The connotation of virtual currency
Publish: 2021-05-17 15:30:04
1.
Digital money (electronic money or electronic currency) is a kind of money in digital form (different from paper money and coins)
it shows properties similar to physical currency, but it can allow real-time transaction and borderless ownership transfer. Examples include virtual currency, cryptocurrency and currency issued by central bank and recorded in computer database (including digital base currency)
like traditional currencies, these currencies may be used to purchase physical goods and services, but they may also be restricted in some communities, such as online games
digital currency is the currency balance that is electronically recorded on stored value cards or other devices. Another form of electronic currency is network currency, which allows value transfer on computer network, especially on the Internet. E-money is also a creditor's right to other financial institutions such as private banks or bank deposits
digital money can be centralized, that is, it has a central point to control the money supply, or it can be decentralized, that is, the control power can have different sources
2.
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3. It is reported that the central bank's research on the issue of digital currency is not a temporary move. Since 2014, the research on the central bank's digital currency has been carried out for five years. In 2017, the digital currency Research Institute of the people's Bank of China was officially established, and has applied for more than 70 patents related to digital currency technology< In recent years, with the development of Internet technology, especially blockchain technology, many so-called "virtual currencies" have emerged in the world, such as bitcoin and Laite currency, which are controversial in recent years. So, how is the digital currency proposed by the central bank different from these commercial "virtual currencies"? The following is an analysis of the patent of Xiaoju
some patents of the digital currency Research Institute of the people's Bank of China (data source: huijuyun)
what is digital currency? --[ Invention patent] digital currency system
cloud computing is the mainstream direction of the future back-end server, and the digital currency back-end system adopts cloud based solutions
in e-commerce activities, e to different roles, the requirements for digital currency are different: customers require digital currency to be easy to use, safe to store and anonymous; Businesses require digital currency to be certifiable and can be converted into real currency; Banks require that digital currency cannot be illegally used or forged. Therefore, digital currency d-rmb should have the following characteristics:
1. Security: it can prevent any party in business from changing or illegally using digital currency< 2. Non repeated spending: digital currency can only be used once, and repeated spending can be easily detected
3. Controllable anonymity: banks and businesses collude with each other and can't track the use of digital currency, which requires that the system can't link the purchase behavior of e-cash users, so as to conceal the purchase history of digital currency users, but the issuer of digital currency can track the use of digital currency
4. Unforgeability: digital currency that users cannot fake
5. Fairness: the payment process is fair, which ensures that either the two parties succeed in the transaction, or both parties have no losses, so as to prevent one of the parties from suffering losses in the transaction
6. Compatibility: the issue process and circulation of digital currency in d-rmb system should refer to the issue and circulation of physical currency as far as possible
as for digital currency, it should be able to adapt to various use scenarios of existing currency and be freely convertible with existing currency
this patent provides a digital currency system, including central bank digital currency system, commercial bank digital currency system, and authentication system
among them, the central bank's digital currency system is used to generate and issue digital currency, and to register the ownership of digital currency; The digital currency system of commercial banks is used to perform banking functions for digital currency; The authentication system is used to provide authentication for the interaction between the central bank digital currency system and the terminal equipment used by the users of the digital currency, and for the interaction between the central bank digital currency system and the commercial bank digital currency system
schematic diagram of the basic structure of the digital currency system
to achieve a convenient and safe digital currency system, and can be applied to a variety of application scenarios of digital currency in reality< How to convert digital currency into cash[ Invention patent] method and system for converting digital currency into physical cash, The digital currency system of the commercial bank sends the digital currency to the central bank digital currency system, the central bank digital currency system generates a one-time withdrawal code, and then sends it to the user terminal equipment for presentation to the user, and changes the owner information of the digital currency from the user to the central bank
the digital currency system of the commercial bank sends the one-time withdrawal code provided by the user to the digital currency system of the central bank. The digital currency system of the central bank confirms that the one-time withdrawal code is valid, and then increases the cash amount of the commercial bank account, and sends a notice to the digital currency system of the commercial bank that the one-time withdrawal code is valid, After receiving the notice, the digital currency system of commercial banks issues a contribution instruction, in which the contribution instruction is used to control the machine or prompt the user to pay the cash whose amount is equal to the cashed amount manually<
