What is the accounting method of virtual currency

1. At present, the main transaction modes in bitcoin market are as follows:
1. Legal currency transaction: that is to buy, sell or trade digital assets through legal currency. For example: bitcoin now quote 6 in case, then whether it is credit card or Alipay WeChat, anyway, buying money directly is the legal tender transaction.
2. Currency currency transaction: mainly for transactions between virtual currency and virtual currency, one of which is used as the pricing unit to purchase other currencies. Its trading rules are also based on price priority and time priority
3. Leverage Trading: it is to invest several times of the original amount with small amount of funds. In order to obtain the relative investment object volatility multiple yield, or loss. As the increase or decrease of margin does not move in proportion to the fluctuation of underlying assets, the risk is very high
4. Contract trading: contract trading is the general term for the futures contract trading of the 796 exchange in comparison with the special currency. In June 2013, 796 exchange took the lead in developing bitcoin weekly delivery standard Futures - t + 0 two-way trading virtual commodity barter contract (contract trading) in bitcoin instry

warm tips:
1. The above explanations are for reference only, without any suggestions
2. Before investing, it is recommended that you first understand the risks existing in the project, and clearly understand the investors, investment institutions, chain activity and other information of the project, rather than blindly investing or mistakenly entering the capital market. Investment is risky, so we should be cautious when entering the market
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2. This view is controversial. China's central bank defines bitcoin as a special Internet commodity, while the United States recently classifies bitcoin as a commodity. Of course, the attitude of European countries towards bitcoin is relatively ambiguous. Germany is the first country in the world to recognize bitcoin as a unit of account. However, most people in the currency circle regard virtual currency as currency. Let me take bitcoin as an example to illustrate:

bitcoin has value because it is useful as a form of currency. Bitcoin has the mathematical characteristics of money (persistence, portability, interchangeability, scarcity, separability and identifiability) rather than relying on physical characteristics (such as gold and silver) or the trust of central power (such as fiat money). In short, bitcoin is backed by mathematics. With these characteristics, a form of money to have value requires trust and use. This can be reflected in the growing number of users, businesses and start-ups. Like all currencies, the value of bitcoin comes directly from people who are willing to accept it as a means of payment, which is the only source

of course, some domestic digital currency scholars began to take bitcoin not as a kind of currency, but as a shortcut. Teacher Shaqian proposed the concept of currency business circle. Perhaps inspired by the recent emergence of a currency called Fuyuan coin in the jewelry instry, it is very innovative to use Fuyuan coin to replace the traditional business integral system.

3. If you buy a q-coin card, you can use the card as the original voucher to enter the account. If you pay online, you can print out the flow account number and other information on the webpage to enter the account as the original voucher.

4. The registered capital is usually injected in the form of currency, so the cash payment slip deposited by each shareholder in the bank is usually used as the original certificate of the paid in capital.

5. It should be the public chain! The public chain of technology!

6. Bitcoin is distributed accounting
bookkeeping is done by miners
generally speaking, the correct result of Distributed Accounting is decided by the vote of "miners"
if you have a 51% pool, you can theoretically void any transaction (roll back). This is called a 51% attack

now bitcoin miners are distributed all over the world. The world's largest mine pool is in China, and the person in charge of bitcoin has promised that its total power will not exceed 50% (now about 30%), so there is no possibility of 51% attack for the time being

but it can't be said to conquer

7. 1. Foreign exchange separate account system
foreign exchange separate account system is also known as separate currency accounting system, which means that when foreign currency economic business occurs, it is directly recorded in foreign currency, and at the end of the period, the balance and amount of various foreign currency accounts are converted into the currency of the country, and then the accounting statements are prepared
2. Foreign exchange unified accounting system
foreign exchange unified accounting system, also known as unified currency accounting system, is divided into two kinds, one is domestic currency unified accounting system, the other is foreign currency unified accounting system. In our country, the accounting of foreign exchange mainly adopts the domestic currency unified account system, that is, RMB is used as the bookkeeping unit to record the foreign exchange transactions. The economic transactions in various currencies are converted into RMB to reflect, and foreign currency is only used as auxiliary record in the book.

