Which currency is the earliest virtual currency

Publish: 2021-05-24 01:13:57

1. At present, digital currency is not really in circulation in any country. In South America, there was a small country that wanted to issue its own sovereign digital currency, but there was no latest progress. Of course, China, Britain and other big countries have planned to issue digital currency, but it is still in a testing stage and has not really implemented it
the first country to recognize bitcoin as legal was Germany, which first defined bitcoin as an alternative currency. Of course, in the future, sovereign digital currencies may be popular, and digital cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin, Ruitai coin, Laite coin and vitality coin will become a supplement.

2. In 2016, the central bank did not issue digital currency, but in 2016, the central bank led a digital currency seminar in Beijing. The relevant person in charge of the central bank said that digital currency should be launched as soon as possible. But later, Zhou Xiaochuan, the Central Bank of Hangzhou, said that the time for issuing digital currency is not ripe, and it may take ten years. Moreover, the design concept of the digital currency to be issued by the central bank is different from that of the digital cryptocurrency such as bitcoin, Ruitai coin and Laite coin, which is not a decentralized digital currency.

The earliest currency came from the Shang Dynasty

Shell is the earliest currency in China, and it was used as currency in Shang Dynasty. In Chinese characters, most of the characters related to value are related to "Bei"

with the development of commodity exchange, the demand for money was increasing, and seashells could not meet people's demand. In the Shang Dynasty, people began to imitate seashells with copper. The appearance of copper coin is an important evolution from natural currency to artificial currency in ancient Chinese currency history. With the extensive use of artificial coins, seashells, as a natural currency, graally withdrew from China's currency stage

China is one of the earliest countries in the world to use currency, with a history of 5000 years. In the process of formation and development of ancient Chinese currency, it has experienced five extremely significant evolutions: the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency, from disordered shape to unified shape, from local coin to central coin, from document weight to Tongbao and Yuanbao, and from metal currency to paper currency "Jiaozi"

From the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, the four major monetary systems of cloth coin, knife coin, ant nose coin and ring coin have been established

cloth coin

cloth coin is popular in Zhao, Han, Wei and Zhou royal family. In the spring and Autumn period, the cloth coins were mainly hollow headed cloth, that is, hollow cloth with handle

However, in the Warring States period, cloth coins were mainly made of flat head cloth, that is to say, compared with the "empty head cloth", there was no hollow cloth with handle, but it was shaped like shovel shaped copper. The shape of cloth coins was roughly divided into flat shoulder, shrug shoulder, round shoulder and square foot, pointed foot, round foot and so on. Most of them evolved from flat shoulder and flat bottom cloth or flat shoulder and square foot cloth to shrug shoulder and pointed foot cloth, and round shoulder and round foot cloth later extended to Chu and Yan

The state of Qi and the state of Yan in the North mainly used Dao coin. There are two types of Dao coin: Yanming Dao and Qi Dao. The shape of the Dao coin is similar to the Dao tools used by northern nomads such as Shanrong and Beidi. Because of the word "Hua" on Qi Dao surface, it is called "Dao Hua"

The ring coin was used alone in Qin Dynasty, and its shape was evolved from spinning wheel or jade wall. Ring coin is divided into round hole and square hole. During the Warring States period, the round hole was cast earlier. Later, King Huiwen of Qin Dynasty and the first emperor of Qin Dynasty cast "half Liang" coins with round square hole. Round ring coin is the original state of square hole coin

ant nose coin

copper shell coin of Chu state is called ant nose coin, which evolved from shell coin. "Tongbei Qianwen" looks like a ghost face, which is a combination of "Beihua". Ant nose means small money. There is a bronze shell coin in Chu state, commonly known as "ghost face money" and "ant nose money". In addition to ant nose money, Chu also had gold weighing currency, which was the only country with gold as currency in circulation ring the Warring States period

The earliest currency in the history of China is the commodity shell, which is also the earliest currency in the world

