Financial virtual currency thesis

1. Human flesh search is a kind of network query mechanism that uses human participation to provide pure search engine information. In short, the so-called "human flesh search" is a network way to search other people's privacy information. Obviously, human flesh search inevitably involves personal privacy, and the disputes about human flesh search are also legal issues. What legal issues does human flesh search touch? How can legal science diagnose human flesh search? From the definition and operation practice of human flesh search, the main motive of this engine technology is to mine other people's privacy information, which is also the main function of human flesh search. Therefore, human flesh search will first touch personal privacy. The right of privacy is one of the specific personality rights enjoyed by natural persons (citizens), which takes personal natural information and behavior information as the right object. The right to privacy is protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by others. The main forms of infringement of privacy are prying, leaking, spreading and abusing. Once the right of privacy is infringed, it constitutes a tort and should bear the corresponding tort liability. The activity mechanism of human flesh search is as follows: once the human flesh object is found, the Internet people can search its privacy information as widely as they can, and then provide search convenience for users. It can be seen that the privacy of those who are "human flesh" may be infringed
What's abominable is that human flesh search not only discloses other people's privacy, but also fabricates facts, insults, slanders, exaggerates and denounces human flesh objects. Such behavior can easily touch other people's right to reputation. The right of reputation is also one of the specific personality rights enjoyed by natural persons (citizens). It takes the rection of social evaluation as the judgment standard of infringement, and the main means leading to the rection of social evaluation are insult and slander. In the process of human flesh search, many netizens, out of indignation, describe the object of human flesh search poorly and speak rudely, and a large number of abusive and insulting words pervade the Internet. This will cause the adverse consequences of reputation damage to the parties. Whether the right of privacy is violated or the right of reputation is damaged, it will inevitably cause the loss of personality to the protagonist of "human flesh gate"

the harm of human flesh search is not limited to the direct infringement mentioned above. What's more serious is that with the help of human flesh search information, intrusive behaviors are implemented in reality, such as making harassing phone calls, posting newspapers with indecent words on the door, etc. Obviously, the harm of human flesh search has spread from cyberspace to the real world. Such a series of infringement followed, and finally staged China's "first case of human flesh search", the victims eventually sued the perpetrators and related websites in court, and finally won[ 1]

it is not difficult to see that human flesh search can almost be equated with tort. Many people even call for severe punishment of human flesh searchers, and even advocate banning human flesh search. It is true that legal science can diagnose specific cases of human flesh search, and can give legal technology analysis and value evaluation, but the emergence and development of human flesh search and its practice seem to prove that human flesh search is not only a legal problem. In the period of social transformation, especially the information explosion in the Internet age, people's curiosity about new things and the psychological depression accumulated by the fast-paced life are easy to break out instantaneously. Human flesh searchers would rather bear the pressure of legal risk and public opinion condemnation, but also play the Internet carnival that hurts the parties, and experience the stimulation brought by human flesh search game

despite the rapid development of human flesh search in China in recent years, foreign human flesh search has been growing healthily and soundly. It not only has considerable commercial profits, but also consciously abides by the legal rules, making human flesh search develop rationally along the road of legalization and commercialization, Its users naturally regard human flesh search as a normal and necessary human interactive help service. In contrast, in China, when people hear about human flesh search, they don't seem to regard it as a good thing at all. In most people's eyes, human flesh search may be a bad online game or a boring online farce. The reason why human flesh search is so biased is that the search engine is almost at the edge of the law

in fact, as a new thing, human flesh search should not be knocked down. We should dialectically analyze the advantages and disadvantages of human flesh search and comprehensively understand its impact on people and society. As a way to provide information, human flesh search undoubtedly provides convenience for Internet users in many aspects. With the development of society, it is a legitimate right for people to obtain and possess a certain amount of information, which is also an internal demand of people as a member of the social system. In the field of human rights and public interests, people not only have the right to know, but also have the right and obligation to exercise social supervision and public opinion supervision. When the infringement and even the criminal act or the events that affect the national interests and social interests occur, it is necessary to verify and condemn the parties. At this time, with the help of human flesh search, by absorbing the insiders to participate in the shortcut provided by information, the parties are often easy to be accurately "human flesh" out. The positive function of human flesh search is not only reflected in the supervision of the perpetrators of the search, such as looking for relatives and good people to find stakeholders in the action, human flesh search can also perform extraordinary, with the help of public power, effectively screen information resources, show the search results that people need. In addition, from the development practice of human flesh search, its function has not only been limited to the search of people, but also penetrated into the search field of other information, gathering netizens' enthusiasm and displaying its search skills

if we say that as a network search method or technology, human flesh search shows its value because of its positive functions, then people's use of human flesh search may make its own functions deviate from the track and slide into the negative field which is easy to cause condemnation and resentment. Judging from the cases of human flesh search that have happened in reality, the reason why human flesh search has encountered a lot of criticism is not that human flesh search itself has inherent infringement toxin, but that the operators of this game ignore the legitimate rights and interests of human flesh search objects, and consider the value of the event itself and the legitimacy of the rights and interests of search objects, It seems that netizens have shifted the balance of interests to the degree of condemnation of the event itself, and without thinking, they think that the value of condemning and exposing human flesh search objects is far more important than the protection of their legitimate rights and interests. At this time, the moral trial goes beyond the legal bottom line. When more and more people regard themselves as moral judges, the rights and obligations endowed by law are completely ignored. As a result, once encounter human flesh search events, often instantly gathered a large number of people, in full swing to expose the abominable face of human flesh search

at this moment, the search objects who have been collectively investigated and tried are undoubtedly suffering from privacy disclosure and rights erosion. The culprit of this result is not human flesh search, but all kinds of tort mentioned at the beginning of this article. In other words, it is not the human flesh search itself that leads to infringement, but the human flesh searcher's behavior angers the victim. To be fair, human flesh searchers are not born with infringement motivation. In many cases, human flesh searchers may not do it intentionally, but connive at the madness of human flesh searchers because of the lack of guidelines for their behavior. This is exactly the case in reality. The laws and regulations directly related to human flesh search are in a blank state. In case of infringement cases caused by human flesh search, we have to apply the general norms of tort liability. It can be said that human flesh search is drifting away from the edge of the law