schematic diagram of a method of converting digital currency into physical cash
How can digital currency be consumed online? --[ Invention patent] method and system of online payment using digital currency chip card
this patent is a method and system of online payment using digital currency chip card. A method for online payment using digital currency chip card is provided. The method includes: a user terminal device sends payment information to an acceptance terminal device, and the payment information includes digital currency chip card information and digital currency equivalent to the payment amount; After receiving the payment information, the receiving terminal sends the payment information to the digital currency system of the commercial bank; After receiving the payment information, the digital currency system of the commercial bank sends a request to change the owner to the digital currency system of the central bank; The central bank digital currency system changes the owner of the digital currency to the merchant's commercial bank code after receiving the request to change the owner; The digital currency system of commercial banks changes the account amount of merchants<
the method flow chart of online payment with digital currency chip card in recent years, the commercial virtual currency has been controversial, and more and more people realize that the future development trend of digital currency is legal digital currency issued by central banks based on national credit. At present, China is still in the stage of accelerating the research and development of digital currency. For example, the central bank held a working video conference in the second half of 2019 on August 2, calling for "accelerating the pace of research and development of China's legal digital currency". Recently, the "opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on supporting Shenzhen to build a leading demonstration zone of socialism with Chinese characteristics" clearly stated that "We support the development of innovative applications such as digital currency research and mobile payment in Shenzhen". Let's wait and see when digital currency will meet you.
some patents of the digital currency Research Institute of the people's Bank of China (data source: huijuyun)
what is digital currency? --[ Invention patent] digital currency system
cloud computing is the mainstream direction of the future back-end server, and the digital currency back-end system adopts cloud based solutions
in e-commerce activities, e to different roles, the requirements for digital currency are different: customers require digital currency to be easy to use, safe to store and anonymous; Businesses require digital currency to be certifiable and can be converted into real currency; Banks require that digital currency cannot be illegally used or forged. Therefore, digital currency d-rmb should have the following characteristics:
1. Security: it can prevent any party in business from changing or illegally using digital currency< 2. Non repeated spending: digital currency can only be used once, and repeated spending can be easily detected
3. Controllable anonymity: banks and businesses collude with each other and can't track the use of digital currency, which requires that the system can't link the purchase behavior of e-cash users, so as to conceal the purchase history of digital currency users, but the issuer of digital currency can track the use of digital currency
4. Unforgeability: digital currency that users cannot fake
5. Fairness: the payment process is fair, which ensures that either the two parties succeed in the transaction, or both parties have no losses, so as to prevent one of the parties from suffering losses in the transaction
6. Compatibility: the issue process and circulation of digital currency in d-rmb system should refer to the issue and circulation of physical currency as far as possible
as for digital currency, it should be able to adapt to various use scenarios of existing currency and be freely convertible with existing currency
this patent provides a digital currency system, including central bank digital currency system, commercial bank digital currency system, and authentication system
among them, the central bank's digital currency system is used to generate and issue digital currency, and to register the ownership of digital currency; The digital currency system of commercial banks is used to perform banking functions for digital currency; The authentication system is used to provide authentication for the interaction between the central bank digital currency system and the terminal equipment used by the users of the digital currency, and for the interaction between the central bank digital currency system and the commercial bank digital currency system
schematic diagram of the basic structure of the digital currency system
to achieve a convenient and safe digital currency system, and can be applied to a variety of application scenarios of digital currency in reality< How to convert digital currency into cash[ Invention patent] method and system for converting digital currency into physical cash, The digital currency system of the commercial bank sends the digital currency to the central bank digital currency system, the central bank digital currency system generates a one-time withdrawal code, and then sends it to the user terminal equipment for presentation to the user, and changes the owner information of the digital currency from the user to the central bank
