The definition of virtual currency by bis
CDC Internet of things digital currency is a pyramid scheme evolved from LCF Internet of things digital currency
CDC Internet of things has been defined as MLM by the police. Internet of things is the name of an instry, just like steel instry and catering instry. Regular Internet of things companies will not require users to pay funds
the Internet of things is an important part of the new generation of information technology, and also an important development stage in the "information" era. Its English name is "Internet of things (IOT)"
as the name suggests, the Internet of things is the Internet of things. This has two meanings:
first, the core and foundation of the Internet of things is still the Internet, which is an extension and expansion network based on the Internet
secondly, its client extends and extends to any goods and goods to carry out information exchange and communication, that is, mutual information. The Internet of things is widely used in the integration of networks through intelligent sensing, identification technology and pervasive computing and other communication sensing technologies, which is also known as the third wave of the development of the world information instry after the computer and Internet
the Internet of things is the application expansion of the Internet. It is not so much a network as a business and application. Therefore, application innovation is the core of the development of the Internet of things, and Innovation 2.0 with user experience as the core is the soul of the development of the Internet of things
extended data:
virtual currency refers to non real currency. Well known virtual currency, such as network company's network currency, Tencent company's Q currency, Q point, Shanda company's voucher, Sina's Micro currency (used for micro games, Sina reading, etc.), chivalrous Yuanbao (used for chivalrous road game), silver pattern (used for bixue Qingtian game)
the popular digital currencies in 2013 are bitcoin, Leyte coin, infinite coin, quark coin, zeta coin, BBQ coin, pennies (Internet), invisible gold bar, red coin and prime currency. At present, hundreds of digital currencies are issued all over the world. Popular in the circle & quot; The legend of "bitcoin, Wright silver, infinite copper, pennies aluminum"
Virtual currency is the currency used for electronic circulation. Now the scope of virtual currency is very large, including q-coin, bitcoin and so on. With the development of digital currency, virtual currency is becoming more and more abundant, which may become the mainstream in the future. For example, BTC, EOS, bcbot and so on are not only virtual currencies, but also algorithms, landing projects and technologies
virtual currency is mainly issued by online game service providers to purchase game props, such as equipment, clothing, etc. But at present, the use of virtual currency has gone far beyond this category. Virtual currency can be used to buy game cards, physical objects and download services of some movies and software
extended data:
real risk
as the proct of e-commerce, virtual currency has begun to play an increasingly important role, and it is more and more connected with the real world. However, with the growth of virtual currency, the relevant laws and regulations are lagging behind, which has laid many hidden dangers
fraud
the private transaction of online virtual currency has realized the two-way circulation between virtual currency and RMB to a certain extent. The activity of these traders is to buy all kinds of virtual currencies and procts at a low price, and then sell them at a high price to earn profits. With the increase of such transactions, there are even virtual mints. In addition to the virtual currency provided by the main company, there are also some people who specialize in "virtual coin making" to obtain virtual currency by playing games and then resell it to other players
Taking Wenzhou as an example, there are about seven or eight such "virtual mints" with four or five hundred practitioners. This not only creates a bubble for the price of the virtual currency itself, but also causes trouble for the normal sale of the issuing company. It also provides a platform for selling and collecting money and money laundering for various cyber crimes. p>
impact system
in modern financial system, the issuers of money are generally central banks, which are responsible for the management and supervision of money operation. As the equivalent exchange goods used to replace the real currency circulation on the Internet, the virtual currency on the Internet is essentially the same as the real currency. The difference is that the issuers are no longer central banks, but Internet companies
if the development of virtual currency makes it form a unified market, each company can exchange with each other, or virtual currency is integrated and unified, and all of them are based on the same standard and price, then in a sense, virtual currency is currency, which is likely to form a threat impact on the traditional financial system or economic operation
