Talk about your understanding of virtual currency
Publish: 2021-05-19 20:19:07
1. digital currency has a wide range of transactions, virtual currency is small, knowledge is limited, language expression ability is general, but we have tried our best to answer, hope the answer can help you!
2. Learning experience of attending the counselor training class of Ministry of ecation
Wang
garrison
2009
year
4
month
19
day -
4
month
30
day, I had the honor to participate in the second post training class of College Counselors in Jilin Province,
sincerely thank the school for creating conditions for me,
provides me with the opportunity to learn from senior leaders and experts in this field, and creates a platform for me and other college counselors to communicate with each other<
this training course is the only one with the highest level of experts, the longest learning time, the most complete learning
content and the most activities I have participated in since I came to China.
it has benefited me a lot< The experts of the training course are Xu Yanguo, director of the ideological and Political Work Department of the Ministry of ecation,
Weng, Deputy Secretary General of Shanghai municipal government,
tie Hui,
professor of China Youth College of political science,
doctoral supervisor,
Lu Shizhen, President of the Youth Development Research Institute of China Youth College of political science,
director of China Mental Health Association, and
fan Fumin, chairman of College Students' psychological counseling professional committee,
Qing Dynasty,
professor and doctoral supervisor of China University,
Bing Zheng, professor and doctoral supervisor of Jilin Academy of Social Sciences,
Secretary General of China Ethics Society,
director of ethics and morality research center of Renmin University of China,
professor of Renmin University of China,
Wu Qiantao, professor and doctoral supervisor of Jilin University Gao Wenxin, doctoral supervisor and assistant to the president, Zhang Yanyan, deputy secretary of the Party committee of Peking University, and other senior leaders and ecation experts on the ideological and political ecation front< The contents of the study include the leaders of the general headquarters of Ideological and political work of our students explaining to us the role orientation of today's counselors, the national policy for counselors, the growth and outlet of today's counselors, etc; There are senior experts from the ecational front of colleges and universities to teach us the characteristics of contemporary youth and the methods of mental health ecation< There are some current
famous leaders of student affairs in Colleges and universities who teach us the ideological and political work in typical colleges and universities
there is an introction about the student work of the key universities of the Ministry of ecation
there is an outstanding representative of counselors working in the front line like us, the national excellent assistant director Li Qin
the training course enables us to receive all-round training in all aspects< During the training period,
we also participated in two forums and two visits to Northeast Normal University, which enhanced our communication and knowledge< Through the training, I have the following experiences, which are reported as follows:
first, I fully realized the importance of counselors' work, understood the relevant background and policies of the state in the ideological and political work in Colleges and universities, and was encouraged
Xu Yanguo, director of the ideological and Political Work Department of the Ministry of ecation, pointed out in the training, The team of counselors is the personal guard of the party and the state, and the task of counselors is to train qualified socialist builders and reliable successors<
"it's easy to get a good teacher,
it's hard to get a good teacher"
,
this sentence puts the role of counselors in the work of ecating people in a lofty position,
as a counselor, we should not only teach students to survive,
but also teach students to be human beings,
it's extremely noble to be a tutor and good teacher< As a teacher who has direct contact with students' study and life,
counselors' speech and behavior not only affect the formation of students' Outlook on life,
world outlook,
values,
but also affect the growth of students< Therefore,
college counselors must fully understand their responsibilities,
further enhance their sense of honor,
sense of responsibility and historical mission,
take on the sacred mission of cultivating excellent talents for the party and the country,
promoting the prosperity and development of the motherland< At the same time, director Xu pointed out that in order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Further Strengthening and improving the ideological and political ecation of college students and effectively strengthen the construction of college counselors,
the Ministry of ecation formulated the
regulations on the construction of college counselors on May 20, 2006, which put forward the orientation of college counselors. College counselors are both teachers and administrators, organizers, implementers and instructors of students' daily ideological and political ecation,
they are intimate friends and life mentors for the healthy growth of college students< According to the regulations, counselors should account for a certain proportion in the evaluation and employment of university teachers, the evaluation criteria should be independent, the evaluation criteria should be in line with the actual work of counselors, and the achievement identification should be flexible< Director Xu pointed out that in the future, the Ministry of ecation should organize regular training for counselors in combination with the improvement of their comprehensive quality, and organize the selection of national excellent counselors, so as to create a good platform and environment for the growth of counselors< In combination with the Ministry of ecation '
24
orders, director Xu showed us the importance, background and future development of counselors' work.