the digital currency system of the commercial bank sends the one-time withdrawal code provided by the user to the digital currency system of the central bank. The digital currency system of the central bank confirms that the one-time withdrawal code is valid, and then increases the cash amount of the commercial bank account, and sends a notice to the digital currency system of the commercial bank that the one-time withdrawal code is valid, After receiving the notice, the digital currency system of commercial banks issues a contribution instruction, in which the contribution instruction is used to control the machine or prompt the user to pay the cash whose amount is equal to the cashed amount manually<
schematic diagram of a method of converting digital currency into physical cash
How can digital currency be consumed online? --[ Invention patent] method and system of online payment using digital currency chip card
this patent is a method and system of online payment using digital currency chip card. A method for online payment using digital currency chip card is provided. The method includes: a user terminal device sends payment information to an acceptance terminal device, and the payment information includes digital currency chip card information and digital currency equivalent to the payment amount; After receiving the payment information, the receiving terminal sends the payment information to the digital currency system of the commercial bank; After receiving the payment information, the digital currency system of the commercial bank sends a request to change the owner to the digital currency system of the central bank; The central bank digital currency system changes the owner of the digital currency to the merchant's commercial bank code after receiving the request to change the owner; The digital currency system of commercial banks changes the account amount of merchants<
the method flow chart of online payment with digital currency chip card in recent years, the commercial virtual currency has been controversial, and more and more people realize that the future development trend of digital currency is legal digital currency issued by central banks based on national credit. At present, China is still in the stage of accelerating the research and development of digital currency. For example, the central bank held a working video conference in the second half of 2019 on August 2, calling for "accelerating the pace of research and development of China's legal digital currency". Recently, the "opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on supporting Shenzhen to build a leading demonstration zone of socialism with Chinese characteristics" clearly stated that "We support the development of innovative applications such as digital currency research and mobile payment in Shenzhen". Let's wait and see when digital currency will meet you.
4. Young people catching the bus
"thank you for your interest in registering bitfinex account. However, e to the excessive demand, we decided to suspend the creation of new account. Bitfinex focuses on serving professional traders, and we have decided to suspend the acceptance of new account registration because we can't let new small accounts inundate our system, thereby damaging the quality of service we provide to existing traders. "
this is a notice that the virtual currency exchange has suspended the registration of new users. It seems that it is inevitably arrogant. However, they have no choice but to do it. There are too many young people rushing to get on the bus
data show that in the second half of 2017, coin an (
binance) added nearly 250000 users a day, coinbase added 100000 + users a day, Kraken added 50000 users a day...
who are these new users
they are onlookers after seeing the birth of invisible rich people in the currency circle. They feel that they have missed 100 million yuan, and finally join them in their anxiety to become a member of the currency speculation
they are middle-class white-collar workers who can't breathe under the pressure of life and work. They are still doing nothing when they are in their thirties. They are looking forward to the investment of virtual currency in exchange for the cars and houses they can get a foothold in
they are unemployed young people in Africa. They learned this way to get rich in the virtual currency investment crash course, hoping to walk out of a different life path from their parents by their own "intelligence"
they are also self-motivated young people who have nothing to worry about but are never satisfied with. They always feel that they should not miss every opportunity of the "era" and should create their own brilliance and glory
...
these young people, who are coerced by the anxiety of the times, miss the real estate and the Internet, and regard virtual currency as the gateway of the next era. For many people, investing in virtual currency may be the only chance to realize wealth freedom in this lifetime, and we will never look back
"you have to get on the bus once in your life. If you don't get on the bus, you will be left in the wilderness."“ If the time for reading chicken soup or complaining is used to discover new opportunities and do something meaningful, the world will become a better place
these people see hope in virtual currency and give new hope to virtual currency
the power of belief is invincible
when a person gives too much connotation and sustenance to a thing, the nature will inevitably change. From the initial money making and investment, it graally becomes a kind of touching spiritual belief, and the power of belief is invincible
when investment becomes a belief, every risk warning is regarded as a provocation, which only arouses the morale of investors
for virtual currency investment, Mr. Buffett, who has been enthralled in the speculative market, once suggested that "generally speaking, as far as cryptocurrencies are concerned, I can almost say that they will have a bad ending... As for when or how they will happen, I don't know."
