SHR virtual currency
Contracts, transactions and their records are an important part of our social, economic, legal and political systems. They protect our assets and define the boundaries of the organization. They formed and verified our personal identity and various historical events. They manage a series of activities between the state, organizations, communities and indivials. They direct all management and social activities. But these key tools and the bureaucracy that manages them have not kept pace with the digital transformation of the economy. It's like F1 racing in a big jam. In a digital world, our way of supervision and administrative control must be changed
blockchain has the potential to solve this problem. As the core supporting technology of bitcoin and other virtual currencies, blockchain is an open, distributed ledger, which can effectively record the transaction records between the two parties, and can be verified and permanently saved. The ledger itself can be programmed to automatically trigger transaction completion
five basic principles of blockchain technology
1. Distributed database
each party on the blockchain can obtain all data and complete historical records. No one can control data or information. Each party can directly verify the records of all parties to the transaction without mediation
2. Point to point communication
each independent point can communicate directly without a central node. Each node can store information and transfer all information to all other nodes
3. Limited transparency
users who have access to the system can see every transaction and its value. Each node or user on the blockchain has a unique address composed of letters and numbers, which can be used as the identity of the user. Users can choose to remain anonymous or disclose their identity to others. Transactions occur between addresses on the blockchain
4. Records cannot be changed
once the transaction results enter the database, the account information will be updated accordingly, and the records cannot be changed, because these information are related to all previous transaction records (this is the source of the term "chain"). Various calculation algorithms and methods are used to ensure that the records in the database are permanent, sorted in chronological order, and can be seen by all other people in the network
5. Computational logic
the digital nature of the ledger means that blockchain transactions can be connected with computational logic, and can actually be realized by programming. All users can set algorithms and rules, so that transactions can be automatically triggered between nodes
with blockchain technology, we can imagine that in a new world, contracts are stored in a transparent shared database in the form of digital programming, and will not be deleted, tampered with or revised. In such a world, every protocol, every process, every task and every payment will have a digital record and a digital signature that can be identified, verified, stored and shared. Intermediaries such as lawyers, brokers and bankers are no longer necessary. Indivials, organizations, machines and algorithms can freely interact and trade with each other without friction. This is the infinite potential of blockchain
in fact, almost everyone has heard that blockchain will bring revolutionary impact on enterprises and redefine enterprises and economy. Although we are enthusiastic about the potential of blockchain, we are also worried about exaggeration. It's not just security issues (such as the collapse of a bitcoin exchange in 2014 and the recent hacker attacks) that worry us. The experience of research on technological innovation tells us that if there is a blockchain revolution in the future, there will be many obstacles - technological, governance, organizational and social obstacles. It is likely to lead to a big mistake to rashly apply blockchain technology innovation before we really understand blockchain thoroughly
we believe that it will take many years for blockchain to bring real changes to enterprises and governments. Because blockchain is not a "disruptive" technology, disruptive technology can impact the traditional business model with low-cost solutions, and can quickly replace traditional enterprises. We believe that blockchain is a basic technology: it has the potential to create a new foundation for our economic and social system. But its impact is very extensive, and it will take decades for blockchain to penetrate into economic and social infrastructure. The process of blockchain popularization will be graal, and this process and its strategic significance will be the focus of this paper
technology adoption mode
before discussing blockchain strategy and investment, let's recall the technology adoption process we know below, especially the adoption process of other basic technologies. One of the most relevant examples is the distributed computer network technology, that is, the adoption of TCP / IP protocol, which has laid the foundation for the development of the Internet