is the "human flesh search", which is on the edge of the law, a ban or a legislative gap[ 2] According to the previous interpretation of the positive function of human flesh search, combined with the healthy operation practice of foreign human flesh search, starting from the development space and actual needs of human flesh search in China, rather than stifling this new thing by banning human flesh search, it is better to reasonably regulate the behavior of human flesh search through scientific legislation. This is almost a consensus[ 3] Moreover, from the perspective of the current legal norms, it is not lack of legal basis to identify the composition of tort. From the perspective of the general adjustment function of law, China's current law is not powerless in regulating the tort of human flesh search. The first case of human flesh search, which has made a judgment and has been partially implemented, also invokes the current tort legal norms. However, human flesh search as a type of network infringement, because of its own particularity, can not but urge legislators to pay special attention to its responsibility distribution

in this regard, an effective way should be to reasonably define the liability space of human flesh search infringement. In terms of the liability involved in human flesh search infringement, both the website and the specific behavior of human flesh search are likely to be responsible. However, the key to determine the subject of responsibility lies in the elements of responsibility. Therefore, it is very important to design the review system and imputation principle. According to the existing tort laws and regulations, the responsibility of the specific operators of human flesh search can be adjusted. There is no doubt that the organizers, privacy information providers and other forms of infringers who are in line with the composition of tort liability will be subject to tort liability. What kind of attitude should be adopted to determine the responsibility of the website? In view of the consideration of the overall development of the Internet and the positive function of human flesh search, it is more appropriate to impose the ty of ex post review on the websites involved in human flesh search. The so-called "post review" is mainly after the plaintiff considers that his rights and interests are infringed by the human flesh search behavior of the website and issues a relief request to him, or there is sufficient evidence to show that the website can take measures to stop it[ 4] It can be seen that the rule of review after the event contains the principle of fault imputation, that is, only when the website is at fault can it become the subject of liability and bear joint and several tort liability[ 5]

of course, from the perspective of legal norms of human flesh search, legislation should not only be limited to tort liability, but also make reasonable norms on the scope of application, search content, rights and obligations of relevant parties, supervision and management of human flesh search. Incidentally, some members of the Standing Committee and deputies of the National People's Congress have suggested that the criminal law should be used to regulate human flesh search and the criminal responsibility of the perpetrators of human flesh search should be investigated. The author does not agree with this. In recent years, human flesh search has just started in China, which is still a new thing. To deal with this means of network search, we should not completely eliminate human flesh search by means of strict prohibition, and we should not let human flesh search expand infinitely. However, as a legislative act, the regulation and adjustment of human flesh search behavior should be carried out step by step. According to the specific operation practice of human flesh search behavior, the corresponding legislation should be introced timely, instead of taking a heavy attack from the beginning, regarding human flesh search as a criminal tool and demoting the human flesh search actor as a "criminal". China's criminal legislation declares the principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime

2. The current argument is to close, but some platforms do not admit it. Generally speaking, bitcoin is in an overheated state in our country. In the case of no proof of real value and China's relatively low bitcoin holdings, it is not normal for bitcoin trading volume to be far ahead of other countries. It is better to slow down.