investors refute the famous "Clark's three laws", implying that Buffett is old and stubborn
"1. If a distinguished and venerable scientist says something is possible, he may be right; But if he says something is impossible, he must be wrong
2. The only way to find out whether something is possible is to cross the boundary and never run to the possibility
3. Any very advanced technology is no different from magic at first sight
under this logic, the more authoritative experts prompt for risks, the more reliable it will be and the more they want to buy it
when the rise becomes a belief, every time the regulation and singing down will only usher in a bigger rise
in the view of many people, the price of bitcoin, which is naturally deflationary, will be higher and higher. "One currency, one villa" is a true reflection of many people. In their eyes, any decline is an opportunity
in August 2017, bitcoin ushered in its first bifurcation, which means the division of the community. However, after a short correction, the market ushered in a retaliatory rise, reaching a new high
in September 2017, China ushered in the new regulations of ICO and virtual currency regulation. After the market fell for a short time, investors and institutions went abroad, and the prices reached new highs again. On the contrary, a pile of air currencies ushered in more leeks around the world
since November 2017, Russia, India, South Korea, the US SEC, the world bank and Europol have successively prompted the risks and hidden dangers of virtual currency. Every "heavyweight" prompt has injected new vitality into the currency circle afterwards
...
every decline ushers in a faster rise. To some extent, singing down has become a good medicine to save the currency price
blockchain, which adds the wings of science and technology to "belief"
from the perspective of economic logic, price rise is nothing more than strong demand and insufficient supply. In the virtual money market, there are more and more "believers", but there are not enough currencies for investment
under the invisible hand of market law, more and more people join the ranks of issuing currency. In China, if ICO is the red line, move the server to foreign countries, launch foreign exchanges, and the team operates in China, so as to "serve" domestic investors. In terms of publicity, since token can no longer be talked about, let's talk about blockchain
a few days ago, a venture capital FA asked me to talk about blockchain. After meeting, I found that the blockchain project in the other party's mouth was just token issuance. It suddenly dawned on me that in recent years, the concept of blockchain has become very popular in the circle of friends and mainstream media. Many people will talk about blockchain when they meet, and several articles about blockchain have become popular again. It turns out that this blockchain is not the other blockchain, and the focus of attention has always been on tokens. In many cases, blockchain is just a layer of sheepskin for the "compliance" publicity project of the coin circle
in fact, over the years, the coin circle and the chain circle have gone further and further. They are totally two groups. The former are mainly indivials and small teams, busy with ICO issuing tokens; The latter is dominated by institutions and entrepreneurs, busy reshaping the instry and changing the world
in terms of wealth effect, the virtual currency represented by bitcoin is soaring, and the coin circle has made countless billionaires. The chain circle is still busy experimenting and landing, and the money circle leaders don't see the hardships of the chain circle in starting a business
in terms of policy environment, there are also differences between cloud and soil. Virtual currency has become a policy forbidden area, which is a red line, while blockchain has been written into the national planning, which has become a hot potato in financial technology
it is precisely because the policy environment is becoming more and more stringent that the coin circle, which makes money but has compliance risks, has begun to make the idea of blockchain to engage in the business of token issuance in the name of blockchain. At this time, the token becomes the value medium in the blockchain project
from the perspective of investors, blockchain also provides technological support for their belief in currency speculation. Learn more about blockchain on weekends, so that their "belief" in currency speculation is more firm, and they will be more and more firm on the road of wealth freedom relying on currency speculation
when leeks have faith
in view of the fact that more and more countries are beginning to prompt for the risk of virtual currency, since January 2018, the virtual currency market has gone out of the falling trend again, and the price of bitcoin has been cut off from the highest point. Seems to be able to stand up to the risk, but please believe me, any risk tips are inevitable afterwards
under the call of "faith", the decline only provides a better opportunity to buy, and more and more people will get on the bus. According to the statistics released by wiseapp, an app analysis company in South Korea, the number of cryptocurrency app users in South Korea has increased 14 times in the past 11 weeks, reaching about 2 million. The average daily operation time is 26 minutes, which is twice that of the securities app. In Brazil, the number of money holders is more than twice that of shareholders. In Russia, more than 60% of the people plan to invest in virtual currency in 2018...
in the zero sum game of speculation, virtual currency always goes up and down. For a few people, fluctuation is the best reward. The K-line reflects the perfect curve of growth and cutting of leeks; For the vast majority of people, fluctuation is the real slaughterhouse, but when leeks have faith, one crop will always rise.