TCP / IP first appeared in 1972 and has been widely concerned in an independent application scenario: it is the basis for sending e-mail between researchers on ARPANET, which is the predecessor of the commercial Internet developed by the U.S. Department of defense. Before TCP / IP, the communication system architecture was built on the basis of "circuit switching". The connection between two parties or two machines must be preset and maintained through the switch. In order to ensure that any two nodes can communicate, telecom service providers and equipment manufacturers have invested billions of dollars in dedicated lines
TCP / IP has completely changed the above mode. The new protocol digitizes the information and decomposes it into many small packets, each packet contains address information. Once these packets are released into the network, they can reach the receiver by any route. The data sending point and receiving point in the network can decompose the data packets, combine the data packets again, and interpret the data. There is no need for dedicated lines or large-scale infrastructure. TCP / IP creates an open and shared public network, which has no central organization or main body responsible for maintenance and update
traditional telecom enterprises and related enterprises are suspicious of TCP / IP. Rarely imagine that data, information, audio and video can be established under the new system, and rarely imagine that the related system will be very safe and develop rapidly. However, from the late 1980s to the 1990s, more and more enterprises, such as sun, next, HP and silicon graphics, used TCP / IP to develop their internal LAN. By doing so, they have developed technologies that go beyond e-mail and graally replace traditional LAN technologies and standards. With the adoption of these newly developed technologies and tools, the proction efficiency of enterprises has been greatly improved< In the mid-1990s, the emergence of the world wide web made TCP / IP widely used. The newly founded high-tech enterprises began to provide relevant "tools" - hardware, software and related services, which are necessary for connecting with the current open network and exchanging information. Netscape has commercialized browsers, web servers and other tools and components. Sun company promotes the development of Java. With the exponential growth of information on the Internet, Infoseek, excite, Altavista, and Yahoo are leading users to use TCP / IP technology
once this basic infrastructure is widely accepted, the new generation of enterprises can seize the opportunity brought by low-cost Internet access to create more Internet services, which in turn helps to replace the original business model. CNET has moved news online. Amazon sells more books than any physical bookstore. Priceline and Expedia make it easier to buy tickets, and the whole purchase process is more transparent. These new enterprises expand their business at a very low cost, making traditional enterprises such as newspapers and physical retail stores feel unprecedented pressure
relying on the widespread Internet, enterprises can create novel and revolutionary applications, which are enough to fundamentally change the traditional business model and create value. These enterprises are built on the new P2P architecture, and generate value by coordinating the users of the distributed network. Imagine how eBay has changed the online retail business through auction mode, Napster has changed the music instry, Skype has changed the telecommunications instry, and Google has changed the Internet search by using the links formed by users to provide more accurate search results
many enterprises have used blockchain to track goods in the supply chain. Finally, it took more than 30 years for TCP / IP to become widely accepted - used alone, locally applied, replaced and transformed - and reshape our economy. Today, more than half of the world's most valuable listed companies are Internet driven, platform based business models. The foundation of our economy has fundamentally changed. Physical assets and proprietary intellectual property rights are no longer the guarantee of competitive advantage; Enterprises that lead economic development can play a key role, especially in organizing, influencing and coordinating a wide range of community networks, users and organizations
new system
blockchain, the P2P network at the top of the Internet, came into people's view as the core foundation of bitcoin in October 2008. Bitcoin is a virtual monetary system, which does not issue currency through the central authority, transfers ownership and confirms transactions. Bitcoin is the first practical application of blockchain technology
the similarities between blockchain and TCP / IP are obvious. Just as email allows people to exchange information, bitcoin allows people to trade with each other. The development and maintenance of blockchain is open, distributed and shared - just like TCP / IP. There's a group of volunteers around the world maintaining their core software. Like email, bitcoin has received enthusiastic support from people at the beginning, but only a relatively small number of people
