Virtual currency of Malaysia
1、 The main reason of demand pull is the rapid growth of money supply in China, and the reason of the rapid growth of money supply is the excessive inflow of foreign exchange. In recent years, the inflow of foreign exchange has become the only way for the Central Bank of China to put in the base money
The inflow of foreign exchange leads to the rapid growth of money supply in China. Although the central bank has adopted the policy of issuing a large number of central bank bills to recover the base money, it is still unable to get rid of the situation of excess liquidity. As a result, price increases are inevitable The reason is that there is serious overcapacity in China“ "Overcapacity" is from the perspective of supply, and from the perspective of demand, it is the so-called "insufficient effective demand", which means the same thing2, cost driven
the rise of proction cost is another reason for China's current inflation. First, wage costs are rising. China's local governments have raised the minimum wage standards and other factors have also led to rising wage costs
Secondly, with the development of China's economy and the expansion of its economic scale, China's demand for raw materials, energy and other natural resources has also increased significantly, and China's dependence on foreign resources has also increased rapidly. This leads to the rise of resource prices, but also increases the proction costs of enterprises Thirdly, with the graal recognition of energy conservation and emission rection in the world and the resource pressure faced by China's economy, the Chinese government is paying more and more attention to energy conservation and emission rection, and the corresponding requirements and standards are also getting higher and higher. In order to meet this requirement, enterprises have to increase human and material resources, which objectively further increases the proction costs of enterprises Fourthly, with the improvement of residents' income and living standards, Chinese residents pay more and more attention to the quality of life, so the requirements of environmental protection, proction safety, food safety and living comfort are also higher and higher, and to meet these requirements also needs to increase investment, which objectively makes the proction cost rise and increases the pressure of rising prices There are two ways of demand tightening, one is fiscal demand tightening, the other is monetary demand tightening. Under the framework of demand tightening, the internal fiscal policy and monetary policy of demand management can also be loosely combined, which is no different from the current macroeconomic policy system2. Supply expansion
expansionary supply management policy is the best strategy to deal with cost driven inflation, namely "stagflation"< First of all, tax rection policy. Recing corporate taxes, such as corporate income tax and corporate value-added tax, will help to improve the actual profit margin and stimulate supply
in recent years, China's tax growth rate has been higher than GDP growth rate, which means that resources are rapidly accumulating to the government, and the proportion of government tax in GDP continues to rise. Tax cuts for enterprises help to curb this trend, but also offset the burden of rising costs on enterprises and increase the total supply< Secondly, accelerate the appreciation of RMB. At present, China is more and more dependent on external energy and raw materials. The appreciation of RMB helps to rece the prices of raw materials and energy, and thus helps to rece the proction costs of enterprises. For China's economy, this is equivalent to a favorable supply shock
extended data
inflation effect:
1. Compulsory saving effect
if the government borrows money from the central bank to raise construction funds, it will increase the investment demand of the whole society, resulting in rising prices
under the condition that the public nominal income remains unchanged, the actual amount of consumption and savings according to the original mode and quantity will decrease with the rise of prices, and the reced part is roughly equivalent to the part of government income realized by inflation. The government savings realized in this way is the compulsory savings effect of inflation
The income distribution effect is very different from the income sources of all social strata. Therefore, when the general price level rises, some people's actual income level will decline, while some people's actual income level will increasethe income redistribution caused by the price rise is the income distribution effect of inflation. This kind of income redistribution is shown as follows: it is beneficial to the profit earners but not to the wage earners; In favor of the debtor but not the creditor; It's good for the state, not for the public
The effect of asset structure adjustment is also called wealth distribution effect, which refers to the phenomenon that the value of different components of family property increases and decreases e to the rise of prices. The monetary value of physical assets generally rises and falls with the change of inflation The stock market of financial assets is variable, but it is not a safe form of hedging assets in inflation; As for the various assets of monetary claims and debts, prices rise and the actual amount of money decreases; On the contrary, the actual amount of money increasesCitibank Guangzhou Branch
Room 7201-7202, CITIC Plaza, 233 Tianhe North Road, Guangzhou, China.
