Top three virtual currencies in Japan
Publish: 2021-05-23 09:36:32
1.
It can be divided into decentralized trading platform and centralized trading platform:
decentralized trading platform:
both have their own advantages and disadvantages, and they should be selected according to their own needs< br />
2. Don't be fooled. China does not recognize the legitimacy of any virtual currency.
3.
Japan is also the first country in the world to legislate on virtual currency. Just in April last year, Japan's "change of capital payment law" was formally established. Virtual currency is defined as having the function of currency and can be used for monetary payment. Moreover, some time ago, the tycoons of the domestic currency circle also went to Japan one after another to learn from Japan
Finally, the popularity of virtual currency in Japan is also the intentional guidance of the Japanese government. The emergence of virtual currency gives the Japanese government a new "future". The Japanese government hopes to establish a monetary system independent of the U.S. regulation through virtual currency, so as to revive its so-called great power statushowever, we should also see that Japan's too loose virtual monetary environment has also led to many negative problems. For example, the frequent theft of virtual currency makes the Japanese government have to intervene in the asset security of the virtual currency market. As a result, Japan has strengthened the supervision of virtual currency, and the virtual currency market has become a bit quiet - exchanges such as hotcoin and BIGone have even given up Japanese language services
4. In fact, I don't know. I think they may have a better acceptance of new things!
5.
The three major currencies in the world are euro, US dollar and Asian dollar
Asia dollar is a monetary idea put forward by Robert Mundell, the Nobel Laureate in economics and known as the "father of euro". During the 2001 APEC meeting in Shanghai, he predicted: "in the next 10 years, there will be three major currency areas in the world, namely the euro area, the US dollar area and the Asian currency area." The Asian dollar is the first stage to realize the Asian common currency, which can be used as a reference index for countries to formulate exchange rate policies. At present, an agreement has been reached on a specific plan for the Asian dollar to be as common as the euro. If the Asian dollar is used as a real currency, the world will be divided into three polar currency circles: the US dollar, the euro and the Asian dollar
introction of euro, one of the three major currencies in the world
euro is the most significant result of European monetary reform since the Roman Empire. The euro not only makes the European single market perfect and the free trade among euro zone countries more convenient, but also is an important part of the process of EU integration
The euro became the only legal currency in the euro area in July 2002. The euro is managed by the European central bank system, which consists of the European Central Bank and the central banks of the euro area countries In addition, the euro is also the currency of six non EU countries (regions), namely, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican, Andorra, Montenegro and Kosovo6. At present, the three major currencies in the world are US dollar, euro and Japanese yen
generally, we will judge whether a currency is in a weak or strong position from the transaction volume, circulation range, strength or weakness of currency, and what supports the strong and weak position of currency is often related to the economic development level of the currency issuing country itself. In international trade, both parties are more willing to use a more stable currency as the settlement currency. In the rapidly changing global economy, today's three major currencies will not always be the three major currencies. Some time ago, in the economic downturn in Europe, Japan's economy is still recovering, and the internationalization of RMB is graally strengthening. Many people are also discussing whether RMB will be among the three major currencies in the world
here are some introctions of the three major currencies:
[US dollar]
as the base currency in foreign exchange, US dollar is the main currency in international payment and foreign exchange transaction, and plays a very important role in the international foreign exchange market. There have been two dollar crises in history: the first one was in October 1960. Due to the "cheap currency" policy adopted by the United States in the Marshall Plan, a large number of US dollars poured into Europe. At the same time, the deterioration of the balance of payments situation of the United States caused the pressure of US dollar devaluation and shaken people's confidence in the fixed exchange rate between us dollar and gold. The second dollar crisis refers to March 1968. Since the subprime mortgage crisis in 2007, the Federal Reserve has cut interest rates seven times in a row, and some international capital has withdrawn from the United States, resulting in the continuous depreciation of the US dollar. However, depending on the strong economic strength of the United States, up to now, the US dollar is still the main international unit of valuation, means of payment and reserve. The fluctuation of exchange rate does not mean that the international currency status of US dollar has changed greatly
[Euro]
as the single currency of the European Monetary Union countries, euro is the most stable among the major non US currencies, and has become the second largest currency in the world after the US dollar. In January 1999, when the euro was officially launched, its exchange rate was US $1.018. Since then, the exchange rate has been declining all the way, with the biggest drop of about 25%. On January 1, 2002, with the official circulation of the euro, the exchange rate of the euro against the US dollar rebounded, once showing a unilateral upward trend. In recent years, with the continuous expansion of the use of the euro, the exchange rate against the US dollar is also rising. On December 28, 2007, the ratio of euro to us dollar has reached 1 euro to 1.4714 US dollars, an increase of about 80% compared with the lowest value in 2000
[yen]
in 1964, the yen became an international currency. After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the floating exchange rate of yen was implemented in 1971, and then it became stronger and stronger. Since the Plaza Accord in 1985, the fluctuation of the yen exchange rate against the US dollar has replaced the fluctuation of the US economic growth rate and become the most important factor influencing the economic prosperity of Asia. However, after the collapse of the bubble economy in the late 70s, early 80s and 90s, the Japanese yen also experienced several significant devaluation. From 1995 to 1998, for example, the yen depreciated more than 70% ring this period. In 1998, Japan entered into the most difficult year of economic situation. By June 15, the lowest exchange rate of yen against the US dollar in the US trading market was 146.60:1, falling to the lowest point in eight years. The devaluation of yen has become an important source of world economic instability.