reference: network virtual currency
in a word, virtual currency represented by bitcoin is legal in China, but the government takes a cold attitude towards virtual currency, which is neither positive nor negative. Most of the major countries in the world also adopt a cold attitude towards virtual currency
since 2015, the popular virtual currencies are bitcoin, Laite coin, Fuyuan coin, doggy coin, reborn coin and so on
it is possible, but at present, the government has not banned it
bitcoin and other virtual currencies exist legally in China. In the 2013 bitcoin risk notice, the central bank and other five ministries and commissions clearly defined bitcoin as a special Internet commodity. People can buy and sell it freely at their own risk. Financial institutions do not have to provide bitcoin related services, denying its monetary attribute. Zhou Xiaochuan, the governor of the central bank, compares bitcoin to a tradable asset like a stamp< Most of the major countries in the world take a cold attitude towards virtual currency. There are several possibilities for countries to ban virtual currency:
1
2. The well-known weaknesses and defects of virtual currency can not be overcome in a certain period of time
3. The government can't stand the use of virtual currency in money laundering and other illegal activities
since 2013, the popular virtual currencies are bitcoin, Fuyuan coin, Laite coin, doggy coin, Ruibo coin, Yuanbao coin and so on<
Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of the central bank, said at the Boao Forum for Asia that virtual currency is not a currency approved by the central bank and can not be banned. Since digital currency is not the currency initiated and approved by the central bank, it can not be banned. Digital currency belongs to digital assets, which can be freely traded between indivials. Therefore, digital currency is not MLM, not capital disk, but a kind of financial investment
in fact, the central bank has been studying digital currency for a long time. From the perspective of historical development trend, money has always evolved with the development of technological progress and economic activities. From the early physical money, commodity money to the later credit money, it is a natural choice to adapt to the development of human commercial society. As the currency of the previous generation, paper money has low technology content. From the perspective of safety and cost, it is the general trend to be replaced by new technology and new procts. In particular, with the development of the Internet and the great changes in payment methods all over the world, the establishment of digital currency issuance and circulation system is very necessary for the construction of financial infrastructure and the promotion of economic quality, efficiency and upgrading
does China recognize virtual currency_****** In the notice on bitcoin risk prevention issued by the central bank and other five ministries and commissions at the end of 2013, bitcoin was clearly defined as a special Internet commodity. People can buy and sell bitcoin freely at their own risk, denying its monetary attribute. Financial institutions are not allowed to provide services related to bitcoin, and bitcoin related websites must be put on record, In a word, the virtual currency represented by bitcoin is legal in China, but the government takes a cold attitude towards it, Most of the major countries in the world also adopt a cold attitude towards virtual currency. Since 2015, the popular virtual currencies include bitcoin, Wright coin, Fuyuan coin, doggy coin, Ruibo coin, etc.
Why do not countries ban virtual currency; In other words, what is the connection and difference between the value represented by virtual currency and the value represented by general currency? 3. In view of the depth of the background of the problem, we need to stand higher in the starting point of the research. Currency is a problem in the category of modernity, The problem of virtual currency is the problem of postmodernism. They do not share the same basic paradigm. It is the difference of paradigm, not virtual phenomenon, that leads to the difference between them.
why does China not stop virtual currency_****** As a new thing, virtual currency has its progressive side. One of China's attitudes towards new things is that the law does not prohibit it. However, if virtual currency poses a threat to the existing financial system, the government will take action, What follows is the public...
which countries recognize the legitimacy of virtual currency_****** At present, Japan has recognized bitcoin as legal
is virtual currency recognized by the state_****** No, because it involves money laundering, easy to crash and other factors. Although bitcoin, the most famous virtual currency, can not be said to be suppressed, there are very few transactions between physical objects and virtual currency abroad, and its prospect still remains to be seen, The pure pyramid structure will not be recognized by the state.
