March 15 virtual monetary policy
1. bitcoin
the concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto in 2009. According to Nakamoto's ideas, open source software was designed and released, and the P2P network was built on it. Bitcoin is a kind of P2P digital currency. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment system
2, Ethereum
Ethereum (ETH) is a kind of digital token of Ethereum, which is regarded as "bitcoin version 2.0". It adopts the blockchain technology "Ethereum", which is different from bitcoin. Developers need to pay for eth to support the operation of the application. Like other digital currencies, they can be traded on trading platforms
3. Litecoin
litecoin It is a kind of network currency based on "peer-to-peer" technology. It is also an open source software project under MIT / X11 license. It can help users make instant payments to anyone in the world
lightcoin is inspired by bitcoin (BTC) and has the same implementation principle in technology. The creation and transfer of lightcoin is based on an open source encryption protocol and is not managed by any central organization
Dogcoin, which is called dogcoin / dogcoin by some people, was born on December 8, 2013. Based on the crypt algorithm, dogcoin is the second largest virtual currency in the world after bitcoin in terms of the number of usersdigital currency is a global common currency initiated by non-governmental organizations. It does not belong to a certain country, but belongs to all mankind. It has the advantages of fast global transfer. For example, it can remit money from China to the United States in a few seconds, and the cost is low, and the total amount will not be increased at will like legal money, so the total amount is relatively stable
Yuanbao coin is a virtual digital currency similar to bitcoin. The founder of yuanbaocoin is a group of bitcoin enthusiasts and the earliest supporters. However, after seeing the problem of bitcoin, he decided to do his best to develop an electronic currency suitable for Chinese people with the latest technology Ppcoin was pre released by sunny king on August 11, 2012 and officially released on August 19, 2012. Ppcoin's biggest innovation is that its mining method combines POW workload proof and POS equity proof. POS mining method only needs ordinary computers and clients to process transactions and maintain network security, so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving and security Katecoin (KTC) is a virtual P2P digital currency that can be used all over the world. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment systemin businesses that support Kat coin consumption, you can directly use Kat coin for consumption payment
8, quark money
based on six encryption algorithms (black, BMW, groestl, JH, keccak, skein), nine rounds of super secure hash operation of virtual money, three rounds of application of random hash function, quark money has unique technical specifications
9, infinity coin
infinity coin (IFC) is a new digital currency, which has more circulation advantages than bitcoin, and fills the short board of bitcoin in the field of commercial circulation and promoting commercial operation
one transaction of infinite coin needs three confirmations, each confirmation takes 30 seconds, and the transaction confirmation speed is very fast. Because bitcoin transaction needs 6 confirmations, which takes about 1 hour, and lightcoin transaction takes 15 minutes, infinite coin is used in daily common transactions, which is more practical
Common coin, English name popular coin, or POC, was born on March 7, 2014. The total POC is close to the world population (7.057 billion)POC is a super secure hash operation based on nine rounds of six encryption algorithms (Blake, BMW, groestl, JH, keccak, skein), which is suitable for CPU mining. It generates a block every 15 seconds, with a total of 7.057 billion (close to the world population)
extended data
virtual currency refers to non real currency. Well known virtual currency, such as network company's network currency, Tencent company's Q currency, Q point, Shanda company's voucher, Sina's Micro currency (used for micro games, Sina reading, etc.), chivalrous Yuanbao (used for chivalrous road game), silver pattern (used for bixue Qingtian game)
the popular digital currencies in 2013 are bitcoin, Leyte coin, infinite coin, quark coin, zeta coin, BBQ coin, pennies (Internet), invisible gold bar, red coin and prime currency. At present, hundreds of digital currencies are issued all over the world. Popular in the circle & quot; The legend of "bitcoin, Wright silver, infinite copper, pennies aluminum"
if you don't have a lot of spare money on hand, it's a good choice to invest in virtual currency at this time. With a threshold of several hundred yuan, new users of the realm can also get a $50 coupon, which will not affect our lives, but also bring considerable benefits<
the investment mode that can also trade is not only suitable for young people, but also for the elderly, because it does not require you to have much deep investment experience, as long as you know how to judge the direction of price rise and fall, and the trading time is relatively free, 24 hours a day can be operated at any time.