Open classification: currency
brief history of Malaysian currency
Malaysian ringgit or Malaysian dollar is issued by Bank Negara Malaysia. At present, there are 100, 50, 10, 5, 1 ringgit banknotes in circulation, and 50, 20, 10, 5, 1 mints. 1 ringgit equals 100 points
Malaysia was originally called Malaya. In the early 20th century, it graally became a British colony. The United State of Malaya was formed in February 1948. On September 16, 1963, the United States of Malaysia merged with Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah to form Malaysia. On August 9, 1965, Singapore withdrew. In the past, the currency in circulation in Malaysia, Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei was Malayan dollar issued by the five regional joint monetary bureaus. After the establishment of the Federation of Malaysia on September 16, 1963, the local currency was changed to Malayan dollar issued by the "Monetary Fund Committee" controlled by the United Kingdom. After the withdrawal of Singapore on August 9, 1965, the "committee" stopped issuing Malaya dollar on June 12, 1967, and the newly established central bank of Malaysia re issued the currency circulating in Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah. The first banknotes issued by the National Bank of Malaysia (central bank) were from 1967 to 1972, with denominations of 1000, 100, 50, 10, 5 and 1 ringgit. From 1972 to 1976, from 1976 to 1981, new banknotes were issued for the second and third time, with the same denominations as the first. The fourth issue of new banknotes was from 1982 to 1983, with the addition of 500 and 20 ringgit denominations. The fifth edition of banknotes was issued from 1986 to 1989, with ringgit denominations of 1000, 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5 and 1
the old Malayan dollar has been out of circulation since June 12, 1976, and a certain exchange period has been stipulated. According to information, the circulation of ringgit 1000 issued in 1967 has ceased since January 1, 1985
Malaysia used to use the currency Malaya yuan, with the gold content of 0.417823 g. compared with the British pound, 1 British pound equals 8.57142 Ma Yuan, and 1 US dollar equals 2.1269 Ma Yuan. The new currency issued by the Central Bank of Malaysia after its establishment is equivalent to the old Malay dollar, with a gold content of 0.290299g. Compared with the US dollar, one US dollar is equal to 3.06122. In 1967, the International Monetary Fund announced that the gold content of the new Malaysia dollar was equal to that of the original one. After the pound floated in June 1972, the Malaysian dollar was pegged to the US dollar instead of the pound. In June 1973, the Central Bank of Malaysia announced the implementation of managed floating. In August 1975, the Malaysian government officially designated the name of the currency as "ringgit". In September of the same year, it announced that it was decoupled from the US dollar, implemented the managed effective exchange rate, and changed it to "a package of currencies". The external value of the ringgit is determined on the basis of the weighted index of the basket of currencies of the ringgit and Malaysia's major trading partners
cash conversion is about 1:2.3
This is Indonesia's rupiah
this edition of 100000 rupiah was released on December 29, 2004. The main color is red and the size is 151 × 65mm On the front are images of Sukarno, Indonesia's first president (June 6, 1901 - June 21, 1970) and Mohammed Hatta, Indonesia's first vice president (August 12, 1902 - March 14, 1980), as well as the declaration of Indonesia's independence, with the words "Bank Indonesia & quot; And "seratus ribu rupiah" are Indonesian "Bank of Indonesia" and "100000 rupiah" respectively; The building on the back is the Indonesian parliament building in Jakarta
1、 1000 rupiah banknote:
on the front is batimura, the Indonesian national hero, and on the back is the volcanic island of Tidore
2. 2000 Dun banknotes:
on the front is andashari, the national hero of South Kalimantan, and on the back is the traditional dance of the Daya people
three, 5000 rupiah banknotes:
the front of the banknotes is Imam bonzor, Indonesian Muslim leader and national hero, and the back is young women weaving on the loom
The front of the bill is the Indonesian national hero I. gusti urale, and the back is the ulundanu Water Temple in Lake bubertan, Bali, Indonesia.
the front of the bill is Sultan Mahmud badaruddin II, the last Sultan of Palembang, the second largest city in Sumatra, On the back is the distinctive traditional house "Limas house" in JUGANG
60000 or 20000 nder banknotes:
the banknote is a politician, reporter, teacher Sam Ratulangi (1890-1949), a Kalimantan woman with Gong dance on the back, Helan
60000 and 100000 rupiah banknotes:
the front of the banknotes is the first president of Indonesia, Ahmed Sukarno, and the first vice president, Mohamed Hatta. The back of the banknotes is the parliament building in the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta
On November 2, 1949, four years after the independence of Indonesia, the Indonesian government stipulated that Indonesia began to use rupiah as its legal tender together, but it did not use rupiah any more since then, although Riau and siirian still used their own rupiah, It was not until 1964 that the Indonesian government banned the use of rupiah in Riau. Then in 1971, Indonesia began to use the Indonesian rupiah, the unified currency designed by the central governmentin 1944, the Netherlands established the Nica - semi army. At that time, the Netherlands made the Indonesian rupiah, Nica gulden, so the so-called Indonesian rupiah is the coin made by the Netherlands. However, after Indonesia's independence, the government no longer used the money left by the Netherlands for new currency, and took "rupee" as Indonesia's legal tender instead of "Indonesian rupiah"