is there any policy in China to prohibit the trading of virtual currency****** At the end of 2013, the central bank and other five ministries and commissions jointly issued a bitcoin risk notice, in which bitcoin is clearly defined as a special Internet commodity, and people can buy and sell freely at their own risk, denying its monetary attribute, In an interview with the Boao Forum, President Yang Xiaochuan compared bitcoin to a tradable asset like a stamp, and the central bank has no right to ban it. Since 2013, popular virtual currencies include bitcoin, Leyte, Fuyuan, doggy, etc Is China's virtual currency legal_****** Virtual currency can trade bitcoin, Leyte and ether on chinacoin.com.
is virtual currency illegal in China_****** Virtual currency exists legally in China, but it is illegal to engage in illegal activities by using virtual currency. The notice on preventing bitcoin risks issued by the people's Bank of China and other five ministries and commissions defines the nature of bitcoin, believing that bitcoin is not issued by the monetary authority and has no monetary attributes such as legal compensation and compulsion, Not really...
will China ban all virtual currency commercial transactions? Will virtual currency be banned_****** How to buy and sell virtual currency after China forbids virtual currency trading
how does the state treat virtual currency in 2017****** At present, there is no official recognition of the value of virtual currency in China, but only in some areas suspected of causing actual harm to society, some recognize its existence value
1、 Common analysis of virtual currency (1) bitcoin solution is designed and created by Japanese programmer Nakamoto (alias) in 2009, and it is the most successful and controversial network currency at present. Bitcoin scheme is based on P2P network architecture, which has been operating in the world, and can be used for all kinds of virtual and real goods and services transactions
In theory, if the existence of network currency affects the demand for the central bank's liabilities, and then interferes with the central bank's open market operation, it will have an impact on a country's monetary policy and price stability. However, from a practical point of view, the premise of network currency affecting price stability includes the following three aspects:(1) from the analysis of the impact on the amount of money, although it is difficult to analyze the extent to which the network currency scheme creates money in the case of lack of information
However,however, most Internet money systems operate in prepaid mode, that is, issuing Internet money when the real money is exchanged in and withdrawing money when the real money is exchanged out. In the famous network currency scheme, the supply of money is stable and the supply is small, but we still need to be vigilant whether it can ensure that the money supply will maintain a stable level in the long run, and the impact of the change of exchange rate between network currency and real currency
(2) from the analysis of the impact on the speed of money circulation, the use of cash and money statistics, the impact of the technological innovation brought by the network currency scheme on the speed of money circulation is not clear
as an Internet instry, it largely depends on the number of active internet currency scheme users. If the network currency is widely accepted, it will have a substitution effect on the real currency of the central bank, thus recing the use of cash in transactions
in this case, the scale of the central bank's balance sheet will be reced, and its ability to influence short-term interest rates will also be weakened. The central bank will need to fight against risks through ways such as setting minimum reserves for cyber currencies. Substitution effect will aggravate the difficulty of monetary statistics and affect the relationship between monetary statistics and inflation, which is not concive to the realization of long-term price stability. In addition, the issuance of network currency outside the central bank and the expansion of virtual credit will have an impact on the central bank's interest rate decision in the economy and weaken the central bank's monetary control
(3) from the analysis of the interaction between network currency and real economy, network currency can act as a real commodity trading medium and have an impact on real GDP