When going abroad for physical examination, the local entry-exit inspection and Quarantine Bureau will handle the "international travel health examination certificate" and "international vaccination certificate", and the health officials will ask you to show them when you go abroad
The process of going abroad for physical examination is as follows:1. On the morning of the physical examination, take your ID card, passport, two two inch photos and expenses
2. Routine projects will be allowed to do, and other projects will be recommended by nurses according to the requirements of the school
3. After physical examination, you will get the international travel health examination certificate, which can be obtained within 4 working days after physical examination
Many countries also need to check the AIDS test certificate and vaccination certificate - yellow book "international vaccination certificate", otherwise they will be refused entry In 1986, the State Council forwarded the "several interim provisions of the State Ecation Commission on studying abroad" which stipulates that the health status of all kinds of students studying abroad must meet the requirements of studying abroad, and they must pass the examination of provincial and municipal hospitals and get the health certificate (valid for one year)2. When going abroad for port inspection, the passport should be handed over to the port inspectors together with the passport; When returning to China for entry, the passport shall be submitted to the port inspectors for inspection together with the passport
the investigation conclusion of public security organs is the most authoritative
however, judging from the current public information, it is difficult to identify or have no authoritative conclusion.
This big drop in bitcoin prices can be said to have directly led to the collapse of many people. And behind this slump, many people doubt whether there is someone behind bitcoin operating in the dark, controlling the price of bitcoin. Today, we will discuss whether there are hidden operations behind the 470000 people's explosion{ RRRRR}
Third, how to treat the black box operation behind
many people say that the transaction price of bitcoin is controlled by several groups. They control the rise and fall of bitcoin to keep their own funds rising. To tell you the truth, it's possible. As long as you have a lot of bitcoin, you can control the market. But to tell the truth, if we harvest leeks simply by controlling the market trend, it's a bit of a fuss for such a large amount of funds
We should consider recing the CPU consumption
CPU utilization rate is actually the CPU resources occupied by running programs, which indicates the running situation of your machine at a certain point in time. The higher the utilization rate, it means that the machine runs a lot of programs at this time, and vice versa
the utilization rate is directly related to the strength of your CPU. Modern time-sharing and multitasking operating systems use CPU in time slices: for example, process a takes 10 ms, process B takes 30 ms, and then idle for 60 ms, process a takes 10 ms, process B takes 30 ms, and idle for 60 ms; If this is true for a period of time, then the occupancy rate ring this period is 40%. The response of CPU to thread is not continuous, usually it will interrupt thread automatically after a period of time. The increase of unresponsive threads will increase the CPU utilization. There are many reasons for high CPU utilization, but they are generally caused by too many virus Trojans or boot items. High CPU utilization may also indicate poor tuning or design of the application. Optimizing applications can rece CPU utilization
memory usage refers to the memory consumed by this process. The program with large memory does not necessarily occupy a lot of CPU resources, and the program with large CPU does not necessarily spend too much memory. If the CPU occupancy rate of a program is too high, it will affect the operation of other programs. And a program occupies too much memory, which will affect the overall performance of the machine
first, the idea of returning to the new gold standard
out of doubts about the so-called "inverted pyramid" of financial assets and physical assets, and the "financial hegemony" caused by the US dollar acting as the world currency, Economists in some developing countries believe that we must return to the track of the gold standard, and put forward the idea of the so-called "new gold standard", that is, all countries in the world join the alliance of gold standard countries at the same time to determine or change the stable relationship between their currencies and gold at the same time. It is said that this not only retains the global welfare enhancement that financial globalization may bring, but also overcomes the capital accumulation and the virtualization of the world economy (Spencer, m; 1995) Economists who hold this idea are not only from developing countries, but also left-wing economists from some developed countries, such as Harold of the United States; 1999) The basic reasons are as follows: 1. As a measure of value, money itself must have value. The current credit currency system can only lead to people's crazy pursuit of pure credit currency and uncontrolled expansion of assets; 2. At present, the amount of gold reserves is huge enough to ensure the stability of gold based currency; 3. The return to the gold standard system also means that the developed countries are deprived of the possibility of squeezing through inflation tax and international seigniorage tax, so the new gold standard is more fair; 4. The gold standard can overcome economic nationalism more effectively. Because the currencies of various countries are actually represented by gold, there is no use of the rise and fall of nominal exchange rate; The reality of national protectionism in trade or Finance & quot; (Shelton, J; 1998)