3. Yes, you can go back to the map later

4. Money and economy
the international financial crisis triggered by the U.S. subprime mortgage problem is spreading like mercury, and western financial buildings are about to collapse. Many countries have taken measures to rescue their precarious banking, insurance and securities instries, and the shortage of liquidity has become a complication of the world. The credit crisis caused by the over issuance of US dollars by the United States, which is the master of the world's banknote printing machine, directly leads to the depreciation and shrinkage of China's US dollar assets. How to deal with the global financial crisis and better safeguard China's own interests has become the focus of experts and scholars in the instry
by analyzing a series of actions taken by China to deal with the US dollar credit crisis (from currency swap agreement to super sovereign currency initiative, and then to cross-border trade RMB settlement pilot), it is not difficult to find that the main policy lines in the field of foreign currency and finance are: expanding cross-border trade RMB settlement business, cultivating RMB bond overseas issuance market, and promoting RMB internationalization; We should adjust the structure of foreign assets, optimize the allocation of foreign exchange reserves and increase currency swap agreements; By means of expanding the functions of SDR, building a diversified international reserve system and creating super sovereign currencies, we can disperse the risk of foreign exchange reserves and ensure the safety of US dollar assets< The three important concepts in the field of monetary finance, namely currency swap, currency internationalization and super sovereign currency, are interrelated and progressive. Usually, the two countries sign currency swap agreements to avoid exchange rate risk. With the enhancement of a country's economic strength, the increase of currency swap agreements paves the way for the country's currency to go to the world and become an international reserve currency. In the pluralistic international monetary system, the result of the game among the major sovereign currencies will inevitably give birth to super sovereign currencies
1. Currency swap currency swap refers to a market transaction in which both parties exchange the equivalent principal of different currencies at the beginning of the period, and then exchange their respective principal and pay the corresponding interest at the end of the period according to a fixed exchange rate. After a currency swap agreement is reached between the central banks of the two countries, in an emergency, one party can mortgage an agreed amount of its own currency to the other party to obtain its own currency or other international reserve currencies lent by the other party, so as to greatly increase its short-term foreign exchange reserves and enhance its strength against financial turmoil. Currency swap is a common hedging tool, which is mainly used to avoid long-term exchange rate risk and control the cost of import and export trade. In bilateral trade, a country's central bank obtains other country's currency through currency swap and injects it into its own financial system, so that domestic enterprises can borrow other country's currency to pay for goods imported from other countries, while the other country's export enterprises receive payment in local currency, which can effectively avoid the risk of exchange rate
2. Under the credit note system, currency internationalization is generally accepted by countries all over the world beyond the national boundaries of the issuing country, and the national currency that plays a general monetary function internationally is the international currency. Currency internationalization is the process of a country's currency moving towards international currency. According to this definition, the current hot topic of RMB internationalization is the process of RMB fully playing the international monetary functions such as pricing unit, exchange medium and value storage, and gaining wide recognition and acceptance in the international market. The international status of a country's currency is closely related to its economic strength, and the internationalization of its currency is the inevitable result of its economic strength
3. Super sovereign currency is "an international reserve currency that is decoupled from sovereign countries and can maintain long-term stability of currency value." It can not only overcome the inherent defects of sovereign credit currency as a reserve currency, rece the probability of financial crisis, but also enhance the international community's ability to respond to changes, making it possible to create and regulate global liquidity, which is the ideal goal of the reform of the international monetary system. Although super sovereign currency is still a controversial topic (the focus of the debate is not on the theoretical problems of this concept, but on the resistance in practice). Because it involves a lot of interest disputes, although it has a long history, it still has no substantial progress), but it points out a direction for us to move forward< Second, under the international financial crisis, China's foreign currency attack and defense strategy
under the financial crisis, the Chinese government faced with the century examination weighed the pros and cons of various measures, decisively introced a series of foreign monetary policies, played a set of financial combination boxing, this strategic deployment is divided into three steps
(1) short term objective: to optimize the structure of external assets, increase currency swap agreements, and ensure the safety of US dollar assets
the risks faced by China's record foreign exchange reserves of US $23991.s2 {Z are obvious to all. It has become a consensus to optimize the structure of foreign assets, build a diversified international reserve system, implement the N / ~ I] currency swap agreement, and rece the risk of US dollar exchange rate fluctuations. At present, we should focus on how to smoothly complete this transformation and minimize the side effects
1. Optimize the allocation of international reserve structure and disperse the risk of US dollar exchange rate< The spread of the br / > financial crisis forced the federal government to use the huge fiscal deficit to save the US economy. The dollar's spread led to a significant "shrinkage" in the value of China's foreign exchange reserves (the dollar assets of the Chinese mainland's foreign exchange reserves were
). Dispersing the risk of US dollar exchange rate and ensuring the security of foreign assets have become the focus of political and academic circles. Generally speaking, a country's international reserves include: foreign exchange reserves, gold reserves, SDR (special drawing right position) and reserve position in IMF. The foreign exchange reserve is a creditor's right held by a country's monetary authority in the form of bank deposits, Treasury inventory, long-term and short-term government bonds, which can be used at any time in the event of balance of payments deficit. The main forms of foreign exchange reserves are cash and foreign securities investment. Because foreign exchange reserves are responsible for adjusting the balance of payments and ensuring external payments; Intervene in the foreign exchange market and stabilize the exchange rate of local currency; Maintain international reputation and improve financing capacity; Therefore, we should be cautious in using it. From the perspective of the use of foreign exchange reserves in developed countries, developed countries generally convert foreign exchange reserves into gold reserves. I MF statistics show that as of January 2009, the proportion of official gold reserves in foreign exchange reserves of countries was 77.4%: the United States was 69.2, France was 7O.6 per thousand, Germany was 69.2, and Chinese mainland was only 1.97o. Although China's gold reserves have reached 1054 tons, ranking fifth in the world, the I: u ~ J of its foreign exchange reserves is far lower than that of other countries. In view of this, we should actively adjust the structure of foreign assets and continue to increase gold reserves and other international hard currencies. On this issue, Russia's experience can be used for reference: first, it purchases a large amount of gold and increases the proportion of gold in reserves (which has increased to 10%); Second, the proportion of non US dollars in reserves should be greatly increased; Third, prepay foreign debts; Fourth, investment in high-tech instries. The practice of developed countries in Europe and the United States also shows that it is a trend to use foreign exchange reserves for diversified investment. Therefore, we should optimize the allocation of foreign exchange reserves, increase the proportion of foreign direct investment, encourage and support powerful enterprises to purchase foreign exchange from foreign exchange management departments for overseas asset mergers and acquisitions, improve the efficiency of foreign securities investment, and build a safe and diversified international reserve system
2. Increase currency swap agreement partners and build an external network for RMB settlement. Although currency swap is bilateral, the increase of bilateral quantity will graally form a multilateral network. It is a strategic choice to graally build an external network of RMB in Asia and even the world through currency swap. Looking at the currency swap agreements signed over the years, we can easily find that it has experienced a process of cautious trial, from passive to active, from small to large, from near to far, from urgent to slow. After the Asian financial crisis in 1998, Asian countries accelerated the pace of cooperation in the financial field. In May 2000, 10 ASEAN countries, China, Japan and South Korea adopted the Chiang Mai Initiative and decided to establish a regional currency swap Network to maintain the stability of Asian financial markets. So far, the people's Bank of China has signed bilateral currency swap agreements with the central banks of Thailand, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Belarus, Indonesia, Argentina and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, and continues to actively respond to the needs of other countries by negotiating with them on signing bilateral currency swap agreements. As a way to export liquidity to the outside,
currency swap actually has a lot of interest considerations and means changes. On the surface, it is a kind of equivalent money lending between central banks. However, most foreign central banks borrow RMB for trade settlement and reserve with China. The foreign currency held by the Central Bank of China is more of a pledge nature, so in fact, it expands the circulation scope of RMB. This is of great significance to build RMB into a strong global currency and rece its dependence on the US dollar. Vigorously promoting bilateral currency swap is not only a "magic weapon" to enhance regional liquidity mutual aid ability, but also a "sharp weapon" to disperse the risk of China's foreign exchange reserves. These currency swap agreements with different amounts and different purposes constitute the "protective net" of China's foreign currency strategy
(2) medium term goal: expand the pilot business of RMB overseas settlement, cultivate the overseas issuance market of RMB treasury bonds, and enhance the international status of RMB
in order to ensure the safety of US dollar assets, the Chinese government should not only enhance its own economic strength from the internal perspective, but also promote RMB to become a strong currency from the external perspective. 1. Expand RMB settlement business of cross-border trade and promote RMB to become a strong currency. If RMB wants to become a strong currency, it must go through three stages: settlement currency, investment currency, and finally reserve currency. Its process also follows the order of first peripheral, then regional, and then international. With the rapid improvement of China's national strength, the international status of RMB is also rising, becoming a hot spot. For neighboring countries and regions, prosperous and stable China is a trustworthy partner, and the realistic tradition of "following the strong" makes these countries incline to RMB. Compared with us dollar settlement, RMB settlement of cross-border trade can help enterprises avoid exchange rate risk, rece transaction cost and accurately estimate expected income. Based on the fact that the neighboring countries generally lack hard currency and the good market reputation of RMB, RMB has become a de facto settlement currency and payment means in border areas. Under the situation of international financial crisis, it is of great significance to carry out RMB settlement of cross-border trade for promoting the development of economic and trade relations between China and its neighboring countries and regions and maintaining the stable growth of foreign trade. Therefore, the State Council has decided to officially launch the pilot business of cross-border trade RMB settlement in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Dongguan. The pilot settlement of RMB overseas shows that China's trading partners have graally recognized the status and stability of RMB, which is another step on the road of RMB internationalization
2. Graally establish an overseas issuance market of RMB bonds to enhance the international status of RMB. Under the condition that RMB is not freely convertible, offshore financial business is an important channel for RMB to go international, and offshore financial center is an important carrier for RMB to be converted into international currency. If RMB wants to become a strong international currency, it is very important to cultivate the overseas issuance market of RMB bonds