8.

1、 Bookkeeping base currency and bookkeeping exchange rate (1) bookkeeping base currency refers to the currency in the main economic environment in which an enterprise operates, that is, the currency used to express measurement in daily bookkeeping and preparation of financial accounting reports According to the accounting law, RMB is the standard currency for accounting. If the business income and expenditure are mainly in currencies other than RMB, one of the currencies may be selected as the base currency for bookkeeping, but the financial and accounting reports shall be converted into RMB. In general, the bookkeeping base currency used by an enterprise is the currency used in the country where the enterprise is located. The bookkeeping base currency is relative to foreign currency. All currencies other than the bookkeeping base currency are foreign currency

(2) the accounting exchange rate is also known as the current exchange rate, which refers to the exchange rate used by enterprises in accounting for foreign currency economic transactions

exchange rate refers to the exchange rate between two currencies, which is the price of one currency unit expressed by another. The exchange rate we usually see in banks can be expressed in three ways: buying price, selling price and middle price. The buying price refers to the price that the bank buys other currencies, and the selling price refers to the price that the bank sells other currencies. The middle price is the average of the buying price and the selling price of the bank. The selling price of the bank is generally higher than the buying price to obtain the price difference

The choice of spot exchange rate and spot exchange rate. The spot rate is relative to the forward rate. The forward rate is the settlement price for delivery on a future date. In order to facilitate accounting, the spot rate used by enterprises for bookkeeping in the standards generally refers to the middle rate of RMB exchange rate announced by the people's Bank of China on that day. However, when an enterprise has a simple currency exchange transaction or a transaction involving currency exchange, only the middle price can not reflect the profit and loss of currency trading, and it needs to be converted by using the buying price or selling price

if the foreign currency transaction of an enterprise only involves the conversion between RMB and US dollar, euro, Japanese yen and Hong Kong dollar, it can be directly converted by using the middle rate of RMB exchange rate published by the people's Bank of China every day as well as its exchange rate; If the foreign currency transaction of an enterprise only involves the conversion between RMB and other currencies, it shall adopt the method of arbitrage according to the conversion rate of various currencies to us dollar published by the State Administration of foreign exchange. If the foreign currency transaction involves the conversion between currencies other than RMB, it can directly adopt the conversion rate of various currencies to us dollar published by the State Administration of foreign exchange

Approximate exchange rate of spot exchange rate when the exchange rate changes little, in order to simplify accounting, enterprises can also choose the approximate exchange rate of spot exchange rate when translating some items in foreign currency trading day or external statements. The approximate exchange rate of spot exchange rate is "the exchange rate determined according to the systematic and reasonable method and approximate to the spot exchange rate on the transaction date", which usually refers to the current average exchange rate or weighted average exchange rate, etc. The weighted average exchange rate needs to be calculated with the foreign currency amount of foreign currency transactions as the weight

The method of determining the approximate exchange rate of spot exchange rate should be consistent in each period. If the fluctuation of exchange rate makes it inappropriate to use the approximate exchange rate of spot exchange rate, the spot exchange rate on the transaction date shall be used. As for when it is inappropriate, enterprises need to judge according to the changes of exchange rate and the method of calculating approximate exchange rate

The accounting method of foreign currency business refers to the method for enterprises to register foreign currency business accounts. In China's accounting practice, there are mainly two methods, each unit can choose one according to the complexity of foreign currency business

(1) the foreign exchange unified accounting system is also known as the local currency accounting method, that is, when foreign currency transactions occur, the enterprise is converted into the recording currency for accounting

the foreign exchange unified accounting system is adopted for bookkeeping. Although the foreign currency is also reflected in the accounting books, it is only recorded as supplementary information. No matter foreign exchange cash, bank deposits, creditor's rights and debts and other foreign exchange accounts, the amount of RMB in the account shall prevail. This method is suitable for units with less foreign currency and less foreign exchange business According to the current accounting system of geological prospecting units, RMB is the standard currency for bookkeeping. When foreign currency business occurs, the foreign currency amount should be converted into the bookkeeping base currency (i.e. RMB) for bookkeeping, which indicates that the foreign currency business of geological prospecting units is accounted for by the unified bookkeeping system.)