The influence of network money on real money supply depends on two aspects: one is the substitution effect of virtual economy on real economy; the other is the substitution effect of virtual economy on real economy; The second is the crowding out effect of Internet money on real money, that is, with the increase of the total amount of Internet money, the amount of cash held by the public in real life decreases, resulting in the decrease of cash / deposit ratio and the increase of money multiplier. In reality, the network virtual currency scheme will not affect the price stability at this stage, and the money flow speed will not be significantly affected in the short and medium term. However, the interaction between network currency and real economy deserves attention (2) financial stability risk when the virtual currency scheme operates outside the banking system, the most important factor of financial instability lies in its connection with the real economy, namely exchange rate and exchange market. Obviously, the closed network currency scheme and the one-way flow network currency scheme are not affected, so we should focus on the two-way flow network currency scheme. The value of two-way network currency depends on the level of money supply and demand in the exchange market. A big difference between network currency and real currency is that the network currency scheme is not based on the country or currency region, and the influence of virtual economy intensity, trade or proction capacity on its exchange rate is limited. The price of virtual money and its fluctuation depend on five factors:(1) money supply and other actions taken by currency issuers. For example: to achieve a fixed or semi fixed exchange rate by intervening in the market
(2) the network currency scheme shows network externality, and its monetary value depends on the number of users and merchants. As the number of consumers and businesses increases, their monetary value will increase accordingly. In addition, the exchange rate of network currency with small transaction volume fluctuates more(3) the virtual community with clear and transparent policies and advanced security measures is easier to boost confidence and the currency is stronger
(4) the reputation of network currency issuers in fulfilling their commitments. There is no "lender of last resort" in the virtual community, and the trust gained by the issuer is crucial to the exchange rate of internet currency
(5)
speculation on the future value of Internet money and cyber attacks on virtual communities. Due to the immaturity of the system, low trading, speculative activities and network attacks, the two-way network currency scheme is inherently unstable
qualitative. At present, the trading volume of these network currencies is small and the correlation with the real economy is low, so the stability of the financial system will not be affected. However, if Internet money becomes a substitute for traditional money in the future, it will bring instability to the financial system and even distort the relative prices of goods and services. The impact of network currency system on the financial system largely depends on the number of active users and the number of merchants who are willing to accept virtual currency for real transactions. In addition, virtual currency has only exchange value and no use value. Generally, network currency is not based on assets with intrinsic value and is not supported by central bank credit. At present, these network monetary systems are not allowed to lend
or borrow funds, so it can not pose a threat to the stability of the financial system, but we should pay close attention to its development. If there is any change in the future, it will undoubtedly have an impact on the financial system
in a specific virtual community, virtual currency payment activities have evolved into a "real" payment system, facing typical risks related to the payment system: credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk and legal risk. The nature, scale and ration of these risks are largely determined by the design of the system or the degree of lack of liquidity, so it is difficult for the network virtual currency scheme to avoid or control these risks. According to the core principles of payment system (CP) issued by the bank for International Settlements (BIS), the network virtual currency scheme does not conform to most of the contents of CP, and does not belong to the systemically important payment system. Therefore, it will not cause
or transmit shocks in the global financial system. At present, there is no systematic risk in the network currency system outside these virtual communities
2. Lack of corresponding supervision and protection mechanism
in the real economy, the central bank plays the role of lender of last resort and has no default risk, so it can take actions in the case of payment crisis or unpredictable liquidity shortage to avoid chain reaction. However, in the network virtual currency scheme
it is impossible to use network currency as settlement asset. Because network currency simply depends on the credibility of the issuer, it can not be widely accepted as a means of payment, so network currency can not be regarded as a safe currency. In addition, commercial banks are required to accept prudential supervision, which reces the possibility of default, and the security of money in commercial bank accounts is higher than that of network currency. A fundamental risk of network currency is that the settlement institution of network currency scheme is not subject to any supervision, no institution is responsible for its behavior, and there is no investor / depositor protection mechanism, which causes the user to bear all the risks