the Ministry of ecation's training for college counselors and the training for college counselors in the whole province organized by the research base fully illustrated the importance that the state and higher ecation departments attach to the work of counselors and students,
feel much more drum
dance, more energetic< Second, we should fully realize that we should improve our ability and quality to adapt to the student work in the new period. How to meet these new expectations and requirements and solve the problems existing in the current
student work is a problem that must be faced up to and urgently needed to be solved in order to do a good job of College Counselors in the new period< Through the explanation and teaching of relevant leaders and experts in the training process,
I deeply realize that the counselors in the new period are not the former nanny counselors,
fire brigade counselors and management counselors<
contemporary counselors should understand the importance of their work,
deeply understand and master the knowledge of mental health,
be familiar with the characteristics of the working group,
implement the party's major policies into the student work,
be an expert counselor,
only in this way can
have the ecational effect on students. After listening to the reports of experts, I deeply realize that
I have many shortcomings in student work
these deficiencies include,
insufficient cognition of students,
insufficient level and structure of self-knowledge,
insufficient ability to solve students' psychological problems,
insufficient ability to keep pace with the times and do a good job in students' work,
insufficient theoretical literacy. In the future work, we must face up to these shortcomings,
be determined, planned and step-by-step to supplement and improve, make up for the deficiencies, improve their ability and quality,
strive to be a qualified college counselor,
adapt to the needs of the post,
meet the new requirements and expectations of the majority of students in the new period and new stage
three, fully aware of the advanced nature of the instructor's model, and realize that there is a big gap between
training course. We invite the national excellent counsellor and the national excellent student Huang Lai daughter's counsellor
ring the training, experts have repeatedly mentioned the last national excellent counselors
Fudan University "forgive me", and I was deeply impressed by the touching deeds of the two excellent counselors<
1
, to be a conscientious person
"words of inclusion" is the epitome of the work of an ordinary college counselor, her behavior is very ordinary,
very ordinary,
it can be said that as long as a counselor who has been with students for four years, she will experience the trivial work of inclusion,
as long as she has a little sympathy and a little sense of responsibility
responsible teachers will sincerely pay for the students,
every senior
school counselor has a certain writing ability at the same time,
but why is there only one
inclusive heart language
only one inclusion? It shows that we are not living with our heart,
working with our heart
of course,
we can say that there are too many
trivial tasks that make us have no time,
especially when there are large-scale activities or important periods,
we don't even have time to sleep,
but we can't do it every day, every week, every month,
including diary,
I believe she doesn't have so much time to write diary,
what she wrote was weekly notes
this shows that inclusion is a person who has a heart of
and a heart of
life, he will certainly have a heart of work,
in order to serve the students well in his work,
lead the way<
2
, be a person without regret and selfless dedication
Li Qin put forward his theory of paratroopers in his report: if a person asks a paratrooper, you may be surrounded and arrested by the enemy as soon as you fly,
aren't you afraid? The paratrooper replied:
we paratroopers were born surrounded
- we want to be people who have no regrets,
we want to be people who give selflessly
I think it's very vivid and appropriate for counselors to
talk,
we should agree< The story of Li Qin and his classmates helping Huang Lainu and his father selflessly in his report has infected everyone,
this kind of help has surpassed the level of teachers and students,
and even the level of relatives, which shows that he has fully understood and applied the theory of paratroopers to his work practice.
Wang
garrison
2009
year
4
month
19
day -
4
month
30
day, I had the honor to participate in the second post training class of College Counselors in Jilin Province,
sincerely thank the school for creating conditions for me,
provides me with the opportunity to learn from senior leaders and experts in this field, and creates a platform for me and other college counselors to communicate with each other<
this training course is the only one with the highest level of experts, the longest learning time, the most complete learning
content and the most activities I have participated in since I came to China.