generally, we will judge whether a currency is in a weak or strong position from the transaction volume, circulation range, strength or weakness of currency, and what supports the strong and weak position of currency is often related to the economic development level of the currency issuing country itself. In international trade, both parties are more willing to use a more stable currency as the settlement currency. In the rapidly changing global economy, today's three major currencies will not always be the three major currencies. Some time ago, in the economic downturn in Europe, Japan's economy is still recovering, and the internationalization of RMB is graally strengthening. Many people are also discussing whether RMB will be among the three major currencies in the world
here are some introctions of the three major currencies:
[US dollar]
as the base currency in foreign exchange, US dollar is the main currency in international payment and foreign exchange transaction, and plays a very important role in the international foreign exchange market. There have been two dollar crises in history: the first one was in October 1960. Due to the "cheap currency" policy adopted by the United States in the Marshall Plan, a large number of US dollars poured into Europe. At the same time, the deterioration of the balance of payments situation of the United States caused the pressure of US dollar devaluation and shaken people's confidence in the fixed exchange rate between us dollar and gold. The second dollar crisis refers to March 1968. Since the subprime mortgage crisis in 2007, the Federal Reserve has cut interest rates seven times in a row, and some international capital has withdrawn from the United States, resulting in the continuous depreciation of the US dollar. However, depending on the strong economic strength of the United States, up to now, the US dollar is still the main international unit of valuation, means of payment and reserve. The fluctuation of exchange rate does not mean that the international currency status of US dollar has changed greatly
[Euro]
as the single currency of the European Monetary Union countries, euro is the most stable among the major non US currencies, and has become the second largest currency in the world after the US dollar. In January 1999, when the euro was officially launched, its exchange rate was US $1.018. Since then, the exchange rate has been declining all the way, with the biggest drop of about 25%. On January 1, 2002, with the official circulation of the euro, the exchange rate of the euro against the US dollar rebounded, once showing a unilateral upward trend. In recent years, with the continuous expansion of the use of the euro, the exchange rate against the US dollar is also rising. On December 28, 2007, the ratio of euro to us dollar has reached 1 euro to 1.4714 US dollars, an increase of about 80% compared with the lowest value in 2000
[yen]
in 1964, the yen became an international currency. After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the floating exchange rate of yen was implemented in 1971, and then it became stronger and stronger. Since the Plaza Accord in 1985, the fluctuation of the yen exchange rate against the US dollar has replaced the fluctuation of the US economic growth rate and become the most important factor influencing the economic prosperity of Asia. However, after the collapse of the bubble economy in the late 70s, early 80s and 90s, the Japanese yen also experienced several significant devaluation. From 1995 to 1998, for example, the yen depreciated more than 70% ring this period. In 1998, Japan entered into the most difficult year of economic situation. By June 15, the lowest exchange rate of yen against the US dollar in the US trading market was 146.60:1, falling to the lowest point in eight years. The devaluation of yen has become an important source of world economic instability.
7.