"thank you for your interest in registering bitfinex account. However, e to the excessive demand, we decided to suspend the creation of new account. Bitfinex focuses on serving professional traders, and we have decided to suspend the acceptance of new account registration because we can't let new small accounts inundate our system, thereby damaging the quality of service we provide to existing traders. "
this is a notice that the virtual currency exchange has suspended the registration of new users. It seems that it is inevitably arrogant. However, they have no choice but to do it. There are too many young people rushing to get on the bus
data show that in the second half of 2017, coin an (
binance) added nearly 250000 users a day, coinbase added 100000 + users a day, Kraken added 50000 users a day...
who are these new users
they are onlookers after seeing the birth of invisible rich people in the currency circle. They feel that they have missed 100 million yuan, and finally join them in their anxiety to become a member of the currency speculation
they are middle-class white-collar workers who can't breathe under the pressure of life and work. They are still doing nothing when they are in their thirties. They are looking forward to the investment of virtual currency in exchange for the cars and houses they can get a foothold in
they are unemployed young people in Africa. They learned this way to get rich in the virtual currency investment crash course, hoping to walk out of a different life path from their parents by their own "intelligence"
they are also self-motivated young people who have nothing to worry about but are never satisfied with. They always feel that they should not miss every opportunity of the "era" and should create their own brilliance and glory
...
these young people, who are coerced by the anxiety of the times, miss the real estate and the Internet, and regard virtual currency as the gateway of the next era. For many people, investing in virtual currency may be the only chance to realize wealth freedom in this lifetime, and we will never look back
"you have to get on the bus once in your life. If you don't get on the bus, you will be left in the wilderness."“ If the time for reading chicken soup or complaining is used to discover new opportunities and do something meaningful, the world will become a better place
these people see hope in virtual currency and give new hope to virtual currency
the power of belief is invincible
when a person gives too much connotation and sustenance to a thing, the nature will inevitably change. From the initial money making and investment, it graally becomes a kind of touching spiritual belief, and the power of belief is invincible
when investment becomes a belief, every risk warning is regarded as a provocation, which only arouses the morale of investors
for virtual currency investment, Mr. Buffett, who has been enthralled in the speculative market, once suggested that "generally speaking, as far as cryptocurrencies are concerned, I can almost say that they will have a bad ending... As for when or how they will happen, I don't know."
investors refute the famous "Clark's three laws", implying that Buffett is old and stubborn
"1. If a distinguished and venerable scientist says something is possible, he may be right; But if he says something is impossible, he must be wrong
2. The only way to find out whether something is possible is to cross the boundary and never run to the possibility
3. Any very advanced technology is no different from magic at first sight
under this logic, the more authoritative experts prompt for risks, the more reliable it will be and the more they want to buy it
when the rise becomes a belief, every time the regulation and singing down will only usher in a bigger rise
in the view of many people, the price of bitcoin, which is naturally deflationary, will be higher and higher. "One currency, one villa" is a true reflection of many people. In their eyes, any decline is an opportunity
in August 2017, bitcoin ushered in its first bifurcation, which means the division of the community. However, after a short correction, the market ushered in a retaliatory rise, reaching a new high
in September 2017, China ushered in the new regulations of ICO and virtual currency regulation. After the market fell for a short time, investors and institutions went abroad, and the prices reached new highs again. On the contrary, a pile of air currencies ushered in more leeks around the world
since November 2017, Russia, India, South Korea, the US SEC, the world bank and Europol have successively prompted the risks and hidden dangers of virtual currency. Every "heavyweight" prompt has injected new vitality into the currency circle afterwards
...