5. The impact of virtual economy on the real economy

virtual economy has now become an important part of the market economy, but if we blindly make it easier to form an economic bubble, only the impact on the real economy is very large. Now you have to analyze the current situation of the financial crisis, but also very real time, new ideas! Ha ha, work hard

6. Of course, it is the government that takes measures to strengthen and stabilize the financial market and enhance investor confidence
as the deterioration of the financial crisis has increased the risk of economic growth, interest rate rection is a method; The Federal Reserve said that the data of economic activity has fallen sharply in recent months. The worsening financial crisis has reced the ability of enterprises and households to obtain loans and hit the consumption level
the Bank of Japan issued a statement saying that it supports the joint interest rate rection action of many countries. However, as the country's currency is already very loose, it will actively study other methods to improve the market operation.

7.

For those who want to learn Python by themselves, here is a systematic and comprehensive learning route. Learning according to this outline can rece detours and get twice the result with half the effort

stage 1: professional core foundation

stage objectives:

1. Master the development environment and programming core knowledge of Python

2. Skillfully use Python object-oriented knowledge for program development

3. Have a deep understanding of Python core library and components

4. Skillfully use SQL statements for common database operations

5 Environment configuration

6. Proficient in using mysql, master advanced database operation

7. Be able to comprehensively use the knowledge to complete the project

knowledge points:

python programming foundation, python object-oriented, Python advanced, MySQL database, Linux operating system

Python programming foundation, syntax rules, functions and parameters, data types, moles and packages, file IO, cultivate solid python programming basic skills, and skillfully use Python core object and library programming

Python object-oriented, core object, exception handling, multithreading, network programming, in-depth understanding of object-oriented programming, exception handling mechanism, multithreading principle, network protocol knowledge, and skillfully used in the project

3. Principle of class, metaclass, special method of underline, recursion, magic method, reflection, iterator, decorator, unittest, mock. Deeply understand the underlying principles of object-oriented, master advanced Python development technology, and understand unit testing technology

Database knowledge, paradigm, MySQL configuration, command, database and table building, data addition, deletion, query, constraint, view, stored procere, function, trigger, transaction, cursor, PDCC, deeply understand the general knowledge of database management system and the use and management of MySQL database. Lay a solid foundation for Python background development

5. Linux Installation and configuration, file directory operation, VI command, management, user and permission, environment configuration, docker, shell programming. As a mainstream server operating system, Linux is a key technology that every development engineer must master and be able to use skillfully

stage 2: Python web development

objectives:

1. Proficient in Web front-end development technology, HTML, CSS, JavaScript and front-end framework

2. In depth understanding of front-end and back-end interaction process and communication protocol in web system

3. Proficient in using web front-end and mainstream frameworks such as Django and flash to complete web system development

4, Knowledge of pdbc, AJAX, JSON, etc.

5. Be able to use the knowledge to develop a miniweb framework, master the framework implementation principles

6. Use the web development framework to realize the knowledge points throughout the project:

Web front-end programming, web front-end advanced, Django development framework, flash development framework, web development project practice

1, web page elements, layout, CSS style, box model, JavaScript, jQuery and bootstrap, master the front-end development technology, master the front-end development framework of jQuery and bootstrap, complete the page layout and beautification

Front end development framework Vue, JSON data, network communication protocol, web server and front-end interaction, skilled use of Vue framework, in-depth understanding of HTTP network protocol, skilled use of swagger, AJAX technology to achieve front-end interaction

3. Customize web development framework, basic use of Django framework, model properties and back-end configuration, cookie and session, templates, ORM data model, redis secondary cache, restful, MVC model, master common API of Django framework, integrate front-end technology, and develop a complete web system and framework

4. Flash installation and configuration, APP object initialization and configuration, view function routing, request object, abort function, user-defined error, view function return value, flash context and request hook, template, database expansion package, flash Sqlalchemy, database migration expansion package, flash migrate, mail expansion package, flash mail. Master the common API of flash framework, the similarities and differences with Django framework, and can independently develop a complete web system development

The third stage: crawler and data analysis phase objectives:

1. Master the operating principle of crawler and the use of common network packet capture tools, and be able to analyze HTTP and HTTPS protocols

2. Master various common web structure analysis libraries, analyze and extract the capture results

3. Master various common anti crawling mechanisms and coping strategies, Be able to deal with common anti crawling measures