(2) foreign exchange separate accounting system is also called original currency accounting or separate accounting. It refers to the daily accounting of an enterprise, which is recorded in currency and adjusted in monetary and non monetary items on the balance sheet date. Monetary items are translated at the spot exchange rate on the balance sheet date, and non monetary items are translated at the spot exchange rate on the transaction date; The exchange difference is included in the current profit and loss

from the current situation in China, the vast majority of enterprises adopt the foreign currency unified accounting system, and only a few financial enterprises such as banks can adopt the separate accounting system for daily accounting e to the frequent foreign currency transactions and the large amount of foreign currency involved. Whether we adopt the separate account system or the inflation system, the accounting proceres are different, but the results should be the same, that is, the calculated exchange difference is the same, and the corresponding accounting treatment is the same, that is, they are included in the current profit and loss

9. In our country, double entry bookkeeping is adopted
first, after determining the functional currency, set the foreign currency account corresponding to non foreign currency or non functional currency, and calculate them separately
1. Foreign currency fund accounts, such as foreign currency cash and foreign currency bank deposits
2. Debt accounts settled in foreign currency, such as notes receivable, accounts receivable, prepayment, etc
3. Debt accounts settled in foreign currency, such as short-term loans, notes payable, accounts payable, prepayments, wages payable, long-term loans, etc
2. Clarify the conversion and conversion of relevant currencies and the calculation method of exchange gains and losses
1. When an enterprise concts foreign currency business, it shall convert the relevant foreign currency amount into the bookkeeping base currency amount for bookkeeping. Unless otherwise specified, all accounts related to foreign currency business shall be converted at the exchange rate at the time of business occurrence (referring to the exchange rate between the two currencies), or at the exchange rate at the beginning of the current period< If the benchmark exchange rate of RMB against US dollar, Japanese yen and Hong Kong dollar published by the people's Bank of China cannot be directly used as the conversion exchange rate when foreign currency business occurs, the following methods should be adopted for conversion:
(1) the exchange rate of other currencies other than US dollar, Japanese yen and Hong Kong dollar against RMB, According to the benchmark exchange rate of US dollar to RMB and the exchange rate of US dollar to other major foreign currencies in the New York foreign exchange market provided by the State Administration of foreign exchange, the exchange rate after the arbitrage is used as the conversion rate
(2) the exchange rate of US dollar to other currencies other than RMB is directly the exchange rate of US dollar to other major currencies in New York foreign exchange market provided by the State Administration of foreign exchange
(3) the exchange rate between currencies other than US dollar and RMB is calculated according to the exchange rate between us dollar and other major foreign currencies in the New York foreign exchange market provided by the State Administration of foreign exchange, and the exchange rate after calculation is used as the conversion exchange rate
3. Due to the supply and demand in the foreign exchange market and the constant changes in the value of foreign exchange, the exchange rate also fluctuates up and down. When different foreign currencies are converted and converted into RMB, e to different time and different exchange rates, exchange differences, namely exchange gains and losses, will occur. The calculation formula is: exchange gains and losses generated by a business = amount of a business × The exchange rate difference
is used as the accounting entry for exchange gain and loss adjustment< According to the new enterprise accounting system, the amount of foreign currency in various foreign currency accounts should be converted into the amount of base currency at the end of the period according to the exchange rate at the end of the period
the difference between the bookkeeping amount in functional currency converted by the ending exchange rate and the bookkeeping amount in functional currency is taken as the summary profit and loss and included in the current profit and loss; If it belongs to the preparation period, it shall be included in the long-term deferred expenses; The exchange gains and losses arising from loans related to the purchase and construction of fixed assets shall be dealt with in accordance with the principle of capitalization of borrowing costs.

10. "Bookkeeping base currency" is actually the currency used in bookkeeping According to the enterprise accounting system, enterprises whose accounting is based on RMB and whose business income and expenditure are mainly in foreign currency can also choose a foreign currency