every decline ushers in a faster rise. To some extent, singing down has become a good medicine to save the currency price
blockchain, which adds the wings of science and technology to "belief"
from the perspective of economic logic, price rise is nothing more than strong demand and insufficient supply. In the virtual money market, there are more and more "believers", but there are not enough currencies for investment
under the invisible hand of market law, more and more people join the ranks of issuing currency. In China, if ICO is the red line, move the server to foreign countries, launch foreign exchanges, and the team operates in China, so as to "serve" domestic investors. In terms of publicity, since token can no longer be talked about, let's talk about blockchain
a few days ago, a venture capital FA asked me to talk about blockchain. After meeting, I found that the blockchain project in the other party's mouth was just token issuance. It suddenly dawned on me that in recent years, the concept of blockchain has become very popular in the circle of friends and mainstream media. Many people will talk about blockchain when they meet, and several articles about blockchain have become popular again. It turns out that this blockchain is not the other blockchain, and the focus of attention has always been on tokens. In many cases, blockchain is just a layer of sheepskin for the "compliance" publicity project of the coin circle
in fact, over the years, the coin circle and the chain circle have gone further and further. They are totally two groups. The former are mainly indivials and small teams, busy with ICO issuing tokens; The latter is dominated by institutions and entrepreneurs, busy reshaping the instry and changing the world
in terms of wealth effect, the virtual currency represented by bitcoin is soaring, and the coin circle has made countless billionaires. The chain circle is still busy experimenting and landing, and the money circle leaders don't see the hardships of the chain circle in starting a business
in terms of policy environment, there are also differences between cloud and soil. Virtual currency has become a policy forbidden area, which is a red line, while blockchain has been written into the national planning, which has become a hot potato in financial technology
it is precisely because the policy environment is becoming more and more stringent that the coin circle, which makes money but has compliance risks, has begun to make the idea of blockchain to engage in the business of token issuance in the name of blockchain. At this time, the token becomes the value medium in the blockchain project
from the perspective of investors, blockchain also provides technological support for their belief in currency speculation. Learn more about blockchain on weekends, so that their "belief" in currency speculation is more firm, and they will be more and more firm on the road of wealth freedom relying on currency speculation
when leeks have faith
in view of the fact that more and more countries are beginning to prompt for the risk of virtual currency, since January 2018, the virtual currency market has gone out of the falling trend again, and the price of bitcoin has been cut off from the highest point. Seems to be able to stand up to the risk, but please believe me, any risk tips are inevitable afterwards
under the call of "faith", the decline only provides a better opportunity to buy, and more and more people will get on the bus. According to the statistics released by wiseapp, an app analysis company in South Korea, the number of cryptocurrency app users in South Korea has increased 14 times in the past 11 weeks, reaching about 2 million. The average daily operation time is 26 minutes, which is twice that of the securities app. In Brazil, the number of money holders is more than twice that of shareholders. In Russia, more than 60% of the people plan to invest in virtual currency in 2018...
in the zero sum game of speculation, virtual currency always goes up and down. For a few people, fluctuation is the best reward. The K-line reflects the perfect curve of growth and cutting of leeks; For the vast majority of people, fluctuation is the real slaughterhouse, but when leeks have faith, one crop will always rise.
5.
It can not be said to be a fraud, but there are certain risks, because digital gold currency is a form of physical currency, and its deposits are measured in gold rather than legal currency. Therefore, the purchasing power fluctuation of digital gold currency is related to the gold price. If the price of gold goes up, it becomes more valuable. If the price of gold goes down, it loses value
since there is no specific financial regulation to regulate digital gold money suppliers, they operate in a self-regulation way. Digital gold money suppliers are not banks, so banking regulations are not applicable
extended data
to explore the connotation of digital currency, we must clarify some concepts of model lake. For example, is it legal digital currency dominated by the central bank or illegal private fixed digital currency; Encryption of digital currency or electronic currency; Is it "selling dog meat with sheep's head"; "Bad money"
new technology does make the conceptual boundary of money more blurred. Theoretically speaking, the new monetary economics points out the possibility of the disappearance of money, that is, legal paper money is no longer the only medium of transaction, and is eventually replaced by financial assets issued by the private sector that generate monetary income
in reality, although the status of fiat money is still unshakable, there have been various local scenes of private money in history, such as the universal warra system in Germany in the 1920s. Now the digital currency with the characteristics of decentralization makes the challenge of private currency increasingly prominent< br />
6. Money refers to any kind of commodity that can perform the functions of medium of exchange, value scale, deferred payment standard and fully mobile means of wealth storage. It can be regarded as money; The commodity separated from the commodity and acting as the general equivalent is money; Money is the proct of the development of commodity exchange to a certain stage. The essence of money is the general equivalent.
7.