Shell is the earliest currency in China, and it was used as currency in Shang Dynasty. In Chinese characters, most of the characters related to value are related to "Bei"

with the development of commodity exchange, the demand for money was increasing, and seashells could not meet people's demand. In the Shang Dynasty, people began to imitate seashells with copper

The appearance of copper coin is a significant evolution from natural currency to artificial currency in ancient Chinese monetary history. With the extensive use of artificial coins, seashells, as a natural currency, graally withdrew from China's currency stage

extended data:

the evolution from natural currency to artificial currency, from disordered shape to unified shape, from local coin to central coin, from document weight to Tongbao, Yuanbao, and from metal currency to paper currency "Jiaozi"

From the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period, China has established four monetary systems: cloth coin, knife goods, ant nose money and ring money. Later, it went through the Qin, Tang, Han, Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, until December 1, 1948, the people's Bank of China was established and issued the first set of RMB

5. Banknotes are widely used in the world today. The earliest banknotes in the world are jiaozi in Cheng, Sichuan Province in the Northern Song Dynasty. China is the first country in the world to use currency. According to the literature records and a large number of unearthed cultural relics, the origin of Chinese currency has a history of at least 4000 years. The development of Chinese currency culture has a long history, from the original shell coin to cloth coin, knife coin, round coin, ant nose coin and fangkong coin popular after the unification of China by the first emperor of Qin Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, jiaozi appeared in China. The emergence of paper money is a great progress in the history of money. Some people think that the origin of Chinese paper money can be traced back to the "white deer skin money" of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and the "flying money" of emperor Xianzong of Tang Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the National Treasury was empty because of the long-term war with Xiongnu. In order to solve the financial difficulties, the "three baht coins" and "white gold coins" (alloy coins made of silver and tin) were coined, and the "white deer skin coins" were issued at the same time. The so-called "white deer skin coin" uses the white deer skin of the palace as the coin material. Each piece is one square foot, and the surrounding color is painted. The value of each piece is 400000. Because its value is far away from its own value, the "white deer skin coin" is only used as a tribute between kings and princes, not used in the field of circulation, so it is not a real sense of paper money, only a pioneer of paper money“ "Feiqian" appeared in the middle of Tang Dynasty. At that time, when merchants went out to do business with a large amount of copper money, there were many inconveniences. They first went to the official to issue a certificate, which recorded the place and the number of coins, and then went to other places to withdraw money and buy goods with the certificate. This certificate is called "feiqian"“ In essence, "flying money" is only a kind of exchange business. It does not intervene in circulation and does not function as currency. Therefore, it is not paper money in the real sense. In the Northern Song Dynasty, "Jiaozi" in Cheng, Sichuan Province was the beginning of real paper money. It is not accidental that paper money appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty, it is the inevitable proct of social, political and economic development. The commodity economy developed rapidly in Song Dynasty, and more money was needed in commodity circulation. However, the shortage of copper money at that time could not meet the demand in circulation. At that time, the iron coin was used in Sichuan area, which was of low value and heavy weight, and was extremely inconvenient to use. At that time, one copper coin was worth ten iron coins. The weight of one thousand iron coins was 25 Jin for a large coin and 13 Jin for a medium coin. It costs 20000 yuan to buy a piece of cloth. It weighs about 500 Jin. It takes a car. Therefore, we need light money objectively, which is the main reason why paper money first appeared in Sichuan. Moreover, although the Northern Song Dynasty was a highly centralized feudal autocratic country, the national currency was not unified, and there were several currency areas, which were independent and not universal. At that time, there were 13 routes (administrative units in Song Dynasty) dedicated to copper coins, 4 routes dedicated to iron coins, and Shaanxi and Hedong used both copper and iron coins. The use of paper money can prevent the outflow of copper and iron money. In addition, the Song Dynasty government was often attacked by Liao, Xia and Jin Dynasties, and the military expenses and reparations were very large. It also needed to issue paper money to make up for the fiscal deficit. Various reasons contributed to the emergence of "Jiaozi". The first jiaozi was issued freely by merchants. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, "Jiaozi shop" appeared in Cheng, Sichuan Province, which specialized in keeping cash for merchants carrying huge sums of money. The depositor delivers the cash to the shop owner. The shop owner temporarily fills in the amount of cash deposited by the depositor on a roll made of paper, and then returns it to the depositor. When the depositor withdraws the cash, he pays the shop owner the interest of 30 Wen, that is, 3% of the deposit fee. This paper voucher which temporarily fills in the deposit amount is called "Jiaozi". At this time, "Jiaozi" is just a kind of certificate of deposit and withdrawal, not currency. With the development of commodity economy, "Jiaozi" has been used more and more widely. Many merchants set up jiaozi shops which specialize in issuing and exchanging "Jiaozi", and set up jiaozi sub shops in various places. Due to the fact that jiaozi shop owners abide by the credit and take it as they come, the printed "Jiaozi" pattern is exquisite, it is hidden as a mark, there are mistakes between black and red, and it is difficult for others to forge their own words, so "Jiaozi" has won a high reputation. In order to avoid the trouble of carrying coins, there are more and more cases of large-scale transactions between merchants who directly use "Jiaozi" to pay for money at any time. It is in the repeated circulation process that jiaozi has graally acquired the character of credit currency. Later, jiaozi shop owners found that only using part of their deposits would not endanger the reputation of Jiaozi. So they began to print jiaozi with uniform denomination and format, which was issued to the market as a new means of circulation. This kind of "Jiaozi" has been the symbol of coins, and has really become paper money. However, jiaozi was not recognized by the government at this time, and it was still a private issue. But not all jiaozi shops are law-abiding and trustworthy. There are some greedy shop owners who are greedy for profits, who cheat maliciously and shut down their business after they have made excessive payments; Or misappropriate deposits, run other business failure and bankruptcy, so that the "Jiaozi" can not be cashed. In this way, when depositors can't withdraw money, they often cause trouble and litigation. Therefore, ring the reign of Jingde (1004-1007), Zhang Yong, the governor of Yizhou, reorganized jiaozi shops, eliminated outlaws, and managed them exclusively by 16 wealthy merchants. So far, the issue of Jiaozi was approved by the government. In the first year of Tiansheng (1023) of emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, the government set up jiaozi business in Yizhou. One or two officials of the Jing Dynasty acted as supervisors to preside over the distribution of Jiaozi, and "set up a papermaking house to eliminate the disadvantages of forgery" to strictly control the printing process. This is the earliest paper money officially issued by the government in China - "guanjiaozi". It issued paper money 600 or 700 years earlier than the United States (1692), France (1716) and other western countries, so it is also the earliest paper money in the world“ In the early stage of the issue of guanjiaozi, its shape was modeled on the private relationship among the people, and stamped with the seal of the state, but the amount of money temporarily filled in was different, generally from one to ten, and the scope of circulation was specified. In the reign of emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, it was changed into five Guan and ten Guan. By the time of emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, it was changed to two kinds: Yiguan and wuwuwen. There are also restrictions on the amount of issue. It is stipulated that the issue shall be divided into three years (two years in full) for each sector, and the new one shall be exchanged for the old one. The first jiaozi issue was 1 256 340 units, with a reserve capital of 360 000 units (taking Sichuan tieqian as the note capital), and the reserve was equivalent to 28% of the issue“ The circulation scope of Jiaozi was basically limited in Sichuan. Later, although it was popular in Shaanxi and Hedong, it was soon abolished. In 1107, the Song government changed jiaozi to qianyin and jiaoziwu to qianyin. In addition to Sichuan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Huguang and other places still use "Jiaozi", other roads use "qianyin". Later, Sichuan changed jiaozi to qianyin in 1109“ The biggest difference between "Qian Yin" and "Jiao Zi" is that it takes "Luo" as the unit“ The paper, printing, picture and seal of "Qian Yin" are excellent. But "Qian Yin" did not buy notes, and was not allowed to exchange them, so the value of paper vouchers dropped sharply. In the Jiading period of the Southern Song Dynasty, each coin was only worth 100 Wen in cash“ The emergence of "Jiaozi" has facilitated commercial exchanges and made up for the shortage of cash, which is a great achievement in the history of currency in China. In addition, "Jiaozi", as the earliest banknote issued in China and even in the world, also occupies an important position in the history of printing and printmaking, which is of great significance to the study of ancient banknote printing technology in China