TCP / IP greatly reces the cost of interconnection, thus creating new value for economic development. Similarly, blockchain can significantly rece transaction costs. Blockchain has the potential to become all transaction recording systems. If this becomes a reality, new enterprises based on blockchain technology will influence and control emerging instries, and the economy will experience fundamental changes again
let's first look at how enterprises operate. Recording transactions is the core work that every enterprise must do. These records track past activities and achievements and provide guidance for the future. They can not only let people understand how the enterprise operates internally, but also let people know how to keep in touch with the outside world. Every enterprise or organization has its own records, and these records are private and confidential. Many enterprises do not have a general ledger record of all activities of the enterprise; On the contrary, all records are scattered in various branches or departments within the enterprise. The problem is that it takes a long time to coordinate transactions between indivials and private ledgers
wmimgmt.msc -------- open windows management architecture (WMI)
wupdmgr -------- windows update program
Wscript -------- Windows Script Host settings
write -------- WordPad
winmsd -------- system information
wiaacmgr -------- scanner and Camera Wizard
winchat -------- XP comes with LAN chat
< br />Mem.exe -------- display memory usage
msconfig.exe ------ system configuration utility
Mplayer 2 ------ easy Windows Media Player
mspaint ------ drawing board
mstsc ------ Remote Desktop Connection
Mplayer 2 ------ media player
magnify ------ magnifying glass utility
MMC ------ open console
mobsync ------ same as Step command
dxdiag -------- check DirectX information
drwtsn32 ------ system doctor
devmgmt.msc --- device manager
dfrg.msc ------ disk defragmenter
diskmgmt.msc --- disk management utility
dcomcnfg ------ open system component services
ddeshare ------ open DDE sharing settings
DVD play ------ DVD player
A t/? & gt; Drive letter & 92; File name: pour files into Notepad
net stop messenger --- stop messenger service
net start messenger --- start messenger service
Notepad --- open Notepad
NSLOOKUP ------ network management tool wizard
NTBackup ------ system backup and restore
narrator ------ screen narrator
ntmsmgr.msc ------ mobile storage management Device
ntmsoprq.msc --- mobile storage administrator operation request
netstat - an --- - (TC) command check interface
syncap -------- create a briefcase
sysedit -------- system configuration editor
signerif -------- file signature verifier
sndrec32 -------- recorder
shrpubw -------- create shared folder
secpol.msc ------ local security Policy
syskey -------- system encryption, once encrypted, it cannot be undone, Double password to protect Windows XP system
services.msc --- local service settings
sndvol32 ------ volume control program
sfc.exe ------ system file checker
SFC / scan now --- windows file protection
tsshutdn ------ 60 second countdown shutdown command
tourstart ------ XP Introction (roaming XP program after installation)
taskmgr------ --Task manager
eventvwr ------ event viewer
eudcedit ------ Word Builder
Explorer ------ open resource manager
packer ------ object wrapper
perfmon.msc ------ computer performance monitor
progman ------ program manager
regedit.exe ----- registry
rsop.msc ------ group policy result set < B R / > regedt32 ------ registry editor
rononce - P ------ shutdown in 15 seconds
Regsvr32 / u *. DLL ------ stop DLL file running
Regsvr32 / u zipfldr.dll ------ cancel zip support
cmd.exe ------ CMD command prompt
chkdsk.exe ----- CHKDSK disk check
certmgr.msc ----- certificate management utility
Calc ------ start calculator
cha Rmap -------- start character mapping table
clicong ------ SQL Server client network utility
clipbrd ------ clipboard viewer
conf ------ start NetMeeting
compmgmt.msc --- computer management
cleanmgr ------ garbage collection
ciadv.msc ------ index service program
OSK ------ open screen keyboard
ODBC ad32------ -ODBC data source manager
OOBE / msoobe / a --- check whether XP is activated
lusrmgr.msc --- local users and groups
logoff -------- logoff command
ieexpress ------ Trojan horse binding tool, The system comes with
NSLOOKUP ------ IP address detector
fsmgmt.msc ------ shared folder manager
utilman ------ auxiliary tools manager
gpedit.msc ------ group policy
the content in run can be customized
Customize your run input box
in windows, Microsoft provides a new way to quickly start the program: run
to open [start] - [run], in which you can directly start some specific programs, such as: enter notepad.exe to start Notepad, enter xdict.exe to start Kingsoft, etc
what is the principle of startup? Very simple, in the registry HKEY_ LOCAL_ MACHINE\ SOFTWARE\ Microsoft\ Windows\ CurrentVersion\ Under app paths, you can see many secondary primary keys, and each secondary primary key corresponds to a content that can be entered in the run