Electronic money, also known as electronic ticket in Taiwan; In some areas, it is also known as plastic currency, which refers to the currency system in which cash transactions are replaced by digital bookkeeping. E-money can effectively improve the efficiency and security of transactions. For example, consumers do not need to carry a lot of cash and merchants do not need to count cash manually. The transaction process is mainly completed by financial institutions or P2P system, so the security is greatly improved
Narrow sense: magnetic stripe cards or IC sensors that can only be used in physical places mainly refer to bank cards with online banking functions, electronic cards (car cards) for small consumption, stored value cards (store membership cards) issued by various commercial institutions, airline mileage points and gambling chipsbroad sense: digital currency (such as bitcoin, Leyte, reborn, etc.). It also refers to virtual wallets for online consumption, including online banking and third-party payment platforms (Google pay, PayPal, etc.). This kind of online wallet only needs to have an account number and password or mobile phone and other terminals to carry out transactions. For example, MasterCard, the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and the Hong Kong Cyberport jointly launched the first diversified in app electronic payment function in Hong Kong under the "Hong Kong Ecation e-money promotion scheme", which brings a cashless payment experience to the local ecation sector
8. Money - definition
money the concept of money in western economics is various, initially defined by the function of money, and later formed the definition of money as an economic variable or policy variable. There are mainly the following definitions of currency:
1. Generally accepted goods used to pay goods and services and pay off debts
2. Goods that act as a medium of exchange, value, storage, price standard and deferred payment standard
3. Excess supply or demand will lead to excess demand or supply of other assets< 4. The temporary residence of purchasing power< No interest payment is required, which is regarded as the current assets of the public's net wealth
6. In fact, the latter four should belong to the functional definition of currency
money essence
there were two different views on the essence of money in the history of Western Monetary Theory: one is the theory of money metal, the other is the theory of money name. From the perspective of value scale, storage means and function of world currency, money and precious metal are equal. Money must have metal content and real value. The value of money depends on the value of precious metal. From the perspective of currency circulation means, payment means and other functions, the Nominalists deny the real value of money, and think that money is only a symbol, a nominal existence. With the collapse of the gold standard in the early 20th century, the influence of the theory of monetary metallicity is weakening. At present, in the western monetary theory, the dominant one is the theory of currency name, which can be seen from the definition of currency in the western economics textbooks. Money is defined as "money or money supply is anything that is generally accepted in the payment of goods or services or in the repayment of debts" by the famous American economist Mishkin's monetary finance published recently These definitions do not scientifically grasp the essence of money, but they are also useful for monetary economic analysis. Although different theories have their reasonable connotations, they fail to summarize money on a scientific and comprehensive basis, which leads to the existence of "money fetishism" in economic life for a long time
Marx was the first to scientifically define money from multiple perspectives. Money is a special commodity which acts as a general equivalent and is the inevitable proct of the development of commodity exchange and value form. In the developed commodity economy, money performs five functions: value scale, means of circulation, means of payment, means of storage and world money. In history, different regions used to exchange different commodities as currency, and later the monetary commodities graally became precious metals such as gold and silver. With the development of commodity proction and the expansion of exchange, the supply of commodity money (gold and silver) is increasingly unable to meet the growing demand for money, and there are graally substitute money and credit money to make up for the lack of circulation means. In the 20th century, gold and silver graally withdrew from the stage of currency, and dishonoured banknotes and bank cheques became the main means of circulation and payment proceres in various countries. However, the law of currency circulation revealed by Marx always dominated the currency movement
generally, each country uses only one currency, which is issued and controlled by the central bank. However, there are exceptions, that is, multiple countries can use the same currency. For example, the euro commonly used in EU countries, the franc in the West African Economic Community, and the Latin American Monetary Union in the 19th century are equivalent currencies with different names but can circulate freely within the union. A country can choose the currency of other countries as its legal currency. For example, Panama chooses the US dollar as its legal currency. The currencies of different countries may also use the same name. For example, before France and Belgium used the euro, their currencies and Swiss currencies were called francs. Sometimes, for special reasons, different autonomous bodies in the same country may issue different versions of currency. For example, in the United Kingdom, including England, Scotland or even Jersey and Guernsey, which are remote islands, they have different versions of pound sterling issued by themselves, and they can trade with each other in other parts of the United Kingdom, However, only the English pound is the internationally recognized trading currency, and other versions of the pound may be rejected after they are taken out of the UK< As for the origin of ancient money, there are several opinions as follows:
intermediate media say: with the increase of surplus goods, people graally depend on each other, receive other goods and need to export their surplus goods. In this way, money as an intermediate media came into being
according to the emperor's rule, the former king chose some rare and valuable items as currency in order to rule
natural exchange theory: the emergence of money is a natural thing and the result of economic development exchange.