it has benefited me a lot< The experts of the training course are Xu Yanguo, director of the ideological and Political Work Department of the Ministry of ecation,
Weng, Deputy Secretary General of Shanghai municipal government,
tie Hui,
professor of China Youth College of political science,
doctoral supervisor,
Lu Shizhen, President of the Youth Development Research Institute of China Youth College of political science,
director of China Mental Health Association, and
fan Fumin, chairman of College Students' psychological counseling professional committee,
Qing Dynasty,
professor and doctoral supervisor of China University,
Bing Zheng, professor and doctoral supervisor of Jilin Academy of Social Sciences,
Secretary General of China Ethics Society,
director of ethics and morality research center of Renmin University of China,
professor of Renmin University of China,
Wu Qiantao, professor and doctoral supervisor of Jilin University Gao Wenxin, doctoral supervisor and assistant to the president, Zhang Yanyan, deputy secretary of the Party committee of Peking University, and other senior leaders and ecation experts on the ideological and political ecation front< The contents of the study include the leaders of the general headquarters of Ideological and political work of our students explaining to us the role orientation of today's counselors, the national policy for counselors, the growth and outlet of today's counselors, etc; There are senior experts from the ecational front of colleges and universities to teach us the characteristics of contemporary youth and the methods of mental health ecation< There are some current
famous leaders of student affairs in Colleges and universities who teach us the ideological and political work in typical colleges and universities
there is an introction about the student work of the key universities of the Ministry of ecation
there is an outstanding representative of counselors working in the front line like us, the national excellent assistant director Li Qin
the training course enables us to receive all-round training in all aspects< During the training period,
we also participated in two forums and two visits to Northeast Normal University, which enhanced our communication and knowledge< Through the training, I have the following experiences, which are reported as follows:
first, I fully realized the importance of counselors' work, understood the relevant background and policies of the state in the ideological and political work in Colleges and universities, and was encouraged
Xu Yanguo, director of the ideological and Political Work Department of the Ministry of ecation, pointed out in the training, The team of counselors is the personal guard of the party and the state, and the task of counselors is to train qualified socialist builders and reliable successors<
"it's easy to get a good teacher,
it's hard to get a good teacher"
,
this sentence puts the role of counselors in the work of ecating people in a lofty position,
as a counselor, we should not only teach students to survive,
but also teach students to be human beings,
it's extremely noble to be a tutor and good teacher< As a teacher who has direct contact with students' study and life,
counselors' speech and behavior not only affect the formation of students' Outlook on life,
world outlook,
values,
but also affect the growth of students< Therefore,
college counselors must fully understand their responsibilities,
further enhance their sense of honor,
sense of responsibility and historical mission,
take on the sacred mission of cultivating excellent talents for the party and the country,
promoting the prosperity and development of the motherland< At the same time, director Xu pointed out that in order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Further Strengthening and improving the ideological and political ecation of college students and effectively strengthen the construction of college counselors,
the Ministry of ecation formulated the
regulations on the construction of college counselors on May 20, 2006, which put forward the orientation of college counselors. College counselors are both teachers and administrators, organizers, implementers and instructors of students' daily ideological and political ecation,
they are intimate friends and life mentors for the healthy growth of college students< According to the regulations, counselors should account for a certain proportion in the evaluation and employment of university teachers, the evaluation criteria should be independent, the evaluation criteria should be in line with the actual work of counselors, and the achievement identification should be flexible< Director Xu pointed out that in the future, the Ministry of ecation should organize regular training for counselors in combination with the improvement of their comprehensive quality, and organize the selection of national excellent counselors, so as to create a good platform and environment for the growth of counselors< In combination with the Ministry of ecation '
24
orders, director Xu showed us the importance, background and future development of counselors' work.
the Ministry of ecation's training for college counselors and the training for college counselors in the whole province organized by the research base fully illustrated the importance that the state and higher ecation departments attach to the work of counselors and students,
feel much more drum
dance, more energetic< Second, we should fully realize that we should improve our ability and quality to adapt to the student work in the new period. How to meet these new expectations and requirements and solve the problems existing in the current
student work is a problem that must be faced up to and urgently needed to be solved in order to do a good job of College Counselors in the new period< Through the explanation and teaching of relevant leaders and experts in the training process,
I deeply realize that the counselors in the new period are not the former nanny counselors,
fire brigade counselors and management counselors<
contemporary counselors should understand the importance of their work,
deeply understand and master the knowledge of mental health,
be familiar with the characteristics of the working group,
implement the party's major policies into the student work,
be an expert counselor,
only in this way can
have the ecational effect on students. After listening to the reports of experts, I deeply realize that
I have many shortcomings in student work
these deficiencies include,
insufficient cognition of students,
insufficient level and structure of self-knowledge,
insufficient ability to solve students' psychological problems,
insufficient ability to keep pace with the times and do a good job in students' work,
insufficient theoretical literacy. In the future work, we must face up to these shortcomings,
be determined, planned and step-by-step to supplement and improve, make up for the deficiencies, improve their ability and quality,
strive to be a qualified college counselor,
adapt to the needs of the post,
meet the new requirements and expectations of the majority of students in the new period and new stage
three, fully aware of the advanced nature of the instructor's model, and realize that there is a big gap between
training course. We invite the national excellent counsellor and the national excellent student Huang Lai daughter's counsellor
ring the training, experts have repeatedly mentioned the last national excellent counselors
Fudan University "forgive me", and I was deeply impressed by the touching deeds of the two excellent counselors<
1
, to be a conscientious person
"words of inclusion" is the epitome of the work of an ordinary college counselor, her behavior is very ordinary,
very ordinary,
it can be said that as long as a counselor who has been with students for four years, she will experience the trivial work of inclusion,
as long as she has a little sympathy and a little sense of responsibility
responsible teachers will sincerely pay for the students,
every senior
school counselor has a certain writing ability at the same time,
but why is there only one
inclusive heart language
only one inclusion? It shows that we are not living with our heart,
working with our heart
of course,
we can say that there are too many
trivial tasks that make us have no time,
especially when there are large-scale activities or important periods,
we don't even have time to sleep,
but we can't do it every day, every week, every month,
including diary,
I believe she doesn't have so much time to write diary,
what she wrote was weekly notes
this shows that inclusion is a person who has a heart of
and a heart of
life, he will certainly have a heart of work,
in order to serve the students well in his work,
lead the way<
2
, be a person without regret and selfless dedication
Li Qin put forward his theory of paratroopers in his report: if a person asks a paratrooper, you may be surrounded and arrested by the enemy as soon as you fly,
aren't you afraid? The paratrooper replied:
we paratroopers were born surrounded
- we want to be people who have no regrets,
we want to be people who give selflessly
I think it's very vivid and appropriate for counselors to
talk,
we should agree< The story of Li Qin and his classmates helping Huang Lainu and his father selflessly in his report has infected everyone,
this kind of help has surpassed the level of teachers and students,
and even the level of relatives, which shows that he has fully understood and applied the theory of paratroopers to his work practice.