4. Be proficient in using commercial crawler framework scrapy to write large-scale web crawler for distributed content crawling

5. Be proficient in data analysis related concepts and workflow

6. Be proficient in the use of mainstream data analysis tools such as numpy, pandas and Matplotlib

7. Be proficient in data cleaning, collation, format conversion, data processing, etc Data analysis report writing

8. Be able to comprehensively use crawler to crawl Douban movie review data and complete the whole process of data analysis project practical

knowledge points:

Web crawler development, numpy of data analysis, pandas of data analysis

1. Crawler page crawling principle, crawling process, page parsing tools lxml, beautifulfoup, regular expression, proxy pool writing and architecture, common anti crawling measures and solutions, crawler framework structure, commercial crawler framework scrapy. Based on the analysis and understanding of crawler crawling principle, website data crawling process and network protocol, master the use of web page parsing tools, Be able to flexibly deal with the anti crawling strategies of most websites, and have the ability to write crawler framework independently and skillfully use large-scale commercial crawler framework to write distributed crawler

The data structure features, data types supported by numpy, built-in array creation method, arithmetic operator, matrix proct, self increment and self decrement, general function and aggregate function, slice index, darray's vectorization and broadcast mechanism, familiar with the common use of numpy, one of the three powerful tools of data analysis, and familiar with the characteristics and common operations of darray's data structure, Master the operation of fragmentation, index and matrix operation of ndarray array for different dimensions

3. The three data structures in pandas, including the basic concepts and use of dataframe, series and index objects, the replacement and deletion of index objects, the methods of index, arithmetic and data alignment, data cleaning and data regularization, and structure conversion, are familiar with the common use of pandas, one of the three powerful tools of data analysis, and the use of the three data objects in pandas, Can use pandas to complete the most important data cleaning, format conversion and data regularization work in data analysis, and read and operate files by pandas

4. Matplotlib three-tier structure system, various common chart types, such as line chart, column chart, stacked column chart, pie chart drawing, legend, text, marking addition, visualization file saving, familiar with the common use of Matplotlib, one of the three powerful tools of data analysis, familiar with the three-tier structure of Matplotlib, Can skillfully use Matplotlib to draw a variety of common data analysis charts. Be able to use all kinds of data analysis and visualization tools mentioned in the course to complete the whole process of data analysis and prediction of stock market, data analysis of bike sharing user group, data analysis of global happiness index, etc

stage 4: machine learning and artificial intelligence

stage objectives:

1. Understand the basic concepts and system processing flow related to machine learning

2. Be able to skillfully apply various common machine learning models to solve the training and testing problems of supervised learning and unsupervised learning, and to solve the problems of regression Classification problems

3. Master the common classification algorithms and regression algorithm models, such as KNN, decision tree, random forest, K-means, etc.

4. Master the convolution neural network processing methods for image recognition and natural language recognition, and be familiar with tensor, conversation, and information in the deep learning framework TF Gradient optimization model, etc.

5. Master the operation mechanism of deep learning convolutional neural network, and be able to customize convolution layer, pooling layer, FC layer to complete image recognition, handwritten font recognition, verification code recognition and other conventional deep learning practical projects

knowledge points:

1, common algorithms of machine learning, use of sklearn data set, dictionary feature extraction, text feature extraction Normalization, standardization, PCA, KNN algorithm, decision tree model, random forest, linear regression and logistic regression model and algorithm. Familiar with the basic concepts of machine learning, familiar with the basic workflow of machine learning, familiar with feature engineering, able to use a variety of common machine learning algorithm model to solve classification, regression, clustering and other problems

The basic concepts related to tensorflow, TF data flow diagram, conversation, tensor, tensorboard visualization, tensor modification, TF file reading, tensorflow playaround use, neural network structure, convolution calculation, activation function calculation, pooling layer design, master the differences and exercises before machine learning and deep learning, master the basic workflow of deep learning, Master the structure level and characteristics of neural network, master the use of tensor, graph structure and op object, be familiar with the design of input layer, convolution layer, pooling layer and full connection layer, and complete the whole process of common deep learning projects such as verification code recognition, image recognition and handwritten input recognition

8. Let's see what finance is first. I think finance is actually a process of redistribution of capital in different fields. Whether it is financial institutions such as banks and investment banks, or financial procts such as stocks and bonds, or financial leverage such as interest rate, the essence is to transfer the existing idle capital to other fields at a certain price and cost. In this process, the financial instry itself does not create much value, or the actual value created is far less than the profitability of the financial instry. Therefore, I think the financial instry itself is a tool created by a small group of people in order to capture excess profits (you can see by looking at the history of those financial oligarchs in the "currency war")

therefore, the so-called financial crisis is just a regular "shearing" activity carried out by this small group of people for profit. As long as the financial instry exists, then the financial crisis can not be avoided. And this crisis is just a crisis for the general public, but an opportunity for financiers. I'd like to introce you to a movie "too big to fail", which was made by the Americans and tells the inside story of the subprime mortgage crisis. The subtitle at the end of the movie says that through the crisis, the investment banks on Wall Street not only received a lot of capital transfusion, but also got support in national policies, thus further accelerating their development

in addition, I think that socialism has a strong advantage over capitalism. However, the premise of this advantage is that human beings have inexhaustible natural resources. Therefore, I think that before human beings can really dominate the universe, socialism as a superstructure has no economic foundation

therefore, no matter what the social system is, the financial crisis can not be avoided

as for Marx himself, I don't know whether his thoughts changed in his later years, but it is said that Engels has turned to the idea that capitalism can become a perfect social system through self-improvement in his later years

in the end, are you a middle school teacher? Or students??