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6. On ordinary days, you open a double gold coin card brush (Tencent does not give it). Pay attention to the activities ring the festival. Sometimes the activities will have double or 3 or 5 times of full service. For example, the five nights at the beginning of the new year is a five times bonus. It seems that you are opening a double card.

Shell coin is the original currency in ancient China

the original shellfish coin was proced in the Shang Dynasty 3000 years ago. It is the ancestor of the coin. It is a kind of shellfish currency processed from natural seashells. It was unearthed in Fuhao Tomb of Yin Ruins in Henan Province from the 19th century BC to the 16th century BC, more than 3500 years ago

There are three kinds of shellfish: shell shell shell, bone shell, stone shell, copper shell and so on, but the most commonly used is natural seashell

there are many kinds of natural seashells, such as "Pinctada" (also known as toothed seashells), "pseudozaobei" (also known as Dabei, hubanbei), and "lingkui" and so on. Among them, "Pinctada" is more common. The one with a long tooth groove on the surface is called "Pinctada" or "Pinctada". The front of the shell is relatively flat, and the side of the shell is slightly bulging

in order to be easy to carry, people often chisel small holes on the back of the shellfish. In the early stage, the holes were relatively small, which was called "pinhole type shellfish". Later, the holes graally expanded, which was called "big hole type shellfish". During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the back of "freights" was almost flat, which was called "freights with grinding back"

As early as the late Xia Dynasty, shellfish had become a medium of exchange. In the Shang Dynasty, a kind of tooth shell was common. The back of the shell was often polished or drilled to make it easy to carry. Shellfish is a kind of shellfish growing in the tropical and subtropical shallow sea. It is small and exquisite, colorful, rable and become a favorite decoration of primitive residents. Because of its moderate size, easy to carry, easy to count and other characteristics, with the development of social economy and the formation of commodity society, natural shellfish graally act as the general equivalent of commodity exchange

reference: Network - shell coin

8. Where is the way to the world trade center?
No.2 bus stops: Changzhou passenger transport center - Changzhou passenger transport center east - Hongmei Street - Xiaodongmen Mall - xinfengqiao - Ming Hotel - Cultural Palace - Insurance Building - Qingliangsi - qingliangxincun - South Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine - Heping Road Zhongwu Avenue - Longcheng Bridge - Ming Motorcycle City - Heping Road Dongfang Road - Heping Road Renmin Road Road wugao HUTANG Tesco Heping Road Guangdian Yanghu City Heping Road Hongbei Heping Road Changhong Road!! Fudong Road World Trade Center- Yongan Huayuan - Wujin campus of Changzhou University (Changwu South Road) - Changzhou science and Ecation City - east gate of Information College - mingshijiayuan - Electromechanical College - west gate of Light Instry College - beimiaoqiao - Xingcun - Textile College - Engineering College (Wuyi South Road) - Gehu road bus central station - (35 stations in total)