3. Zhou Xiaochuan believes that bitcoin's blockchain technology has great potential. Zhou Xiaochuan compares bitcoin to a tradable asset like a stamp. Bitcoin is not issued by the central bank, which has no right to ban it. The central bank also plans to launch digital currency, which defines bitcoin as a special Internet commodity that people can buy and sell freely at their own risk
other well-known digital currencies include Leyte, Ruitai, doggy and so on.
other well-known digital currencies include Leyte, Ruitai, doggy and so on.
4. Digital currency is the need of future development. From animal tooth and shell currency to metal currency and paper currency, human beings have all developed for the development of Commerce and trade. It is not the proct of political groups. It is the proct of social and economic development. The right to issue currency is snatched from the people by political groups, which is forcibly snatched for the benefit of some economic and political groups Not all currencies are issued by the government: for example, the Hong Kong dollar, the euro and other digital currencies issued for banks and political groups are the proct of shearing and manipulation by interest groups like the United States. It is also the necessity of printing and issuing trade currency if you want to. It is the proct of social economic science and technology, so it is the necessity of development. I think digital currency is the medium of trade exchange in the future. Share source video.
5. Views on virtual currency
from q-coin and counting roll used to buy props to bitcoin which can be exchanged with us dollar and euro today. It shows that the utilization rate and universality of virtual currency are graally increasing. I think this kind of virtual currency has both advantages and disadvantages. Virtual currency makes up for the deficiency of currency, but it will not replace the real currency
1. Security of virtual currency. The day before yesterday, a bitcoin trading platform headquartered in Japan was favored by many people. However, e to the loss of 750000 bitcoins from customers and 100000 bitcoins of its own, the company had to file for bankruptcy protection. This fully shows that the security of virtual currency is difficult to guarantee
2. The use of money cannot be regulated. The problem is that there is no manager similar to the central bank. Due to the strong anonymity, it is easy to be used for illegal transactions such as speculation and drugs, as well as money laundering. Without the network of financial institutions, it is difficult to grasp their liquidity, which will bring difficulties to taxation
although it has many uncertainties, virtual currency is very effective and reliable to a certain extent
1. The possibility of inflation of virtual currency is small, and it is not affected by policy. Avoiding the influence of the central government on finance, virtual currency can prove the stability of its value because of its limited circulation. It will not raise prices and lower the value of money because of the increase of money supply
2. Strong circulation. People can use bitcoin to trade anywhere in the world where there are networks and computers, which is very convenient
it not only saves time, but also saves a lot of transaction costs
after comparison, I think that the virtual currency will be saturated and will not pose a threat to the real currency. On the one hand, in the backward regions and countries, they rely more on currency, resulting in a gap with the developed regions. On the other hand, with the development of network technology, the security of virtual currency will be more and more difficult to determine. It is also very difficult for people to use a lot of money in the form of virtual currency in huge investment. Especially in a country with traditional culture such as China, people are more confident that they will hand over their property to the financial instry such as banks, rather than in the online world like flowers in the mirror< There is no comparability between bitcoin and stock. Stock is people's profit expectation for a company. For example, a company constantly proces new procts to increase its wealth. People can obtain wealth growth with the company by holding shares of the company. And the stock is an investment proct, without monetary attribute, it is impossible to say how much ICBC stock an iPad is worth. On the contrary, like bitcoin, the stock can be converted into legal currency through the exchange to purchase the iPad. Similarly, in the so-called companies that accept bitcoin payment, all of them are marked with legal currency. They accept bitcoin through a third-party company, and finally receive legal currency from a third-party company
therefore, stock is people's expectation for the future development of a company, and it is an investment proct. There is no comparison with bitcoin, which clamors to become a currency
2. The existence of money lies in circulation and pricing. A thing that has been reced to a speculative tool since its existence, expecting appreciation and redistributing wealth can not become money
3. As cndx God said, bitcoin will have 2.0 in the future, which will be seamlessly connected with 1.0. That's funny. Why should the inventor of 2.0 connect with 1.0? Just as bitcoin does not connect with RMB, it is another opportunity for wealth redistribution
4. The existence of virtual currency can only meet the money laundering needs of a small number of people, so there is a market. For example, if someone wants to launder US $1 million recently, the ratio of bitcoin to legal currency will change, which is also in line with the market rules. Of course, money laundering is risky. If you buy one million dollars of bitcoin, you will hold it forever without losing any money