9. In June 1997, a financial crisis broke out in Asia, and the development process of this crisis is very complicated. By the end of 1998, it can be divided into three stages: from June to December in 1997; January 1998 to July 1998; From July to the end of 1998
the first stage: on July 2, 1997, Thailand announced that it would abandon the fixed exchange rate system and implement the floating exchange rate system, which triggered a financial storm all over Southeast Asia. On the same day, the exchange rate of the Thai baht against the US dollar fell by 17%, and foreign exchange and other financial markets were in chaos. Under the influence of the fluctuation of the Thai baht, the Philippine Peso, the Indonesian rupiah and the Malaysian ringgit have become the targets of international speculators. In August, Malaysia abandoned its efforts to defend ringgit. The Singapore dollar, which has always been strong, has also been hit. Although Indonesia is the latest country to be "infected", it has suffered the most severe impact. In late October, the international speculators moved to Hong Kong, the international financial center, and the spearhead was the linked exchange rate system in Hong Kong. The Taiwan authorities suddenly abandoned the exchange rate of the new Taiwan dollar and devalued 3.46% in one day, increasing the pressure on the Hong Kong dollar and the Hong Kong stock market. On October 23, Hong Kong's Hang Seng Index fell 1211.47 points; On the 28th, it fell 1621.80 points, below the 9000 point mark. In the face of fierce attacks from international financial speculators, the Hong Kong SAR government reiterated that it would not change the current exchange rate system, and the Hang Seng Index rose to 10000 points. Then, in mid November, a financial storm broke out in South Korea in East Asia. On the 17th, the exchange rate of the won against the US dollar fell to a record 1 008:1. On the 21st, the South Korean government had to seek help from the International Monetary Fund to temporarily control the crisis. However, on December 13, the exchange rate of the won against the US dollar dropped to 1 737.60:1. The Korean won crisis has also hit Japan's financial instry, which has invested a lot in South Korea. In the second half of 1997, a series of Japanese banks and securities companies went bankrupt one after another. As a result, the Southeast Asian financial crisis evolved into the Asian financial crisis
the second stage: in early 1998, Indonesia's financial crisis reappeared. In the face of the most serious economic recession in history, the IMF's prescription for Indonesia failed to achieve the desired effect. On February 11, the Indonesian government announced that it would implement the linked exchange rate system of maintaining a fixed exchange rate between the Indonesian rupiah and the US dollar to stabilize the Indonesian rupiah. This move was unanimously opposed by the International Monetary Fund, the United States and Western Europe. The International Monetary Fund has threatened to withdraw its aid to Indonesia. Indonesia is in a great political and economic crisis. On February 16, the Indonesian rupiah fell below 10 000:1 against the US dollar. Affected by this, Southeast Asia's foreign exchange market has made waves again, with Singapore dollar, Malaysian dollar, Thai baht and Philippine Peso falling one after another. It was not until April 8 that Indonesia and the International Monetary Fund reached an agreement on a new economic reform plan that the Southeast Asian foreign exchange market temporarily calmed down. The Southeast Asian financial crisis broke out in 1997, which made Japan's economy in trouble. The yen exchange rate dropped from 115 yen to 1 dollar at the end of June 1997 to 133 yen to 1 dollar at the beginning of April 1998; 5. In June, the yen fell all the way, once close to 150 yen to the dollar. With the sharp depreciation of the yen, the international financial situation is more uncertain, and the Asian financial crisis continues to deepen
the third stage: at the beginning of August 1998, international speculators launched a new round of attacks on Hong Kong at a time when the US stock market was volatile and the yen exchange rate continued to fall. The Hang Seng Index has been falling to more than 600 points in the financial crisis. The Hong Kong SAR government responded by using the exchange fund to enter the stock and futures markets to absorb the Hong Kong dollars sold by international speculators and stabilize the exchange market at the level of HK $7.75 to US $1. After nearly a month's hard struggle, international speculators have suffered heavy losses and are unable to realize their attempt to regard Hong Kong as a "super ATM" again. While the international speculators lost in Hong Kong, they also lost miserably in Russia. On August 17, the Central Bank of Russia announced that it would expand the fluctuation range of ruble to us dollar exchange rate to 6.0-9.5:1, postpone the repayment of foreign debt and suspend the trading of national debt. On September 2, the ruble depreciated by 70%. All these have led to a sharp decline in the Russian stock market and foreign exchange market, leading to a financial crisis and even an economic and political crisis. The sudden change of Russia's policy has greatly damaged the vitality of international speculators who have invested huge amounts of money in Russia's stock market, and has led to the drastic fluctuations in the foreign exchange markets of American and European stock markets. If the Asian financial crisis was regional before then, the outbreak of the Russian financial crisis shows that the Asian financial crisis has gone beyond the regional scope and has global significance. By the end of 1998, Russia's economy was still in trouble. In 1999, the financial crisis ended< There are many reasons for the outbreak of the financial crisis in 1997. Chinese scholars generally believe that it can be divided into direct trigger factors, internal basic factors and world economic factors< The direct trigger factors include: (1) the impact of hot money in the international financial market. There are about 7 trillion US dollars of international capital flowing around the world. Once international speculators find out which country or region is profitable, they will immediately impact the currency of that country or region through speculation, so as to obtain huge profits in the short term< (2) some Asian countries have improper foreign exchange policies. In order to attract foreign investment, on the one hand, they maintain a fixed exchange rate, on the other hand, they expand financial liberalization, providing opportunities for international speculators. Thailand, for example, abolished the control on the capital market in 1992 just before its financial system was straightened out, making the flow of short-term funds unimpeded and providing conditions for foreign speculators to speculate on the Thai baht
(3) in order to maintain the fixed exchange rate system, these countries use foreign exchange reserves for a long time to make up for the deficit, resulting in the increase of foreign debt< (4) the foreign debt structure of these countries is unreasonable. In the case of large medium-term and short-term debts, once the outflow of foreign capital exceeds the inflow of foreign capital, and the country's foreign exchange reserves are not enough to make up for the shortage, the devaluation of the country's currency is inevitable< The internal basic factors include: (1) overdraft high economic growth and the expansion of non-performing assets. It is the common aspiration of developing countries to maintain a high rate of economic growth. When the conditions for rapid growth become inadequate, in order to maintain the speed, these countries turn to rely on foreign debt to maintain economic growth. However, e to the poor economic development, by the mid-1990s, some Asian countries were unable to repay their debts. In Southeast Asian countries, the real estate bubble only comes from bad loans and bad loans of bank loans. As for South Korea, because it is too easy for large enterprises to obtain funds from banks, once the enterprises are in poor condition, the non-performing assets will expand immediately. A large number of non-performing assets, in turn, affect the confidence of investors< (2) the market system is immature. First, the government intervenes excessively in the allocation of resources, especially in the loan investment and projects of the financial system; The other is the imperfection of the financial system, especially the supervision system
(3) the defects of "export substitution" model“ The "export substitution" model is an important reason for the economic success of many Asian countries. However, there are three shortcomings in this model: first, when the economy develops to a certain stage, the proction cost will increase and the export will be restrained, which will lead to the imbalance of international payments in these countries; Second, when this export-oriented strategy becomes the development strategy of many countries, it will form mutual extrusion between them; Third, the ladder progress of procts is the necessary condition for the continued implementation of export substitution, and the competitiveness can not be maintained only by the advantage of cheap resources. These Asian countries have not solved the above problems after achieving high growth
the world economic factors mainly include:
(1) the negative impact of economic globalization. Economic globalization means that the economic ties all over the world are getting closer and closer, but the resulting negative effects can not be ignored, such as the aggravation of interest conflicts between nations, the enhancement of capital flow ability, and the increasing difficulty of crisis prevention< (2) unreasonable international division of labor, trade and monetary system are unfavorable to the third world countries. In the field of proction, it is still the developed countries that proce high-tech procts and high-tech procts themselves. The technological content of the procts has graally declined to the less developed and underdeveloped countries. The least developed countries can only do assembly work and proce primary procts. In the field of exchange, developed countries can buy primary procts at low prices and monopolize their procts at high prices. In the field of international finance and currency, the whole global financial system and system are also beneficial to financial powers
the impact of the financial crisis is extremely far-reaching. It has exposed some deep-seated problems behind the rapid economic development of some Asian countries. In this sense, it is not only a bad thing, but also a good thing, which provides an opportunity for Asian developing countries to deepen reform, adjust instrial structure and improve macro management. As the task of reform and adjustment is very arous, it will take some time for these countries to recover in an all-round way. However, the basic factors for the economic growth of developing countries in Asia still exist. After overcoming internal and external difficulties, there is great hope for the improvement and further development of the economic situation in Asia
the Asian financial crisis in 1997 and 1998 is another major event that has a far-reaching impact on the world economy after the world economic crisis in the 1930s. This financial crisis reflects that there are serious defects in the financial system of the world and other countries, including many mature financial systems and economic operation modes that are considered to have been selected through historical development. Many problems have been exposed in this financial crisis and need to be reflected. This financial crisis has raised many new issues for us, including the establishment of new financial rules and organizational forms. This book attempts to study this aspect. The central problem of this book is how to get rid of the century long economic problems caused by the money supply system formed in various countries and the debt derivative mechanism formed among enterprises under the new situation after the reform of monetary system at the beginning of this century
(2) there is too much money supply and banking business, which makes macro-control more difficult
(3) the government has difficulties in taxation, and the financial crisis is mixed with the financial crisis
(4) inflation is entangled with the social economy, the bubble economy occurs frequently, the economic fluctuation is frequent, and the economic growth is often blocked;
(5) the lack of funds of enterprises has brought about operational difficulties, increased the bankruptcy and bankruptcy rate, and the frequent merger activities of enterprises have reced the stability of enterprises, increased unemployment, which is not concive to economic growth and social stability
(6) the unequal international monetary relations bring heavy burden to most countries in the world and cause many international economic problems
the most profound reason for the above problems is that the monetary system is not perfect and the new mechanism of transaction between enterprises under the condition of socialized mass proction has not been fully recognized. The idea of this book is to establish an authoritative intermediary system for settlement of business transactions, namely, the clearing system of state business intermediary, to break away the debt chain between enterprises, and to eliminate the foundation of bad debts of enterprises and banks, so as to avoid the occurrence of debt and financial crisis and rece inflation and bubble economy.

