by foreign trade and export settlement are all passed on to the common people in the form of inflation, resulting in the sharp depreciation of the currency in the hands of the common people and the corresponding sharp rise in prices
as a result, we also see a phenomenon that makes people cry: the more China exports, the more foreign exchange it earns, the worse the people will be
the procts are exported to foreign countries, and the US dollars in exchange are also lent to foreign countries, leaving the additional RMB in the domestic market, becoming "waste paper" without any commodity as the basis
these additional "waste paper" will circulate with the existing currency, which will inevitably lead to a sharp depreciation of the existing currency and a sharp rise in prices. As a result, the Chinese people not only lost a large part of their wealth in export commodities, but also suffered devaluation of their monetary wealth
the situation in the United States is just the opposite to that in China. Money in the U.S. market flows to China, and Chinese goods flow to the U.S. market. In this way, the decrease of money and the increase of goods, less money and more goods will inevitably lead to the decline of prices, and the money in the hands of the American people will be able to buy more goods
in addition, the U.S. dollar flowing to China flows back to the U.S. treasury through the purchase of U.S. Treasury bonds. The U.S. Treasury can use China's money to increase the supply of public goods and further rece prices, which in turn improves the purchasing power of the American people
in a word, if we look at this issue from the standpoint of the common people of China and the United States, rather than from the standpoint of the country, it will be more clear that the goods proced by the common people of China are bought by the United States with us dollars, while the US dollars are taken away by the Chinese government to buy US Treasury bonds; The American people get commodities, the Chinese government gets dollars, and the only thing the Chinese people get is the devaluation of their existing currency
as a result, the United States issued US dollar bills to China and China issued RMB bills to the people; The United States used these banknotes to exchange for various commodities needed by the American people, while China, on the contrary, diluted the value of RMB and the purchasing power of the masses e to the massive increase of banknotes
the most critical link in the formation of this magic cube of wealth between China and the United States is the separation between the increase of money issuance and the increase of goods: that is, China's newly increased goods flow to the United States and other western countries, while the newly issued money stays in the Chinese market, continuously diluting the purchasing power of money in the hands of ordinary people. This is a very dangerous trend
this is the reason why the United States has high wages and low prices, while China, on the other hand, has low wages and high prices.
at present, China has low wages and high prices, while the United States has high wages and low prices. Combining these factors, the gap between the real income of China and the United States is much higher than that between the monetary income. This phenomenon is reflected in real life, that is, American workers can support their families only by one person, while in China's working class, even if both husband and wife have stable jobs, they are still willing to share the burden of a child, but they are not able to do so, and sometimes they need help from their parents. Why does the gap between Chinese and American workers' monetary wages seem to be narrowing, but the ability of Chinese workers to support their families is declining, even to the point that it is difficult for husband and wife to work together to support a child? This situation is unique in the history of world instrial development
in addition, it is worth mentioning that in recent years, China's GDP has risen sharply, but the rise of household savings is very slow. If savings can be used as an indicator of wealth, our GDP in recent years has been growing at an annual rate of 10%, but it has little to do with the people, because the wealth of the people has not increased correspondingly. In other words, the gap between the growth rate of people's wealth and the growth rate of national GDP is graally widening. National income can't keep pace with GDP growth. What's more, our national income can't keep pace with CPI (consumer price index). Therefore, the 12th Five Year Plan adopted by the NPC and CPPCC proposed that the national income level should keep pace with GDP growth ring the 12th Five Year Plan period
what causes this reality? The answer is simple: China's finance
both the low prices in the United States and the high prices in China are the result of China's financial operation. This is also the fundamental reason why the US government is so concerned about China's reform and opening up
first of all, there is a certain relationship between low prices in the United States and financial subsidies in China. China's foreign trade financial subsidy policy, one is through the export tax rebate way according to the commodity distribution; The second is to distribute the loss subsidies to enterprises
secondly, China's high prices are the result of China's high taxes and inflation. The highest proportion of tax revenue in the price of consumer goods in China is 64%, while the proportion of goods themselves is only 36%. Every 100 yuan of goods purchased by Chinese people includes 64 yuan of tax revenue, which is nearly 1.8 times more than that of the goods themselves. Such an astonishingly high tax added to commodity prices will naturally cause prices to soar