5. My legal currency is in the bank. If I lose it, I can still get it back with my ID card. Is my bitcoin password gone? Who should I go to
6. The currency expected by cndx will not be lost. At most, it will play in a certain circle just like Q currency
7. This thing is the proct of anarchism. If you want to embody value, you can only do it without government. The distribution of wealth depends on power and blood. For example, if you hold 10000 bitcoins, ZF says not to use them, and you say I'll use them. Bang, you're dead. Oh, bitcoin has appreciated again, because the total amount is less than 10000.
from q-coin and counting roll used to buy props to bitcoin which can be exchanged with us dollar and euro today. It shows that the utilization rate and universality of virtual currency are graally increasing. I think this kind of virtual currency has both advantages and disadvantages. Virtual currency makes up for the deficiency of currency, but it will not replace the real currency
1. Security of virtual currency. The day before yesterday, a bitcoin trading platform headquartered in Japan was favored by many people. However, e to the loss of 750000 bitcoins from customers and 100000 bitcoins of its own, the company had to file for bankruptcy protection. This fully shows that the security of virtual currency is difficult to guarantee
2. The use of money cannot be regulated. The problem is that there is no manager similar to the central bank. Due to the strong anonymity, it is easy to be used for illegal transactions such as speculation and drugs, as well as money laundering. Without the network of financial institutions, it is difficult to grasp their liquidity, which will bring difficulties to taxation
although it has many uncertainties, virtual currency is very effective and reliable to a certain extent
1. The possibility of inflation of virtual currency is small, and it is not affected by policy. Avoiding the influence of the central government on finance, virtual currency can prove the stability of its value because of its limited circulation. It will not raise prices and lower the value of money because of the increase of money supply
2. Strong circulation. People can use bitcoin to trade anywhere in the world where there are networks and computers, which is very convenient
it not only saves time, but also saves a lot of transaction costs
after comparison, I think that the virtual currency will be saturated and will not pose a threat to the real currency. On the one hand, in the backward regions and countries, they rely more on currency, resulting in a gap with the developed regions. On the other hand, with the development of network technology, the security of virtual currency will be more and more difficult to determine. It is also very difficult for people to use a lot of money in the form of virtual currency in huge investment. Especially in a country with traditional culture such as China, people are more confident that they will hand over their property to the financial instry such as banks, rather than in the online world like flowers in the mirror< There is no comparability between bitcoin and stock. Stock is people's profit expectation for a company. For example, a company constantly proces new procts to increase its wealth. People can obtain wealth growth with the company by holding shares of the company. And the stock is an investment proct, without monetary attribute, it is impossible to say how much ICBC stock an iPad is worth. On the contrary, like bitcoin, the stock can be converted into legal currency through the exchange to purchase the iPad. Similarly, in the so-called companies that accept bitcoin payment, all of them are marked with legal currency. They accept bitcoin through a third-party company, and finally receive legal currency from a third-party company
therefore, stock is people's expectation for the future development of a company, and it is an investment proct. There is no comparison with bitcoin, which clamors to become a currency
2. The existence of money lies in circulation and pricing. A thing that has been reced to a speculative tool since its existence, expecting appreciation and redistributing wealth can not become money
3. As cndx God said, bitcoin will have 2.0 in the future, which will be seamlessly connected with 1.0. That's funny. Why should the inventor of 2.0 connect with 1.0? Just as bitcoin does not connect with RMB, it is another opportunity for wealth redistribution
4. The existence of virtual currency can only meet the money laundering needs of a small number of people, so there is a market. For example, if someone wants to launder US $1 million recently, the ratio of bitcoin to legal currency will change, which is also in line with the market rules. Of course, money laundering is risky. If you buy one million dollars of bitcoin, you will hold it forever without losing any money
5. My legal currency is in the bank. If I lose it, I can still get it back with my ID card. Is my bitcoin password gone? Who should I go to
6. The currency expected by cndx will not be lost. At most, it will play in a certain circle just like Q currency
7. This thing is the proct of anarchism. If you want to embody value, you can only do it without government. The distribution of wealth depends on power and blood. For example, if you hold 10000 bitcoins, ZF says not to use them, and you say I'll use them. Bang, you're dead. Oh, bitcoin has appreciated again, because the total amount is less than 10000.