1, 1 / P >
P > 1871, before the new year in 1984, he was a portrait of the retired emperor, and the portrait of the empress Jingu, in 1881, was the portrait of empress Jingu, and the empress dowager, the empress dowager, and the priest of the Yuan Dynasty, was a portrait of the grand master of the Yuan Dynasty. P > in the Meiji period, the Meiji period was the first time in the Meiji period, and the Meiji period was the first time in the Meiji Period P > reference fees:
8. Common sense of ancient Japanese currency [recorded in the dictionary of Japanese history]
Ginza: the gold coin foundry of Edo period. There are two kinds of hereditary golden seats: the grand golden seat of goto's family and the small golden seat of goto's family. Kojiro goto was trusted by Tokugawa and founded Edo Ginza. At the same time, golden seats were also set up in Kyoto and Sa. Shortly after the war of Guan yuan, Edo's minor judgment Ginza became the main gold coin foundry, which was under the direct jurisdiction of the inquisition. There are three departments, namely "Royal gold changing service", "jinzuo" (Mint) and "blowing office", which are responsible for the casting and supervision of all gold coins except the grand contract. It was abolished in 1869. Its former site is the headquarters of the Bank of Japan in Tokyo
Ginza: silver coin foundry of Edo period. Originally, Tokugawa Jiakang was set up in Fujian (now the suburb of Kyoto) in 1601 (the sixth year of Qingchang), and moved to Kyoto in 1608. Another Ginza was set up in Junfu in 1606 and moved to Edo in 1612. Under the protection of the shogunate, he enjoyed the privilege of procing silver coins and paid the "yunshang" gold to the shogunate. You daheichang is the hereditary officer of the family. In order to carry out overseas trade, he set up Ginza in Pinghu and moved to Nagasaki in 1614. In 1772 (the year of an Yongyuan), when the shogunate banned the establishment of a new money seat, copper coins were cast at the same time as the golden seat. It was abolished in 1869. Its former site is still used as a place name
money seat: also called money seat. During the Edo period, it was the organization in charge of the manufacture and issuance of copper coins. But different from Ginza and Ginza, they belong to non established institutions. In 1636 (the 13th year of kuanyong), the shogunate appointed Ginza year Jiqiu Tian zonggu to open money seats in edochi and near jiangbanben, casting "kuanyong Tongbao". In 1736 (the first year of Yuanwen), money seats were set up in Osaka and Nagasaki. Since then, e to mixed and illegal activities, the shogunate successively abolished all the banks except those under the jurisdiction of Junichiro goto in Ginza in the years of Ernst & Young (1772-1780). In 1835 (the sixth year of Tianbao), Tianbao Tongbao was made. Each money seat is governed by the master of Ginza and Ginza, and no special official is appointed<
three goods system: the monetary system of gold, silver and copper (money) in Edo era. Gold is a kind of quantitative currency, which uses quaternion system (one or two = four cents = 16 baht). There are mainly minor judgments (one or two) and one point judgments; There are also Grand judgments (twelve), but they are mainly used as gifts, not for general currency circulation. After Yuanlu, there were two baht judgments, two sub judgments and five Liang judgments. Silver is a kind of weighing currency, which is divided into two units, the decimal system (one unit = ten). There are mainly Ding silver and Douban silver in circulation, and their weight is not certain, so they need to be weighed when they are used. Money and goods are calculated by Guanwen and Wenwen. Qianwen is called Guanyi Wen. There are some points below Wenwen. Chinese money and goods are also used. The approximate conversion rate of the three goods is: gold one liang = silver fifty yuan (the last 60 yuan) = money four Guan Wen. In fact, the market changes from time to time< Major penalty: also known as "board gold" and "penalty". A gold coin circulating from Taoshan to Edo in Antu. In the early stage, there were rectangular and round shapes. When Toyotomi Xiuji made the "Tianzheng judgment" and shaped it into an oval shape. During the Edo period, there were five kinds of grand judges set up by the shogunate's shibato and his descendants in the years of Qingchang, Yuanlu, Xiangbao, Tianbao and Wanyan. The weight of Xiangbao and Tianbao is 44 cents (1 pound = 3.759g), which is equivalent to ten taels of placer gold. Therefore, the two sides are painted with ink "Shi Liang". But the gold content is not necessarily ten times that of a minor sentence. It is not used as currency, but as a reward from generals, a tribute from Daming or a gift from samurai<