10. For many kids who want to learn python, I don't know where to start. Here is a learning route of Python full stack development, You can learn according to the following outline:

stage 1: professional core foundation

stage objectives:
1. Master the python development environment and programming core knowledge
2. Master the python object-oriented knowledge for program development
3. Have a deep understanding of Python core library and components
4. Master the application of SQL statements for database development Common operations
5. Proficient in using Linux operating system commands and environment configuration
6. Proficient in using MySQL and mastering advanced database operations
7. Able to comprehensively use the knowledge to complete the project

knowledge points:
Python programming foundation, python object-oriented, python advanced, MySQL database, Linux operating system
1. Python programming foundation, syntax rules, functions and parameters, data types, moles and packages, file IO, cultivate solid python programming basic skills, and skillfully use Python core object and library programming
2. Python object-oriented, core object, exception handling, multithreading, network programming, in-depth understanding of object-oriented programming, exception handling mechanism, multithreading principle, network protocol knowledge, and skilled application in the project
3. Principle of class, metaclass, special method of underline, recursion, magic method, reflection, iterator, decorator, unittest, mock. Deeply understand the underlying principles of object-oriented, master advanced Python development technology, and understand unit testing technology
4. Database knowledge, paradigm, MySQL configuration, commands, database and table creation, data addition, deletion, query modification, constraints, views, stored proceres, functions, triggers, transactions, cursors, pdbc, in-depth understanding of the general knowledge of database management system and the use and management of MySQL database. Lay a solid foundation for Python background development
5. Linux Installation and configuration, file directory operation, VI command, management, user and permission, environment configuration, docker, shell programming. As a mainstream server operating system, Linux is a key technology that every development engineer must master and be able to skillfully use<