6. Electronic money refers to the exchange of a certain amount of cash or deposit from the issuer and obtaining the data representing the same amount. By using some electronic methods, the data can be directly transferred to the payment object, so as to pay off the debt
features:
(1) based on computer technology, it can store, pay and circulate
(2) it can be widely used in the fields of proction, exchange, distribution and consumption
(3) integrating savings, credit and non cash settlement
(4) e-money is easy to use, safe, fast and reliable
(5) at present, the use of e-money usually uses bank cards (magnetic cards, smart cards) as the media
(1) the nature of e-money
there is still controversy in the academic circles about whether e-money constitutes money. Some legal scholars think that it is unrealistic to entrust the legal experts with the task of proving whether electronic currency constitutes a new type of currency on the premise that the concept of currency has not been finalized in the economic circle. It is generally believed that whether electronic money is a kind of money should be dealt with on a case by case basis. For the primary electronic currency of credit card and stored value card, it can only be regarded as an electronic tool to query and transfer bank deposits or an electronic tool to pay for the existing currency, and can not really constitute a kind of currency. However, in order to truly become a kind of currency in circulation, cash simulation electronic currency should also meet the following conditions:
(1) it is widely accepted as a measure of value and an exchange intermediary, rather than just as a commodity
(2) it must be the ultimate means to pay off the debt that does not depend on the credit of the bank or the issuing institution, and the party receiving the payment does not need to retain the right of recourse
(3) free circulation and complete convertibility
(4) it can be a means of preserving value without collection, liquidation and settlement 5) The payment is completely unspecific and anonymous
to study the above-mentioned Mondex card and e-cash, first of all, their value is based on the existing cash and deposit, which is the proct of the issuer's electronic value of the existing currency. Holding electronic currency only means that the holder has the right to exchange the value of cash or deposit with the issuer; Secondly, according to the principle of legal currency, if e-money really becomes a kind of currency, it needs to be explicitly approved by a country's legislation. Therefore, electronic currency can be regarded as a secondary currency based on the existing currency, and it can not be regarded as a kind of currency completely independently
e-money is a kind of information currency
in the final analysis, e-money is just conceptual monetary information, which is actually a special information composed of a group of data including the user's identity, password, amount, scope of use, etc., so it can also be called digital currency. When people use e-money transactions, they actually exchange the relevant information. After the information is transmitted to the merchants who set up this kind of business, the settlement between the two sides of the transaction is more economical, more convenient and faster than the way of the real banking system
e-money is a quasi currency that can be paid.
whether e-money can be called currency depends on whether e-money can independently perform the function of currency. At present, electronic currency can play the role of payment and settlement, but it is only a quasi currency that may perform monetary functions. First of all, e-money lacks the price standard of money, so it can't measure and express the value and price of goods alone, and it can't have the means of value preservation. Instead, it can only rely on the function of value measurement and value storage of real money; Secondly, because electronic money is based on certain electronic devices - smart cards and computers, its circulation and use must have certain technical facilities and software support. Therefore, we can not really carry out the function of circulation means; Finally, although the most basic function of e-money is to implement the means of payment, most of the existing e-money can not be used for direct payment between indivials. Moreover, when paying to a special merchant, the merchant has to collect the real money from the bank or credit card company that issued the e-money before the payment is recovered, E-money can not perform the function of payment means independently. It can be seen that the current electronic currency is a new currency form or payment method based on the existing currency
(2) there is no unified solution to the issue of the main body of electronic currency in various countries, but it depends on the specific national conditions. The United States and Europe hold different positions on the issue of institutions issuing e-money: the Federal Reserve of the United States holds that non bank institutions should be allowed to issue e-money, because non banks must develop safe procts because of the high cost of developing and marketing e-money. The United States does not think that non banking institutions will pose a threat to banks, because they think that banks have a good reputation, so consumers tend to trust the e-money issued by major local banks rather than the e-money issued by a newly established non banking institution. The working group of the European Monetary Authority (EMU) considers that only the credit institutions supervised by the competent authorities can issue electronic money. For example, the European Monetary Fund (EMI) published the report on prepaid cards in May 1994, which was submitted by the European settlement system business department. It pointed out that the funds collected by e-wallet issuers should be regarded as bank deposits. In principle, only financial institutions are allowed to issue e-wallets. In the amendment to the "credit system law", Germany, a member of the European Union, stipulates that all electronic currency can only be issued by banks. In China, as for credit cards, the "measures for the administration of credit card business" implemented on April 1, 1996 stipulates that the issuers of credit cards are limited to commercial banks, and there is