verdict: one of the common gold coins in Edo era. Thin round. It's a standard gold coin, one or two. Although there was casting in the Warring States period, it did not circulate. In 1595 (the fourth year of Wenlu's reign), Tokugawa Yasunari obtained the permission of Toyotomi Hideki, and goto Guangji (Yamazaki zhuangshiro) of Kyoto in Yanqing Dynasty started casting in Edo and JUNHE, which were called "Musashi judgment" and "JUNHE judgment", weighing 4.7 匁 (1 匁 = 3.759g). In 1601, the Tokugawa family established a new monetary system with Qingchang gold and silver, and cast a large number of Qingchang Xiaotan and yifenfen (one fourth of Xiaotan) as national currency in Edo, Kyoto, JUNHE and other places. During the reign of emperor Yuanlu (1688-1703), the quality of the casting was deteriorated, and ring the reign of emperor Zhengde (1711-1715), it returned to the level of Qingchang. After the Yuan Dynasty (1736-1740), the amount of casting decreased, the quality decreased, and the weight also decreased<
Qingchang gold and silver: the general name of the gold and silver coins originally issued in Edo era. The gold coin has grand, minor and one cent, and the silver coin has Ding silver and Dou ban silver. In order to abolish the former currency and unify the national currency system, the Tokugawa family issued Qingchang gold and silver in 1601. As counting currency, it has epoch-making significance in the history of currency development. The gold coin was cast in Kyoto, Edo and Osaka, of which the grand award weighs 44.055 匁 (1 匁 = 3.759g), the grade of gold is 67.2 and silver is 29.4, the minor award weighs 4.73 匁, the grade is 85.69, and one cent is one fourth of the minor award. Most of the silver coins were made in Fujian Ginza, with the grade of silver 8 and copper 2. The fineness and quality are better than those of later generations. In 1609, the price of gold was equal to that of silver. After the currency was recast in 1695 (the eighth year of the reign of emperor Yuanlu), although it was not used, it still circulated secretly. In 1714 (the fourth year of Zhengde), General Motors was opened again. In 1736 (the first year of the Yuan Dynasty), it was banned
kuanyongtongbao: also known as kuanyongqian. The general name of copper, iron and brass coins from kuanyong to the end of shogunate in Edo period. It was first cast in the kuanyong period (1624-1643), so it is called. In 1608 (the 13th year of the Qing Dynasty), the shogunate ordered to prohibit the use of Ming money "Yongle Tongbao". In 1636 (the 13th year of kuanyong), the new copper coin was formally cast in Edo. The denomination is divided into one Wen and four Wen, which are made by coin holders all over the country. Every four Wen for Yongle Tongbao one Wen. It takes the first place in the amount of coins. On the back, Wen, Zuo, Xian, Zu, yuan and other characters are engraved, indicating the place of casting. In 1871, the new currency system was put into effect, with one yen exchanged every four times
Ming and wuzhe silver: one of the silver coins of Edo era, the first quantitative counting currency. From 1765 to 1772 (from the second year of Ming Dynasty to the year of anyongyuan), it was cast and circulated. Its weight is 5 g (1 g = 3.759 g) and its fineness is 46%. The casting quantity is 1806. The shogunate set up the "silver market" control, which stipulated that 12 pieces of gold should be exchanged for one or two. As a fixed currency, it was used together with Ding silver, Douban silver and other weighing currencies in circulation at that time. Because of the low quality, it is difficult to circulate in the society, and the merchants also oppose the fixed price of silver. In 1772 (the year of an Yongyuan), it was changed to cast two baht silver coins, so it was stopped
two baht silver: silver coin of Edo era. There are two kinds: 1. Anyong two baht silver, also known as "ancient two baht silver" and "Da Nan tie". From 1772 to 1824 (from the year of an Yongyuan to the seventh year of Wen Zheng), it was made in general use. The weight of each piece is 2.68 g (one piece = 3.759 g), and the quality is 97.81 G. It is stipulated that eight exchange coins, one or two, bear the stamp of "Chang Shi". 2. Wen Zheng Er Zhu silver, also known as "Wen Zheng Nan tie" and "Xiao Nan tie". From 1824 to 1830 (from the seventh year of Wen Zheng to the first year of Tianbao), it was cast and used. The weight is reced to 2.01 per piece and the quality is 97.96. It also bears the "Chang Shi" stamp. The shogunate reced its weight and benefited from it by recasting money
Tianbao Tongbao: also known as "Tianbao money" and "dang". After 1835 (the sixth year of Tianbao), the Edo shogunate made copper coins. After the lenient government reform, the shogunate government did not change the situation of financial difficulties and financial chaos, so it issued "Tianbao gold and silver" and "Tianbao Tongbao" to save the crisis. Tongbao weighs 5.5 Liang (one or two = 3.759 g), and each one is worth 100 yuan; The composition is copper 78, tin 10 and lead 12. In 1859 (the sixth year of an Zheng), 338000 Guan Wen were transported to Osaka and popularized all over the country. During the Wanyan period (1860-1861), a large number of castings were made. At the beginning, 40 pieces were exchanged for gold, and after Meiji, 125 pieces were exchanged for yen. By 1870, more than 484 million pieces had been cast. It was discontinued in 1891