supervision and the anonymity, invisibility and difficulty in tracking of its transactions, the network virtual currency scheme is very easy to be used by terrorist activities, fraud, money laundering and other illegal activities. At present, many government departments in many countries are considering whether to recognize or
legalize these virtual schemes and bring them into the scope of supervision, so as to support the innovation of currency and payment forms, protect the rights and interests of consumers and financial stability, and inhibit the use of virtual currency schemes to engage in criminal activities
at present, the uncertainty of the legal status of the virtual currency scheme may also bring challenges to the government authorities (5) reputation risk of monetary authority the reputation of Monetary Authority (central bank) is the key factor to determine the effectiveness of monetary policy. The public's trust in fiat money is closely related to the image of the central bank, which pays close attention to its reputation. The ECB defines reputation risk as the risk of deterioration of reputation, credit or public image. As the network currency scheme is related to money and payment, it is generally believed that it belongs to the responsibility of the central bank, so we should be alert to the reputation risk it may bring to the central bank. However, in the case of small scale, the impact of the failure of the network currency scheme is limited, but its high volatility and instability also aggravate the possibility of failure and attract extensive media coverage. If the network currency is allowed to develop continuously without
regulation, the central bank may be considered as dereliction of ty and affect its reputation (6) the risk of investors' loss
for exchange value, the public has a higher recognition of the investment value of network virtual currency, and it is investment based transactions that accelerate the formation of virtual currency market. Like other investment markets, participants in virtual money market will also face potential losses caused by market risk, credit risk and policy risk. Take bitcoin as an example: from 2009 to early 2010, bitcoin was worthless; In the summer of 2010, bitcoin trading began to enter the golden
period. As the supply was far less than the demand, the value of online trading began to rise. In early November, bitcoin was silent at 29 cents for many days, and then jumped to 36 cents; In February 2011, bitcoin continued to appreciate, and its exchange rate with us dollar
reached 1:1; In 2013, the price of bitcoin achieved a "Big Bang" growth, and hit US $1242 on November 29, 2013, surpassing the gold price of US $1241.98/ounce in the same period. Fierce price fluctuations make market participants face huge speculative risks. Unlike mature capital markets such as stocks and bonds, the depth of bitcoin market is insufficient, and it is mainly held in the hands of large investors with low degree of diversification. Bitcoin price is easily affected by large investors' buying and selling behavior, and also easily manipulated by speculators. At the same time, different countries have different attitudes towards bitcoin, Germany, the United States and other countries hold an open and supportive attitude, and Thailand, Brazil and other countries regard bitcoin related activities
as illegal. Every country's attitude and measures will have a significant impact on the price of bitcoin, especially in the short term
virtual currency is always inferior to real currency< br />
other well-known digital currencies include Leyte, Ruitai, doggy and so on.
It is difficult to avoid the typical risks related to the payment system. In a specific virtual community, virtual currency payment activities have evolved into a "real" payment system, facing the typical risks related to the payment system: credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk and legal risk. The nature, scale and ration of these risks largely depend on the design of the system or the degree of lack of liquidity. It is difficult for the network virtual currency scheme to avoid or control these risks. According to the core principles of important payment system (CP) issued by the bank for International Settlements (BIS), the network virtual currency scheme does not conform to most of the contents of CP, and does not belong to the systemically important payment system. Therefore, it will not cause or transmit shocks to the global financial system. At present, there is no systematic risk in the network currency system outside these virtual communities
2. Lack of corresponding supervision and protection mechanism