but the situation is not only that, the problem is far from over, and the Chinese people have to bear the huge inflation losses caused by exports. For every dollar China exports, China will issue an additional 7 yuan at the exchange rate of about 1:7. Taking China's current foreign exchange reserves of US $2.3 trillion as an example, the amount of additional RMB issuance in China will exceed 16 trillion yuan, which is nearly five times of the market currency circulation of 3.4 trillion yuan in 2008. These huge amounts of money put in by foreign trade and export settlement are all passed on to the common people in the form of inflation, resulting in the sharp depreciation of the currency in the hands of the common people and the corresponding sharp rise in prices
as a result, we also see a phenomenon that makes people cry: the more China exports, the more foreign exchange it earns, the worse the people will be
the procts are exported to foreign countries, and the US dollars in exchange are also lent to foreign countries, leaving the additional RMB in the domestic market, becoming "waste paper" without any commodity as the basis
these additional "waste paper" will circulate with the existing currency, which will inevitably lead to a sharp depreciation of the existing currency and a sharp rise in prices. As a result, the Chinese people not only lost a large part of their wealth in export commodities, but also suffered devaluation of their monetary wealth
the situation in the United States is just the opposite to that in China. Money in the U.S. market flows to China, and Chinese goods flow to the U.S. market. In this way, the decrease of money and the increase of goods, less money and more goods will inevitably lead to the decline of prices, and the money in the hands of the American people will be able to buy more goods
in addition, the U.S. dollar flowing to China flows back to the U.S. treasury through the purchase of U.S. Treasury bonds. The U.S. Treasury can use China's money to increase the supply of public goods and further rece prices, which in turn improves the purchasing power of the American people
in a word, if we look at this issue from the standpoint of the common people of China and the United States, rather than from the standpoint of the country, it will be more clear that the goods proced by the common people of China are bought by the United States with us dollars, while the US dollars are taken away by the Chinese government to buy US Treasury bonds; The American people get commodities, the Chinese government gets dollars, and the only thing the Chinese people get is the devaluation of their existing currency
as a result, the United States issued US dollar bills to China and China issued RMB bills to the people; The United States used these banknotes to exchange for various commodities needed by the American people, while China, on the contrary, diluted the value of RMB and the purchasing power of the masses e to the massive increase of banknotes
the most critical link in the formation of this magic cube of wealth between China and the United States is the separation between the increase of money issuance and the increase of goods: that is, China's newly increased goods flow to the United States and other western countries, while the newly issued money stays in the Chinese market, continuously diluting the purchasing power of money in the hands of ordinary people. This is a very dangerous trend
this is the reason why the United States has high wages and low prices, while China, on the other hand, has low wages and high prices.
8. Hedging refers to an investment that deliberately reces the risk of another investment. Therefore, it is a kind of investment behavior, which is usually used to rece business risk and ensure profits in the investment. The specific operation is to carry out two transactions which are related to the market, opposite in direction, equal in quantity and balanced in profit and loss at the same time. In this way, one profit and one loss is hedging
hedging is the most common in the foreign exchange market, focusing on avoiding the risk of single line trading. The so-called single line trading is to buy short when you are optimistic about a certain currency, and sell short when you are pessimistic about a certain currency. If the judgment is correct, the profit will be more; But if the judgment is wrong, the loss will be very large. Investors are advised to trade cautiously
the content of this article comes from: financial code of the people's Republic of China: application edition, China Law Press
hedging is the most common in the foreign exchange market, focusing on avoiding the risk of single line trading. The so-called single line trading is to buy short when you are optimistic about a certain currency, and sell short when you are pessimistic about a certain currency. If the judgment is correct, the profit will be more; But if the judgment is wrong, the loss will be very large. Investors are advised to trade cautiously
the content of this article comes from: financial code of the people's Republic of China: application edition, China Law Press
9. Xu Mingxing, as the founder of okgroup, and Xu Kun have studied in Renmin University of China. They are alumni and hold positions in China blockchain research center. These are not enough reasons for Xu Mingxing to recruit Xu Kun. The main reason is that Xu Kun is an excellent blockchain talent. She has been in touch with blockchain for four years, He is a real blockchain veteran, and okgroup's strong blockchain technology R & D ability and founder Xu Mingxing's dedicated and pragmatic work style also attract Xu Kun to join okgroup. Under the leadership of Er Xu, I believe okgroup will be better and better.
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