the Centennial crisis and changes of the monetary system have proved that the return to the gold standard system can hardly solve any problems. 1. Although there have been many regional financial crises since the 1980s, none of them has developed into a global economic recession or even collapse. Historically, the gold standard is not enough to protect the world economy from the threat of inflation or deflation. For example, in ancient Rome, medieval Europe, Spain and Brazil, under the complete gold standard system, inflation with price increase of more than 30 times occurred; However, the world economy broke out in 1879-1896 and 1929-1933 under the gold standard system, and the world economic depression was triggered by the collapse of the financial system (Zhong Wei; 2000) 2. The gold standard system is an astonishing waste of human resources. The more developed the world economy is, the more astonishing the global gold stock needed as a pure trading intermediary (Triffin; 1997) In other words, even if the globalization of financial capital under the gold standard system is fairer, it is doomed to make the global economic growth converge to a limit (the global gold stock that can be used as currency), or collapse to a limit (this means that the development of the world economy collapses e to the extreme lack of gold capital; the global economic growth will collapse e to the extreme lack of gold capital; Or because the progress of human technology can synthesize gold, resulting in the loss of the gold standard foundation and collapse). It is an inevitable historical process for economy to be financialized or virtualized. 3. Human beings have not failed to return to the gold standard, including Britain after the first World War and the United States from 1933 to 1934. For example, in Roosevelt's New Deal period, the United States partially adopted the so-called & quot; Repayment of US dollars & quot This gold standard system allows the official price of gold to be adjusted periodically to stabilize the national price level, that is, when the price falls, the official price of gold will be increased, and when the price rises, the official price of gold will be decreased. At this time, the internationalization of financial capital is actually open to sacrifice the currency stability of other countries in exchange for their own price stability, G & Pearson,F Compared with the current international monetary system, the gold standard has no substantive fairness. The practice of returning to the gold standard in history also shows that it is impossible to try to regain the gold standard which has been abandoned for nearly half a century< Second, the idea of rebuilding the new Bretton Woods system was put forward in the urgent appeal adopted by Schiller Institute and gorks International Labor Committee in riston from February 15 to 17, 1997. The appeal was signed by hundreds of well-known political and academic figures from various countries, including heirg, the founder of Schiller Institute, Natalia, a member of Ukraine's national parliament, including 80 current and former members of the United States, 53 members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, 17 members of Latin America, 35 religious figures, 40 leaders of international trade unions, as well as representatives from Europe and the United States Heads of government and celebrities in Africa and Asia. The Nobel laureate, Alai of France, and the controversial American Lyndon LaRouche (Sanger, D; 1999) < The main contents of the book are as follows: 1. At present, the global financial speculation is rampant and the international financial order is chaotic. The world is facing proction recession and large-scale unemployment. The so-called reform policy enforced by the International Monetary Fund has caused serious social disasters to the former Soviet Union, Eastern European countries and many Latin American and African countries. The whole international financial system is always in danger of collapse, and its political, social and military consequences are unimaginable. 2. As the current international monetary system may threaten the whole human civilization, it is necessary to hold a new Bretton Woods conference urgently. All sovereign countries in the world need to take joint actions to break the international financial system centered on the International Monetary Fund, establish a new international financial order, restructure global debt and restore the fixed currency exchange rate system. The monopoly of international seigniorage by developed countries, which is included in the globalization of financial capital itself, has made peripheral countries become victims, and international financial institutions have no right to ask people's flesh and blood to repay their debts. 