in the real economy, the central bank plays the role of lender of last resort and there is no default risk, so it can take actions in the case of payment crisis or unpredictable liquidity shortage to avoid chain reaction. In the network virtual currency scheme, network currency is not the settlement asset. Because network currency simply depends on the credibility of the issuer, it can not be widely accepted as a means of payment, so network currency can not be regarded as a safe currency. In addition, commercial banks are required to accept prudential supervision, which reces the possibility of default. The security of money in commercial bank accounts is higher than that of network currency. A fundamental risk of network currency is that the settlement institution of network currency scheme is not subject to any supervision, no institution is responsible for its behavior, and there is no investor / depositor protection mechanism, which causes the user to bear all the risks
(4) risk of absence of supervision generally speaking, supervision lags behind the development of science and technology. The network virtual currency program was established in the late 1990s, but it was not until 2006 that some government agencies in the United States began to analyze these programs. Due to the lack of supervision and the anonymity, invisibility and difficulty in tracking of its transactions, the network virtual currency scheme is easily used by terrorist activities, fraud, money laundering and other illegal activities. At present, many government departments in many countries are considering whether to recognize or legalize these virtual schemes and bring them into the scope of supervision, so as to support the innovation of currency and payment forms, protect consumers' rights and interests and financial stability, and restrain the use of virtual currency schemes to engage in criminal activities. At present, the uncertainty of the legal status of the virtual currency scheme may also bring challenges to the government authorities
The reputation of Monetary Authority (central bank) is the key factor to determine the effectiveness of its policies, especially monetary policy. The public's trust in fiat money is closely related to the image of the central bank, which pays close attention to its reputation. The ECB will define reputation risk as the risk of deterioration of reputation, credit or public image. As the network currency scheme is related to money and payment, it is generally believed that it belongs to the responsibility of the central bank, so it is necessary to guard against the reputation risk it may bring to the central bank. Although in the case of small scale, the impact of the failure of the network currency scheme is limited, its high volatility and instability also increase the possibility of failure and attract extensive media coverage. If the network currency is allowed to develop continuously without regulation, the central bank may be regarded as dereliction of ty and affect its reputation Compared with the exchange value, the public has a higher recognition of the investment value of network virtual currency, and it is the transaction based on investment that accelerates the formation of virtual currency market. Like other investment markets, the participants of virtual money market will also face the potential losses caused by market risk, credit risk and policy risk. Take the bitcoin as an example: from 2009 to the beginning of 2010, bitcoin was worthless; In the summer of 2010, bitcoin trading began to enter the golden age. Because the supply was far less than the demand, the value of online trading began to rise. In early November, bitcoin was silent at 29 cents for many days, and then jumped to 36 cents; In February 2011, the bitcoin continued to appreciate, and its exchange rate with the US dollar reached 1:1; In 2013, the bitcoin price achieved a "Big Bang" growth, and hit US $1242 on November 29, 2013, exceeding the gold price of US $1241.98/oz in the same period. Fierce price fluctuations make market participants face huge speculative risksunlike mature capital markets such as stocks and bonds, bitcoin market is not deep enough, and it is mainly held in the hands of large investors with low degree of diversification. Bitcoin price is easily affected by large investors' trading behavior and controlled by speculators. At the same time, different countries have different attitudes towards bitcoin. Germany, the United States and other countries hold an open and supportive attitude. Thailand, Brazil and other countries regard bitcoin related activities as illegal. Every country's attitude and measures will have a significant impact on its price, especially in the short term
buy back, also known as compensation trade, refers to a party's commitment to buy a certain number of procts proced by the machinery or technology while exporting the machinery or technology to the other party. This is the basic form of proct repurchase. Sometimes, the two parties can also purchase other procts provided by the importing party through agreement. Buy back method is relatively simple, and is concive to the cost accounting of enterprises, which is widely used
bitcoin, Leyte coin, Ruitai coin and doggy coin are generally not suitable for this mode, and most of them are MLM coins.