currency recasting: change the fineness, shape and quantity of currency to make new currency. During the Edo period from Qingchang to Wanyan (1596-1860), there were as many as 11 times. In the early days of Edo, the national currency was Qingchang gold and silver. Later, e to the decline of gold and silver proction, the currency was insufficient, so the plan was made to increase the amount of money and adjust prices; And try to rece the quality of money to save the shogunate's financial difficulties. In the eighth year of Yuanlu reign (1695), it was first recast, and the quality of minor judgment decreased from 85.7% to 56.4%; The fineness of Ding silver is reced from 80% to 64%. This led to the fall of gold price and the confusion of currency system. In the reign of Baoyong (1704-1710), the quality of QIANZI gold was restored, but its weight was reced by half; The fineness of Sibao silver has been reced to 20%. During the period of Zhengde and Xiangbao (1711-1735), the recast attempted to restore the Qingchang ancient system, but it was not complete. During the reign of Yuanwen (1736-1740), inferior coins were coined again, supplemented by excessive copper coins. From 1764 to 1780, two baht silver coins were cast to improve the quality and stabilize the currency. Later, there were eight kinds of gold coins such as Wen Zheng Bi Fen Jin and an Zheng Er Zhu Yin, which were not as good as before. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, e to the outflow of gold coins, the Wanyan verdict was recast in the first year of Wanyan (1860). The quality was reced by half, and the weight was less than one-third of the previous one. The shogunate's financial crisis intensified and its rule was shaken
hand shape: general term for promissory notes and bills of exchange. A kind of credit currency. Since ancient books have the habit of restraining fingerprints to strengthen the role of evidence. At the end of Kamakura, it was transferred to the settlement of commercial trade, which was called "substitution" and "cutting". It was called hand shape in Edo period. In modern times, wubingwei of Tianwang Temple initiated the hand trade with bills as the means of payment. It is widely used in the trade of remote areas headed by Osaka City, suburb and Edo. Osaka's hands are "deposit securities" issued by the two houses and "issued notes" similar to cheques issued by depositors to the two houses. In terms of its role in trade, "issuing bills" can be divided into "big hand" used for trade balance between ordinary merchants, "constrained hand" used for transaction between two houses, and "delayed hand" used for similar constrained hand and delayed payment. In 1868, in order to unify the currency system, Meiji government set up "Weiting commune" and "National Bank" to prohibit the circulation of silver hand, but the old way of issuing bills was still popular. In 1906 (the 39th year of Meiji), the law of banning banknotes similar to securities was enacted, and the issuance of hand shaped banknotes was prohibited
for: also known as "cutting Fu", "for money", "for rice". The method of using bills of exchange instead of cash for transactions or loans in other places. It began with the acquisition of Gongmi in the Kamakura era. The consignor gives the "substitute money" to the "substitute" (the broker), and the "substitute" transfers the money to the receiver regularly, and records the process in the "sever". The operators of this kind of business are called "house for money", "house for cutting Fu" and "house for two". This method was also used in the Muromachi era. By the Edo era, it was more complete. The exchange trade is centered on "two substitutes" (money changers). Edo and Osaka were very popular, and later popularized all over the country. Such as Osaka's "ten people for two" and "trade association". After Meiji, Weiting commune centered on Mitsui and other privileged merchants was established
Ding Yin: one of the silver coins of Edo era. It is used as weighing currency together with bean board silver. The shape is slender, oval and irregular. The weight varies from 30 μ g (1 μ g = 3.759 g) to 40 μ G. Except for ER Bao Yin and so on in the reign of Bao Yong (1704-1710)
Ginza: the gold coin foundry of Edo period. There are two kinds of hereditary golden seats: the grand golden seat of goto's family and the small golden seat of goto's family. Kojiro goto was trusted by Tokugawa and founded Edo Ginza. At the same time, golden seats were also set up in Kyoto and Sa. Shortly after the war of Guan yuan, Edo's minor judgment Ginza became the main gold coin foundry, which was under the direct jurisdiction of the inquisition. There are three departments, namely "Royal gold changing service", "jinzuo" (Mint) and "blowing office", which are responsible for the casting and supervision of all gold coins except the grand contract. It was abolished in 1869. Its former site is the headquarters of the Bank of Japan in Tokyo