take the primary key of acdsee.exe as an example: there are two strings on the right, which correspond to the absolute path of the program by default, and the path corresponds to the directory of the program
the customization method is very simple: create a new secondary primary key with a different name under app paths (for example: smallfrogs. Exe), and then modify the default path on the right to the program you want to start (for example: C: &# 92; Program Files\ My APP\ Smallfrogs. Exe), and then create a new string path and modify it to the directory where the program is located (for example: C: &# 92; Program Files\ My APP\
then you can enter: smallfrogs.exe to start C: &# 92; Program Files\ My APP\ Smallfrogs. Exe
attention! The system identifies the program by the name of the secondary primary key. Even if you use sssss.exe to create the secondary primary key instead of smallfrogs.exe, if the content of any path is the same as the above example, the program started by inputting sssss.exe is still C: &# 92; Program Files\ My APP\ Smallfrogs. Exe
wupdmgr Widnows update
shutdown - A about:home Login home page
... (three half points) my computer
DVD play DVD player
fsmgmt shared console
Desktop open desktop folder
... (two points) open C: &; Documents and settings
(click) open start menu
Calc calculator
clipboard viewer
control open control panel
eventvwr event viewer
mstsc remote desktop
WIN2000 command complete set - & gt; Windows 2k/2003 Server
accwiz.exe > Accessibility Wizard for walking you through setting up your machine for your mobility needs; ACS setup DCOM server executable
actmovie.exe > Direct Show setup tool directly displays the installation tool
append.exe & gt; Allow programs to open data in specified directories as if they were in the current directory; Network display and modify IP - Hardware addresses displays and changes the corresponding list of computer IP and hardware physical addresses
at.exe & gt; At is a scheling utility also included with UNIX
atmadm.exe & gt; Displays statistics for ATM call manager; Display and modify attributes for files and folders
autochk.exe & gt; Used to check and repair windows file systems
autoconv.exe & gt; Automates the file system conversion ring reboots automatically transforms the system ring startup
autofmt.exe & gt; Automates the file format process ring reboots formats the process ring startup
autolfn.exe & gt; Used for formatting long file names
bootok.exe & gt; Boot acceptance application for registry
bootvrfy.exe > Bootvrfy.exe, a program included in Windows 2000 that notices the system that startup was successful. Bootvrfy.exe can be run on a local or remote computer; Displays or modifies access control lists (ACLS) of files; Windows calculators calculator
cdplayer.exe & gt; Windows CD player CD player
change.exe & gt; Change {user | port | logon} terminal server related queries
charmap.exe & gt; Character map character map* Table
chglogon.exe & gt; Same as using " Change Logon" Start or disable session logging
chgport.exe & gt; Same as using " Change Port" Change port (terminal service)
chgusr.exe & gt; Same as using " Change User" Change user (terminal service)
chkdsk.exe & gt; Check the hard disk for errors similar to ScanDisk 3 stages must specify a drive letter
chkntfs.exe & gt; Same as using CHKDSK but for NTFS NTFS disk detection program
cidaemon.exe & gt; Component of CI filer service constitutes CI document service
cipher.exe & gt; Displays or alters the encryption of directories [files] on NTFS partitions; Content index -- its the content indexing service for I
ckcnv.exe & gt; Cookie converter transforms cookies
cleanmgr.exe & gt; Disk cleanup, popular with Windows 98
clicong.exe & gt; SQL Server client network utility SQL client network tool
clipbrd.exe & gt; Clipboard viewer for local will allow you to connect to other clipboards
clipsrv.exe & gt; Start the clipboard server
clspack.exe & gt; Clspark used to create a file listing of system packages
cluster.exe & gt; Display a cluster in a domain_ cmd_. exe > There's nothing to say about famous command prompt< br />cmdl32.exe > Connection manager auto download connection management
cmmgr32.exe & gt; Connection manager connection manager
cmmon32.exe & gt; Connection manager monitor
cmstp.exe & gt; Connection manager profile manager connection manager profile setup
comcast.exe & gt; About cluster server cluster
comp.exe & gt; Comcluster add, remove, or join a cluster; Displays or alters the compression of files on NTFS partitions; Console ime ime console
control.exe & gt; Starts the control panel
convert.exe & gt; Convert file system to NTFS
convlog.exe & gt; Convert MS IIS log files to NCSA format
cprofile.exe & gt; Copy profiles convert display mode
cscript.exe & gt; MS Windows scripts host version 5.1 is
csrss.exe & gt; Client server runtime process client server runtime process
csvde.exe & gt; Comma separated variable import / export utility day to format converter
take Taobao as an example, the signing method of image space agreement is as follows:
1. Open Taobao and log in to your own Taobao account