the world bank is the collective name of the world bank, which has been used to refer to the international bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). These institutions jointly provide low interest loans, interest free credit and grants to developing countries. It is an international organization whose initial mission was to help rebuild the countries destroyed in the Second World War. Today, its mission is to help the country overcome poverty, and institutions play a unique role in the mission of recing poverty and improving living standards
the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established on December 27, 1945. It is one of the two largest financial institutions in the world. It is responsible for monitoring currency exchange rate and trade situation of various countries, providing technical and financial assistance, and ensuring the normal operation of the global financial system;
after the first World War, the Versailles agreement on German war reparations was originally implemented by a special reparations Committee. According to the "Dawes plan" at that time, since 1924, Germany has paid 1 billion gold marks in the first year, and then increased by one year every year. Direct reparations were paid for 58 years. By 1928, German reparations increased to 2.5 billion gold marks, Germany claimed that there was an economic crisis at home and it was unable to take care of the compensation, and asked to rece it. The United States agreed to Germany's request, and young planned and formulated the "young plan". In order to implement the "young plan", the Allies decided to set up the bank for International Settlements to replace the original indemnity committee to distribute the indemnity to Germany and supervise German finance< On January 20, 1930, some American banks (including Citibank of New York and Citibank of Chicago), led by Morgan bank, and the central banks of Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium and Japan signed an international agreement at the Hague Conference in the Netherlands to establish the "bank for International Settlements". The governments of Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Italy and Japan have reached an agreement with the Swiss government. Switzerland promises to issue CCB a license to bis. The license stipulates that BIS has the status of an international legal person and is tax-free. The Swiss government does not collect, detain or confiscate the bank's property, and allows the bank to import and export gold and foreign exchange, enjoying diplomatic privileges and immunities. After the Second World War, BIS became the agent of the central banks of the member countries of the European Economic Cooperation Organization (now the organization for economic cooperation and development); Trustees of the European Union of payment nations and the European Coal and Steel Community; The agent of the European Monetary Cooperation Fund established by the member states of the European community
the essence of the establishment of BIS is that the United States should use this institution as a means to control German finance, and put European debtor countries' repayment of U.S. debt under its own supervision. In 1944, according to the resolution of the Bretton Woods conference, the mission of bis had been completed and should be dissolved, but the United States still kept it as a subsidiary of the International Monetary Fund and the world bank
the initial capital of BIS is 500 million gold francs, which is divided into 200000 shares with 2500 gold francs per share, and is subscribed by the central banks of six countries and the Bank of America group. In December 1969, the bank for International Settlements (BIS) changed its charter to promote the cooperation among central banks of various countries and provide them with more facilities for international financial business, cooperate with them in International Settlements and provide them with more facilities for international financial business, and act as trustee or agent in international settlement business. Accordingly, the bank's capital increased to 1.5 billion gold francs, divided into 600000 shares and 2500 gold francs each. At present, four fifths of the shares of bis are in the hands of the central banks of the Member States, and one fifths of the shares have been transferred from the central banks of the member states to private indivials, who hold them, but private shareholders have no right to attend the general meeting of shareholders. In September 1996, BIS decided to accept the central banks of China, India, South Korea, Singapore, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Hong Kong as its members. This is the first time in 25 years that BIS has accepted a new member. Among the original 32 members, there are 26 central banks of European countries, six of which are central banks of Canada, Australia, Japan, Turkey and South Africa, and Morgan bank, which represents the interests of the United States. But in fact, the central banks of most countries in the world have established business relations with them. BIS has become the most important international financial institution besides the International Monetary Fund and the world bank group
at present, the typical regional international financial institutions are bank for International Settlements, Inter American Development Bank, European investment bank, Asian Development Bank, European bank for reconstruction and development, African Development Bank and Caribbean Development Bank< The bank for International Settlements is established in the form of a joint-stock company, which includes the general meeting of shareholders, the board of directors and the office
the highest authority of BIS is the general meeting of shareholders, which is held once a year in Basel in June. Only the representatives of the central banks of the member countries participate in the voting. Votes are distributed in proportion to the shares subscribed by the banks concerned, regardless of the number of shares held at the time of the election. The annual general meeting of shareholders adopts resolutions on major issues such as annual accounts, balance sheet, profit and loss statement, profit distribution method and acceptance of new member states. When deciding on the articles of association, increasing or recing the bank's capital and dissolving the bank, a special general meeting of shareholders should be held. Except for the governors or representatives of the central banks of the Member States who attend the general meeting of shareholders as voting shareholders, all representatives of the central banks who have established business relations with the bank are invited to attend as nonvoting delegates