Ginza: silver coin foundry of Edo period. Originally, Tokugawa Jiakang was set up in Fujian (now the suburb of Kyoto) in 1601 (the sixth year of Qingchang), and moved to Kyoto in 1608. Another Ginza was set up in Junfu in 1606 and moved to Edo in 1612. Under the protection of the shogunate, he enjoyed the privilege of procing silver coins and paid the "yunshang" gold to the shogunate. You daheichang is the hereditary officer of the family. In order to carry out overseas trade, he set up Ginza in Pinghu and moved to Nagasaki in 1614. In 1772 (the year of an Yongyuan), when the shogunate banned the establishment of a new money seat, copper coins were cast at the same time as the golden seat. It was abolished in 1869. Its former site is still used as a place name
money seat: also called money seat. During the Edo period, it was the organization in charge of the manufacture and issuance of copper coins. But different from Ginza and Ginza, they belong to non established institutions. In 1636 (the 13th year of kuanyong), the shogunate appointed Ginza year Jiqiu Tian zonggu to open money seats in edochi and near jiangbanben, casting "kuanyong Tongbao". In 1736 (the first year of Yuanwen), money seats were set up in Osaka and Nagasaki. Since then, e to mixed and illegal activities, the shogunate successively abolished all the banks except those under the jurisdiction of Junichiro goto in Ginza in the years of Ernst & Young (1772-1780). In 1835 (the sixth year of Tianbao), Tianbao Tongbao was made. Each money seat is governed by the master of Ginza and Ginza, and no special official is appointed<
three goods system: the monetary system of gold, silver and copper (money) in Edo era. Gold is a kind of quantitative currency, which uses quaternion system (one or two = four cents = 16 baht). There are mainly minor judgments (one or two) and one point judgments; There are also Grand judgments (twelve), but they are mainly used as gifts, not for general currency circulation. After Yuanlu, there were two baht judgments, two sub judgments and five Liang judgments. Silver is a kind of weighing currency, which is divided into two units, the decimal system (one unit = ten). There are mainly Ding silver and Douban silver in circulation, and their weight is not certain, so they need to be weighed when they are used. Money and goods are calculated by Guanwen and Wenwen. Qianwen is called Guanyi Wen. There are some points below Wenwen. Chinese money and goods are also used. The approximate conversion rate of the three goods is: gold one liang = silver fifty yuan (the last 60 yuan) = money four Guan Wen. In fact, the market changes from time to time< Major penalty: also known as "board gold" and "penalty". A gold coin circulating from Taoshan to Edo in Antu. In the early stage, there were rectangular and round shapes. When Toyotomi Xiuji made the "Tianzheng judgment" and shaped it into an oval shape. During the Edo period, there were five kinds of grand judges set up by the shogunate's shibato and his descendants in the years of Qingchang, Yuanlu, Xiangbao, Tianbao and Wanyan. The weight of Xiangbao and Tianbao is 44 cents (1 pound = 3.759g), which is equivalent to ten taels of placer gold. Therefore, the two sides are painted with ink "Shi Liang". But the gold content is not necessarily ten times that of a minor sentence. It is not used as currency, but as a reward from generals, a tribute from Daming or a gift from samurai<
verdict: one of the common gold coins in Edo era. Thin round. It's a standard gold coin, one or two. Although there was casting in the Warring States period, it did not circulate. In 1595 (the fourth year of Wenlu's reign), Tokugawa Yasunari obtained the permission of Toyotomi Hideki, and goto Guangji (Yamazaki zhuangshiro) of Kyoto in Yanqing Dynasty started casting in Edo and JUNHE, which were called "Musashi judgment" and "JUNHE judgment", weighing 4.7 匁 (1 匁 = 3.759g). In 1601, the Tokugawa family established a new monetary system with Qingchang gold and silver, and cast a large number of Qingchang Xiaotan and yifenfen (one fourth of Xiaotan) as national currency in Edo, Kyoto, JUNHE and other places. During the reign of emperor Yuanlu (1688-1703), the quality of the casting was deteriorated, and ring the reign of emperor Zhengde (1711-1715), it returned to the level of Qingchang. After the Yuan Dynasty (1736-1740), the amount of casting decreased, the quality decreased, and the weight also decreased<