no legal provision for other types of electronic currency other than credit cards. As far as China's current situation and national conditions are concerned, it is more feasible for the main body of issuing e-money to be the people's Bank of China or the financial institutions entrusted by the people's Bank of China. The reasons are as follows: first, it helps the government to monitor e-money, adjust its monetary policy in time according to the development of e-money research and practice, and ensure the reliability of the payment system. Second, because the e-money issued by the central bank is more reliable in terms of credibility and final cashability, it is easier for consumers to accept and actively participate in, thus promoting the popularization and development of e-money< Third, the security of e-money, because only in the presence of high-tech infrastructure, can e-money be used in e-commerce in an efficient and effective way. Some people think that if we want to make e-money "negotiable" in the future and "make people trust its security", then this security technology should be regulated by the government. Otherwise, if there is no certain regulatory standard, where is the credit of e-money? How can it circulate? However, the question here is how to grasp the scale of government supervision? Just as there is a dispute about technology neutrality and technology specialization in electronic signature technology, the over regulation of the government will hinder the development of technology, which is fatal to the rapid development of e-commerce. However, if it is not regulated, the credit of e-money will be difficult to establish. Therefore, it is very important to grasp the scale of government regulation
(4) for the liquidity of electronic currency, if the electronic currency is encrypted, it is in fact the same as being registered. If you want to be anonymous, you can't even add the password. The problem is that if anonymous e-money is used, some criminal activities, such as money laundering, drug trafficking, terrorist activities, arms trading, will be rampant, and law enforcement agencies will not be able to find out the source or destination of these e-money in the network. In this case, there will be no way to protect users. There is no doubt that e-money has no borders and can be transferred instantaneously, which will cause a blind spot in public security. The law should weigh the two and make a balance between them
(5) protection of consumers' rights and interests in e-money transactions, a large amount of settlement information will be accumulated and stored in the settlement service providers. Different types of electronic money and Settlement Types involve different personal information, and the privacy degree and scope of the personal information are also different. Customers may not be able to understand the large amount of personal information accumulated by settlement service providers, resulting in insecurity. Therefore, the settlement provider should disclose the scope and privacy of the personal information stored and accumulated by it to the customer, and ensure that the accumulation and use of the information is only for the purpose of ensuring the security of the transaction.
features:
(1) based on computer technology, it can store, pay and circulate
(2) it can be widely used in the fields of proction, exchange, distribution and consumption
(3) integrating savings, credit and non cash settlement
(4) e-money is easy to use, safe, fast and reliable
(5) at present, the use of e-money usually uses bank cards (magnetic cards, smart cards) as the media
(1) the nature of e-money
there is still controversy in the academic circles about whether e-money constitutes money. Some legal scholars think that it is unrealistic to entrust the legal experts with the task of proving whether electronic currency constitutes a new type of currency on the premise that the concept of currency has not been finalized in the economic circle. It is generally believed that whether electronic money is a kind of money should be dealt with on a case by case basis. For the primary electronic currency of credit card and stored value card, it can only be regarded as an electronic tool to query and transfer bank deposits or an electronic tool to pay for the existing currency, and can not really constitute a kind of currency. However, in order to truly become a kind of currency in circulation, cash simulation electronic currency should also meet the following conditions:
(1) it is widely accepted as a measure of value and an exchange intermediary, rather than just as a commodity
(2) it must be the ultimate means to pay off the debt that does not depend on the credit of the bank or the issuing institution, and the party receiving the payment does not need to retain the right of recourse
(3) free circulation and complete convertibility
(4) it can be a means of preserving value without collection, liquidation and settlement 5) The payment is completely unspecific and anonymous
to study the above-mentioned Mondex card and e-cash, first of all, their value is based on the existing cash and deposit, which is the proct of the issuer's electronic value of the existing currency. Holding electronic currency only means that the holder has the right to exchange the value of cash or deposit with the issuer; Secondly, according to the principle of legal currency, if e-money really becomes a kind of currency, it needs to be explicitly approved by a country's legislation. Therefore, electronic currency can be regarded as a secondary currency based on the existing currency, and it can not be regarded as a kind of currency completely independently
e-money is a kind of information currency
in the final analysis, e-money is just conceptual monetary information, which is actually a special information composed of a group of data including the user's identity, password, amount, scope of use, etc., so it can also be called digital currency. When people use e-money transactions, they actually exchange the relevant information. After the information is transmitted to the merchants who set up this kind of business, the settlement between the two sides of the transaction is more economical, more convenient and faster than the way of the real banking system
e-money is a quasi currency that can be paid.