2. It is extremely dangerous for us dollar to act as the world currency, "not only for the people of one country, but also for the people of the whole world, we must now try to abolish the financial shackles imposed on them by the international monopoly financial institutions.". Sovereign states have the right to pursue independent anti depression economic policies and provide low-cost long-term credit for large-scale investment in social infrastructure, instry and agriculture. The more extreme proposal to restore the new Bretton Woods system either claims that the world is in a state of emergency to abolish the existing currency (LaRouche, l; Either it calls for the destruction of currency and the reconstruction of the new global managed exchange rate system and the global central bank (Shelton, J; 1994)
the above ideas seem to ignore the historical inevitability and progress of the evolution of the monetary system itself. Whether the distribution of global welfare increment is fair or not caused by financial globalization, it at least leads to the emergence of a global welfare increment; There is nothing wrong with condemning the existing international monetary system and asking for the reconstruction of a new financial order from the perspective of the interests of developing countries and the fairness of the global distribution of capital gains. However, as the current international monetary and economic system is basically a capitalist system monopolized by developed countries, such a system is bound to serve the world economy? quot; It seems that the reform process of the monetary system can hardly be controlled by the developing countries; Appeal & quot; In the new Bretton Woods system< Third, reform of the International Monetary Fund and the world bank. Recently, the reform of the international monetary system is often accompanied by sharp accusations against the International Monetary Fund and the world bank. Therefore, the reform of the international monetary system cannot be separated from the reform of these international financial institutions. The Egyptian economist Samir Amin, as a representative, put forward the idea of reconstructing these international organizations. In view of the fact that this idea often hopes to transform the IMF into a global central bank, its theoretical origin can even be traced back to Hayek's "monetary nationalism and international stability" in 1937 and McKinnon's "international criteria for monetary stability" in 1982 (mekinnon, R; 1984) The reasons are as follows: 1. The original goal of the IMF is to ensure the monetary stability of the open global economy, in order to replace the shaky gold standard system before World War II. However, like the world bank, the IMF is designed to provide comprehensive control for the United States. The United States denies the idea of a global central bank and replaces it with a weaker and dependent IMF to control it and share responsibilities with other countries. 2. Such institutional design makes the IMF unable to force developing countries to implement structural adjustment and prevent them from over borrowing; Nor is it able to demand effective debt relief from the developed countries that manipulate it. 3. Although the IMF pursues the goal of accelerating its return to currency convertibility under the condition of maximum openness, its extremely brutal solution is well known. The IMF has no real authority to stabilize the international monetary system. Other accusations are not limited to the IMF, including the world bank, the WTO, the G7 and the United Nations< Based on the above analysis, Samir Amin believes that the reform plan should include the following contents: 1. Transform the IMF into the world central bank with the right to issue the real world currency, which will replace the US dollar to ensure the stability of exchange rate and provide the developing countries with & quot; Adjust " in the process of growth; The required solvency. 2. Turn the world bank into a fund that can absorb international capital from Germany, Japan, etc., and inject it into developing countries (not the United States). This kind of capital flow regulation, which aims to promote the economic growth of developing countries, will force the United States to rece its huge current account deficit. 3. Review the financial policy coordination among Europe, Japan and the United States, so as to make it move towards the direction of allowing the exchange rate to be relatively stable and forcing the United States to adjust its structural deficit. At the same time, we should rebuild the third world organization according to the regional and global interdependence, so as to eliminate the negative impact of the ongoing global monopolarization. 4. To rebuild the UN system and make it a place for political and economic negotiations, so as to establish a coordination mechanism for financial activities and monetary policy in major regions of the world (Amin; 1995)
the essence of the above ideas reflects the hegemony of developing countries over the US dollar and the dominance of developed countries over international currencies