The output of freshwater pearls in China has been the first in the world, but the quality is not ideal. At present, nearly 10 billion juveniles and juveniles are cultivated in China every year, and 500-800 million pearl mussels are proced. If it were not for the massive death caused by clam disease, the annual proction of commercial pearl mussels and pearls would be more than twice as high as at present. Therefore, it is imperative to improve the quality and limit the yield of pearl
1. Technological progress
the rapid increase of pearl proction in China is mainly e to the breakthrough in the artificial collection technology of hookworm larvae and the continuous progress in the cultivation technology of juveniles and juveniles. Although the technology of artificial insemination and artificial hatching of mussel has not been solved, the mussel has not realized the real artificial reproction in proction. However, in the proction, we can start from the collection of hookworm larvae to cultivate juveniles and juveniles on a large scale, so that the source of surgical mussels has been fundamentally guaranteed. With the popularization of this technology, farmers in the north and south of the Yangtze River have quickly mastered it, and they have completely achieved large-scale proction
secondly, a team of female workers specialized in surgical operation has been formed. In Hanshou, Hunan Province, Guichi, Anhui Province, Wuhu and other places, this township has become the origin of surgical operators, and the number of surgical operators in each township can reach tens of thousands. Yuzhu operation has become an important way of local labor export. Through the development of master apprenticeship, the team of operation operators is stable, strong, and can continue, so that the manpower of operation link is guaranteed
thirdly, the control technology of mussel disease has been broken through, and the breeding technology of pearl mussel has been improved to a certain extent. The technology of culturing plankton and pearl mussel in fertilizer water is based on the pond culture technology mode of "fertilizing fish". In the proction management, the main way is to change the perforated hanging mode to "net bag, net clip" cage mode. In the large-scale proction, the technological reform and progress of cage culture of surgical mussels make it possible to raise seedlings and pearls in the same year, and shorten the pearl breeding cycle
2. Existing problems
the popularization and development of mussel pearl breeding technology also brought many problems. At present, pearl proction is no longer a huge profit project, the era of huge profits has passed. However, e to the high profitability of pearl proction for many years, practitioners ignore the role of science and technology in proction and continue to proce blindly< (1) China's Pearl Instry Association is not perfect, some places have become semi official organizations, lack of instry coordination and self-discipline, pearl proction is completely disordered, and there is a long way to go to limit the output and improve the quality< (2) e to the continuous increase of pearl proction, the requirements of pearl quality in the whole market are also increasing. Although pearl deep processing technology is also in progress, pearl procts are more widely used, but low-grade pearls will still face surplus“ The standard connotation of "big, light, round and gorgeous" is constantly changing. Therefore, in mass proction, the only way to adapt to the market is to increase the proportion of high-quality pearls by extending the breeding cycle, which objectively also has the effect of limiting the annual output. However, the pearl instry has not taken the initiative to limit pearl proction consciously< (3) the method of culturing juveniles and juveniles by collecting hookworm larvae from mature Hyriopsis cumingii has been used for many years, resulting in the deterioration of Hyriopsis cumingii germplasm. The proction performance and disease resistance of pearl mussel decreased continuously< (4) e to the lack of formal training for surgical operators, it is difficult to promote the application of new technologies and techniques. There is no way to talk about the management of labor and employment of the operator team. The seasonality of the operation makes the operator team keep the mobility of "migratory birds", which is another concentrated manifestation of the backward proction mode of pearl breeding instry< (5) in aquaculture proction, backward proction management is still very common, not only for ordinary farmers and small and medium-sized farms, but also for large companies. Pearl enterprises, like most mussel farmers, are lack of scientific and technological awareness. The dominant idea of pearl proction and management is "broad planting, low income, and obedience to fate". The formulation and promotion of the technical standards for mussel pearl breeding instry has just begun, and the work is still quite arous
3. The way to solve the problem
freshwater pearl proction has not entered the "low profit era", but we should also take precautions to make the instry sustainable development. ① We should start with germplasm resources and strengthen the breeding of mussels. ② We should start with the management of the operator team, and actively promote the new operation technology and systematic disinfection technology. ③ Through publicity and training by the government and instry associations, the scientific and technological awareness of the owners of oyster breeding pearl was improved. Popularize the scientific theory and knowledge of raising mussels and pearls. ④ The overall survival rate of mussel pearl instry was improved by popularizing group control technology. ⑤ We should strengthen the construction of trade associations, give full play to the role of associations, consciously limit the annual output of pearls, and strive to improve the quality of pearls. ⑥ Further research on the application of large diameter round fresh water nucleated pearl was carried out. ⑦ Further development and utilization of low-grade pearls, broaden the use

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Which currency is the earliest virtual currency

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