the board of directors is the operation and management organization of BIS, which is composed of 13 directors. The governors of the central banks of Belgium, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and the United States are ex officio directors of the board of directors. Each of these six countries can appoint a representative of their own instrial, commercial and financial circles as a director. In addition, the board of directors can elect other directors by a majority of two-thirds, but no more than nine at most. The board of directors shall have one chairman and several vice chairmen. It shall hold a regular meeting once a month to review the daily business of the bank. The resolution shall be made by a simple majority vote. If the number of votes is equal, the chairman presiding over the meeting shall cast a casting vote. The chairman of the board of directors and the president of the bank shall be one person. The board of directors shall, on the proposal of the chairman, appoint a general manager and a deputy general manager to be responsible to the bank for its business operation
BIS has banking department, monetary and economic department, legal department and Secretariat
[edit this paragraph] purpose and task
the purpose of BIS is to promote cooperation among central banks of various countries, provide convenience for international financial operation beyond additional burden, and act as the trustee or agent of international settlement. Expanding cooperation among central banks is one of the important factors to promote international financial stability. Therefore, BIS has become a meeting place for central bankers of various countries to carry out various business entrusted by central banks. According to the regulations of BIS, BIS has the right to carry out the following business activities:
1. It can purchase, sell, exchange and store gold for itself and for Central banks< (2) providing loans to and accepting loans from the central banks of Member States< (3) handling and reprocessing bills, buying or selling promissory notes and other superior short-term bonds for the central banks of Member States< (4) they can not only rely on themselves, but also rely on the Central Bank of each member state to accept exhibits for sale, except for foreign exchange and securities and stocks)< (5) to accept the current funds and deposits selected by the central banks of member countries< (6) as the entrusted party, it shall accept deposits from the government or other funds according to the resolution of the board of directors, and shall not issue bank notes for payment, tender bills, or provide loans to governments (except for the purchase of national bonds)< (7) supervise any enterprise< (8) to be in charge of a real estate that belongs to the bank e to the low repayment of the bank's debt before it is sold at a more suitable price< br />The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an international organisation which fosters international monetary and financial cooperation and serves as a bank for central banks.
The BIS fulfils this mandate by acting as:
a forum to promote discussion and policy analysis among central banks and within the international financial c ommunity a centre for economic and monetary research a prime counterparty for central banks in their financial transactions agent or trustee in connection with international financial operations As its customers are central banks and international organisations, the BIS does not accept deposits from, or provide financial services to, Private indivials or corporate entities. The BIS strongly advises caution against framework schemes. This means that the international monetary and financial institutions within the United Nations system play a useful complementary role. At present, about 1 / 10 of the world's international reserves are deposited in the BIS. The foreign exchange reserves deposited in the bank by the central banks of various countries can be converted in different currencies and can be withdrawn at any time without any reason. This provides a good way for some countries to change the structure of their foreign exchange reserves and realize diversification. The deposit of gold reserves in BIS is free of charge and can be used as collateral to obtain 85% of the value of gold in cash loan from BIS. At the same time, BIS also acts as an agent for the central banks of various countries to handle gold purchase and sale business, and is responsible for confidentiality. Therefore, it is very popular in the central banks of Member States
in addition to banking activities, BIS, as a club of central banks, serves as a governing forum for cooperation among central banks of various countries. Its board of directors and other meetings provide a good opportunity for information exchange on the international monetary situation< The fund source of bis mainly comes from three aspects:
(1) the share capital paid by member countries. When the bank was established, its legal capital was 500 million gold francs, which increased to 1.5 billion gold francs in 1969, and then increased several times. 80% of the bank's shares are held by national central banks and the remaining 20% are privately held< (2) borrowing. Borrowing from the central banks of Member States to supplement the bank's own funds< (3) deposit taking. It accepts gold deposits from central banks of various countries and deposits from commercial banks< Main business
1. Handling international settlement affairs. After World War II, BIS has become the financial business agent of international institutions such as European Economic Cooperation Organization, European payment union, European Coal and steel pool, gold general Treasury, European Monetary Cooperation Fund and so on
2. Handle or act as an agent for relevant banking business. After World War II, BIS business continued to expand