phase 2: Python web development

phase objectives:
1. Master the web front-end development technology, HTML, CSS, JavaScript and front-end framework
2. Deeply understand the front-end interaction process and communication protocol in Web System
3. Skillfully use the web front-end and mainstream frameworks such as Django and flash to complete web system development
4, Distributed, pdbc, AJAX, JSON and other knowledge
5. Be able to use the knowledge to develop a miniweb framework, master the framework implementation principle
6. Use the web development framework to achieve through the project

knowledge points:
web front-end programming, web front-end advanced, Django development framework, flash development framework, web development project practice
1. Web page elements, layout, CSS style, box model, JavaScript, jQuery and bootstrap, master the front-end development technology, master the front-end development framework of jQuery and bootstrap, complete the page layout and beautification
2. Front end development framework Vue, JSON data, network communication protocol, web server and front-end interaction, skilled use of Vue framework, in-depth understanding of HTTP network protocol, skilled use of swagger, AJAX technology to achieve front-end interaction
3. Customize web development framework, basic use of Django framework, model properties and back-end configuration, cookies and sessions, templates, ORM data model, redis secondary cache, restful, MVC model, master common API of Django framework, integrate front-end technology, and develop a complete web system and framework
4. Flash installation and configuration, APP object initialization and configuration, view function routing, request object, abort function, user-defined error, view function return value, flash context and request hook, template, database extension package, flash Sqlalchemy, database migration extension package, flash migrate, and mail extension package, flash mail. Master the common API of flash framework, the similarities and differences with Django framework, and can independently develop a complete web system development<

the third stage: crawler and data analysis

stage objectives:
1. Master the operation principle of crawler and the use of common network packet capture tools, and be able to analyze HTTP and HTTPS protocols
2. Master various common web page structure parsing libraries to parse and extract the results of crawling
3. Master various common anti crawling mechanisms and coping strategies, Be able to deal with common anti crawling measures
4. Be proficient in using commercial crawler framework scrapy to write large-scale web crawler for distributed content crawling
5. Be proficient in data analysis related concepts and workflow
6. Be proficient in using mainstream data analysis tools numpy, pandas and Matplotlib
7. Be proficient in data cleaning, sorting, format conversion, data processing, etc Data analysis report writing
8. Be able to comprehensively use crawler to crawl Douban movie review data and complete the whole process of data analysis project practice

knowledge points:
Web crawler development, numpy of data analysis, pandas of data analysis
1. Crawler page crawling principle, crawling process, page parsing tools lxml, beatifulfup, regular expression, proxy pool writing and architecture, common anti crawling measures and solutions, crawler framework structure, commercial crawler framework scrapy. Based on the analysis and understanding of crawler crawling principle, website data crawling process and network protocol, master the use of web page parsing tools, Be able to flexibly deal with the anti crawling strategies of most websites, and have the ability to write crawler framework independently and skillfully use large-scale commercial crawler framework to write distributed crawler
2. Features of ndarray data structure in numpy, data types supported by numpy, built-in array creation method, arithmetic operator, matrix proct, self increment and self decrement, general function and aggregate function, slice index, vector and broadcast mechanism of ndarray, familiar with the common use of numpy, one of the three powerful tools of data analysis, and familiar with the features and common operations of ndarray data structure, Master the operation of fragmentation, index and matrix operation of ndarray array for different dimensions
3. The three major data structures in pandas, including the basic concepts and use of dataframe, series and index objects, the replacement and deletion of index objects, the methods of index, arithmetic and data alignment, data cleaning and data regularization, and structure conversion, are familiar with the common use of pandas, one of the three powerful tools of data analysis, and the use of the three major data objects in pandas, Can use pandas to complete the most important data cleaning, format conversion and data regularization work in data analysis, and read and operate files by pandas
4. Matplotlib three-tier structure system, various common chart types, such as line chart, column chart, stacked column chart, pie chart drawing, legend, text, marking addition, visualization file saving, familiar with the common use of Matplotlib, one of the three powerful tools of data analysis, familiar with the three-tier structure of Matplotlib, Can skillfully use Matplotlib to draw a variety of common data analysis charts. Be able to use all kinds of data analysis and visualization tools mentioned in the course to complete the whole process of data analysis and prediction of stock market, data analysis of bike sharing user group, data analysis of global happiness index, etc

stage 4: machine learning and artificial intelligence

stage objectives:
1. Understand the basic concepts and system processing flow related to machine learning
2. Be able to skillfully apply various common machine learning models to solve the training and testing problems of supervised learning and unsupervised learning, and solve the problems of regression Classification problems
3. Master common classification algorithms and regression algorithm models, such as KNN, decision tree, random forest, K-means, etc.
4. Master convolutional neural network processing methods for image recognition and natural language recognition problems, and be familiar with tensor, conversation, gradient optimization model in deep learning framework TF, etc.
5. Master convolutional neural network operation mechanism of deep learning, Can customize convolution layer, pooling layer, FC layer to complete image recognition, handwritten font recognition, verification code recognition and other conventional deep learning practical projects

knowledge points:
1. Common algorithms of machine learning, use of sklearn dataset, dictionary feature extraction, text feature extraction, normalization, standardization, PCA, KNN algorithm, decision tree model Random forest, linear regression and logistic regression models and algorithms. Familiar with the basic concepts of machine learning, familiar with the basic workflow of machine learning, familiar with feature engineering, able to use a variety of common machine learning algorithm model to solve classification, regression, clustering and other problems
2. Basic concepts related to tensorflow, TF data flow diagram, conversation, tensor, tensorboard visualization, tensor modification, TF file reading, tensorflow playaround use, neural network structure, convolution calculation, activation function calculation, pooling layer design, master the differences and exercises before machine learning and deep learning, and master the basic workflow of deep learning, Master the structure level and characteristics of neural network, master the use of tensor, graph structure and op object, be familiar with the design of input layer, convolution layer, pooling layer and full connection layer, and complete the whole process of common deep learning projects such as verification code recognition, image recognition and handwritten input recognition.