Qingchang gold and silver: the general name of the gold and silver coins originally issued in Edo era. The gold coin has grand, minor and one cent, and the silver coin has Ding silver and Dou ban silver. In order to abolish the former currency and unify the national currency system, the Tokugawa family issued Qingchang gold and silver in 1601. As counting currency, it has epoch-making significance in the history of currency development. The gold coin was cast in Kyoto, Edo and Osaka, of which the grand award weighs 44.055 匁 (1 匁 = 3.759g), the grade of gold is 67.2 and silver is 29.4, the minor award weighs 4.73 匁, the grade is 85.69, and one cent is one fourth of the minor award. Most of the silver coins were made in Fujian Ginza, with the grade of silver 8 and copper 2. The fineness and quality are better than those of later generations. In 1609, the price of gold was equal to that of silver. After the currency was recast in 1695 (the eighth year of the reign of emperor Yuanlu), although it was not used, it still circulated secretly. In 1714 (the fourth year of Zhengde), General Motors was opened again. In 1736 (the first year of the Yuan Dynasty), it was banned
kuanyongtongbao: also known as kuanyongqian. The general name of copper, iron and brass coins from kuanyong to the end of shogunate in Edo period. It was first cast in the kuanyong period (1624-1643), so it is called. In 1608 (the 13th year of the Qing Dynasty), the shogunate ordered to prohibit the use of Ming money "Yongle Tongbao". In 1636 (the 13th year of kuanyong), the new copper coin was formally cast in Edo. The denomination is divided into one Wen and four Wen, which are made by coin holders all over the country. Every four Wen for Yongle Tongbao one Wen. It takes the first place in the amount of coins. On the back, Wen, Zuo, Xian, Zu, yuan and other characters are engraved, indicating the place of casting. In 1871, the new currency system was put into effect, with one yen exchanged every four times
Ming and wuzhe silver: one of the silver coins of Edo era, the first quantitative counting currency. From 1765 to 1772 (from the second year of Ming Dynasty to the year of anyongyuan), it was cast and circulated. Its weight is 5 g (1 g = 3.759 g) and its fineness is 46%. The casting quantity is 1806. The shogunate set up the "silver market" control, which stipulated that 12 pieces of gold should be exchanged for one or two. As a fixed currency, it was used together with Ding silver, Douban silver and other weighing currencies in circulation at that time. Because of the low quality, it is difficult to circulate in the society, and the merchants also oppose the fixed price of silver. In 1772 (the year of an Yongyuan), it was changed to cast two baht silver coins, so it was stopped
two baht silver: silver coin of Edo era. There are two kinds: 1. Anyong two baht silver, also known as "ancient two baht silver" and "Da Nan tie". From 1772 to 1824 (from the year of an Yongyuan to the seventh year of Wen Zheng), it was made in general use. The weight of each piece is 2.68 g (one piece = 3.759 g), and the quality is 97.81 G. It is stipulated that eight exchange coins, one or two, bear the stamp of "Chang Shi". 2. Wen Zheng Er Zhu silver, also known as "Wen Zheng Nan tie" and "Xiao Nan tie". From 1824 to 1830 (from the seventh year of Wen Zheng to the first year of Tianbao), it was cast and used. The weight is reced to 2.01 per piece and the quality is 97.96. It also bears the "Chang Shi" stamp. The shogunate reced its weight and benefited from it by recasting money
Tianbao Tongbao: also known as "Tianbao money" and "dang". After 1835 (the sixth year of Tianbao), the Edo shogunate made copper coins. After the lenient government reform, the shogunate government did not change the situation of financial difficulties and financial chaos, so it issued "Tianbao gold and silver" and "Tianbao Tongbao" to save the crisis. Tongbao weighs 5.5 Liang (one or two = 3.759 g), and each one is worth 100 yuan; The composition is copper 78, tin 10 and lead 12. In 1859 (the sixth year of an Zheng), 338000 Guan Wen were transported to Osaka and popularized all over the country. During the Wanyan period (1860-1861), a large number of castings were made. At the beginning, 40 pieces were exchanged for gold, and after Meiji, 125 pieces were exchanged for yen. By 1870, more than 484 million pieces had been cast. It was discontinued in 1891
currency recasting: change the fineness, shape and quantity of currency to make new currency. During the Edo period from Qingchang to Wanyan (1596-1860), there were as many as 11 times. In the early days of Edo, the national currency was Qingchang gold and silver. Later, e to the decline of gold and silver proction, the currency was insufficient, so the plan was made to increase the amount of money and adjust prices; And try to rece the quality of money to save the shogunate's financial difficulties. In the eighth year of Yuanlu reign (1695), it was first recast, and the quality of minor judgment decreased from 85.7% to 56.4%; The fineness of Ding silver is reced from 80% to 64%. This led to the fall of gold price and the confusion of currency system. In the reign of Baoyong (1704-1710), the quality of QIANZI gold was restored, but its weight was reced by half; The fineness of Sibao silver has been reced to 20%. During the period of Zhengde and Xiangbao (1711-1735), the recast attempted to restore the Qingchang ancient system, but it was not complete. During the reign of Yuanwen (1736-1740), inferior coins were coined again, supplemented by excessive copper coins. From 1764 to 1780, two baht silver coins were cast to improve the quality and stabilize the currency. Later, there were eight kinds of gold coins such as Wen Zheng Bi Fen Jin and an Zheng Er Zhu Yin, which were not as good as before. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, e to the outflow of gold coins, the Wanyan verdict was recast in the first year of Wanyan (1860). The quality was reced by half, and the weight was less than one-third of the previous one. The shogunate's financial crisis intensified and its rule was shaken
hand shape: general term for promissory notes and bills of exchange. A kind of credit currency. Since ancient books have the habit of restraining fingerprints to strengthen the role of evidence. At the end of Kamakura, it was transferred to the settlement of commercial trade, which was called "substitution" and "cutting". It was called hand shape in Edo period. In modern times, wubingwei of Tianwang Temple initiated the hand trade with bills as the means of payment. It is widely used in the trade of remote areas headed by Osaka City, suburb and Edo. Osaka's hands are "deposit securities" issued by the two houses and "issued notes" similar to cheques issued by depositors to the two houses. In terms of its role in trade, "issuing bills" can be divided into "big hand" used for trade balance between ordinary merchants, "constrained hand" used for transaction between two houses, and "delayed hand" used for similar constrained hand and delayed payment. In 1868, in order to unify the currency system, Meiji government set up "Weiting commune" and "National Bank" to prohibit the circulation of silver hand, but the old way of issuing bills was still popular. In 1906 (the 39th year of Meiji), the law of banning banknotes similar to securities was enacted, and the issuance of hand shaped banknotes was prohibited
for: also known as "cutting Fu", "for money", "for rice". The method of using bills of exchange instead of cash for transactions or loans in other places. It began with the acquisition of Gongmi in the Kamakura era. The consignor gives the "substitute money" to the "substitute" (the broker), and the "substitute" transfers the money to the receiver regularly, and records the process in the "sever". The operators of this kind of business are called "house for money", "house for cutting Fu" and "house for two". This method was also used in the Muromachi era. By the Edo era, it was more complete. The exchange trade is centered on "two substitutes" (money changers). Edo and Osaka were very popular, and later popularized all over the country. Such as Osaka's "ten people for two" and "trade association". After Meiji, Weiting commune centered on Mitsui and other privileged merchants was established
Ding Yin: one of the silver coins of Edo era. It is used as weighing currency together with bean board silver. The shape is slender, oval and irregular. The weight varies from 30 μ g (1 μ g = 3.759 g) to 40 μ G. Except for ER Bao Yin and so on in the reign of Bao Yong (1704-1710)
9. Will of the blade · arilia is a hero character in the competitive game "League of heroes". In the story, she belongs to the Ionian city-state like the blind monk Li Qing, gale sword haoyasuo and other heroes, belonging to the type of half flesh and half DPS
arilia is a very strong regimental hero, who can serve as a soldier, assassin and tank. To gain the advantage, arilia can output tons of damage, and the mixed damage of magic and physics makes the opposite hero very difficult to deal with[ 1]
Chinese name
arilia
foreign name
Ireland
alias
Dao Mei, female blade, blade will
nationality
Ionia
occupation
Ionia guard captain
Title
blade will
hero price
6300 gold coins / 4000 point coupon
hero positioning
assassin Soldiers
works on stage
League of heroes
bbing
Li Minyan
physical attack
7
magic attack
5
defense ability
4
difficulty of starting
5
arilia is a very strong regimental hero, who can serve as a soldier, assassin and tank. To gain the advantage, arilia can output tons of damage, and the mixed damage of magic and physics makes the opposite hero very difficult to deal with[ 1]
Chinese name
arilia
foreign name
Ireland
alias
Dao Mei, female blade, blade will
nationality
Ionia
occupation
Ionia guard captain
Title
blade will
hero price
6300 gold coins / 4000 point coupon
hero positioning
assassin Soldiers
works on stage
League of heroes
bbing
Li Minyan
physical attack
7
magic attack
5
defense ability
4
difficulty of starting
5
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