money the concept of money in western economics is various, initially defined by the function of money, and later formed the definition of money as an economic variable or policy variable. There are mainly the following definitions of currency:
1. Generally accepted goods used to pay goods and services and pay off debts
2. Goods that act as a medium of exchange, value, storage, price standard and deferred payment standard
3. Excess supply or demand will lead to excess demand or supply of other assets< 4. The temporary residence of purchasing power< No interest payment is required, which is regarded as the current assets of the public's net wealth
6. In fact, the latter four should belong to the functional definition of currency
money essence
there were two different views on the essence of money in the history of Western Monetary Theory: one is the theory of money metal, the other is the theory of money name. From the perspective of value scale, storage means and function of world currency, money and precious metal are equal. Money must have metal content and real value. The value of money depends on the value of precious metal. From the perspective of currency circulation means, payment means and other functions, the Nominalists deny the real value of money, and think that money is only a symbol, a nominal existence. With the collapse of the gold standard in the early 20th century, the influence of the theory of monetary metallicity is weakening. At present, in the western monetary theory, the dominant one is the theory of currency name, which can be seen from the definition of currency in the western economics textbooks. Money is defined as "money or money supply is anything that is generally accepted in the payment of goods or services or in the repayment of debts" by the famous American economist Mishkin's monetary finance published recently These definitions do not scientifically grasp the essence of money, but they are also useful for monetary economic analysis. Although different theories have their reasonable connotations, they fail to summarize money on a scientific and comprehensive basis, which leads to the existence of "money fetishism" in economic life for a long time
Marx was the first to scientifically define money from multiple perspectives. Money is a special commodity which acts as a general equivalent and is the inevitable proct of the development of commodity exchange and value form. In the developed commodity economy, money performs five functions: value scale, means of circulation, means of payment, means of storage and world money. In history, different regions used to exchange different commodities as currency, and later the monetary commodities graally became precious metals such as gold and silver. With the development of commodity proction and the expansion of exchange, the supply of commodity money (gold and silver) is increasingly unable to meet the growing demand for money, and there are graally substitute money and credit money to make up for the lack of circulation means. In the 20th century, gold and silver graally withdrew from the stage of currency, and dishonoured banknotes and bank cheques became the main means of circulation and payment proceres in various countries. However, the law of currency circulation revealed by Marx always dominated the currency movement
generally, each country uses only one currency, which is issued and controlled by the central bank. However, there are exceptions, that is, multiple countries can use the same currency. For example, the euro commonly used in EU countries, the franc in the West African Economic Community, and the Latin American Monetary Union in the 19th century are equivalent currencies with different names but can circulate freely within the union. A country can choose the currency of other countries as its legal currency. For example, Panama chooses the US dollar as its legal currency. The currencies of different countries may also use the same name. For example, before France and Belgium used the euro, their currencies and Swiss currencies were called francs. Sometimes, for special reasons, different autonomous bodies in the same country may issue different versions of currency. For example, in the United Kingdom, including England, Scotland or even Jersey and Guernsey, which are remote islands, they have different versions of pound sterling issued by themselves, and they can trade with each other in other parts of the United Kingdom, However, only the English pound is the internationally recognized trading currency, and other versions of the pound may be rejected after they are taken out of the UK< As for the origin of ancient money, there are several opinions as follows:
intermediate media say: with the increase of surplus goods, people graally depend on each other, receive other goods and need to export their surplus goods. In this way, money as an intermediate media came into being
according to the emperor's rule, the former king chose some rare and valuable items as currency in order to rule
natural exchange theory: the emergence of money is a natural thing and the result of economic development exchange.
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