whether e-money can be called currency depends on whether e-money can independently perform the function of currency. At present, electronic currency can play the role of payment and settlement, but it is only a quasi currency that may perform monetary functions. First of all, e-money lacks the price standard of money, so it can't measure and express the value and price of goods alone, and it can't have the means of value preservation. Instead, it can only rely on the function of value measurement and value storage of real money; Secondly, because electronic money is based on certain electronic devices - smart cards and computers, its circulation and use must have certain technical facilities and software support. Therefore, we can not really carry out the function of circulation means; Finally, although the most basic function of e-money is to implement the means of payment, most of the existing e-money can not be used for direct payment between indivials. Moreover, when paying to a special merchant, the merchant has to collect the real money from the bank or credit card company that issued the e-money before the payment is recovered, E-money can not perform the function of payment means independently. It can be seen that the current electronic currency is a new currency form or payment method based on the existing currency
(2) there is no unified solution to the issue of the main body of electronic currency in various countries, but it depends on the specific national conditions. The United States and Europe hold different positions on the issue of institutions issuing e-money: the Federal Reserve of the United States holds that non bank institutions should be allowed to issue e-money, because non banks must develop safe procts because of the high cost of developing and marketing e-money. The United States does not think that non banking institutions will pose a threat to banks, because they think that banks have a good reputation, so consumers tend to trust the e-money issued by major local banks rather than the e-money issued by a newly established non banking institution. The working group of the European Monetary Authority (EMU) considers that only the credit institutions supervised by the competent authorities can issue electronic money. For example, the European Monetary Fund (EMI) published the report on prepaid cards in May 1994, which was submitted by the European settlement system business department. It pointed out that the funds collected by e-wallet issuers should be regarded as bank deposits. In principle, only financial institutions are allowed to issue e-wallets. In the amendment to the "credit system law", Germany, a member of the European Union, stipulates that all electronic currency can only be issued by banks. In China, as for credit cards, the "measures for the administration of credit card business" implemented on April 1, 1996 stipulates that the issuers of credit cards are limited to commercial banks, and there is no legal provision for other types of electronic currency other than credit cards. As far as China's current situation and national conditions are concerned, it is more feasible for the main body of issuing e-money to be the people's Bank of China or the financial institutions entrusted by the people's Bank of China. The reasons are as follows: first, it helps the government to monitor e-money, adjust its monetary policy in time according to the development of e-money research and practice, and ensure the reliability of the payment system. Second, because the e-money issued by the central bank is more reliable in terms of credibility and final cashability, it is easier for consumers to accept and actively participate in, thus promoting the popularization and development of e-money< Third, the security of e-money, because only in the presence of high-tech infrastructure, can e-money be used in e-commerce in an efficient and effective way. Some people think that if we want to make e-money "negotiable" in the future and "make people trust its security", then this security technology should be regulated by the government. Otherwise, if there is no certain regulatory standard, where is the credit of e-money? How can it circulate? However, the question here is how to grasp the scale of government supervision? Just as there is a dispute about technology neutrality and technology specialization in electronic signature technology, the over regulation of the government will hinder the development of technology, which is fatal to the rapid development of e-commerce. However, if it is not regulated, the credit of e-money will be difficult to establish. Therefore, it is very important to grasp the scale of government regulation
(4) for the liquidity of electronic currency, if the electronic currency is encrypted, it is in fact the same as being registered. If you want to be anonymous, you can't even add the password. The problem is that if anonymous e-money is used, some criminal activities, such as money laundering, drug trafficking, terrorist activities, arms trading, will be rampant, and law enforcement agencies will not be able to find out the source or destination of these e-money in the network. In this case, there will be no way to protect users. There is no doubt that e-money has no borders and can be transferred instantaneously, which will cause a blind spot in public security. The law should weigh the two and make a balance between them
(5) protection of consumers' rights and interests in e-money transactions, a large amount of settlement information will be accumulated and stored in the settlement service providers. Different types of electronic money and Settlement Types involve different personal information, and the privacy degree and scope of the personal information are also different. Customers may not be able to understand the large amount of personal information accumulated by settlement service providers, resulting in insecurity. Therefore, the settlement provider should disclose the scope and privacy of the personal information stored and accumulated by it to the customer, and ensure that the accumulation and use of the information is only for the purpose of ensuring the security of the transaction.
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