Virtual currency asset management
fiat money: it means that it does not represent real goods or goods, and the issuer has not cashed the currency into physical obligation; A currency that becomes legal currency only by government decrees. The value of fiat money comes from the owner's belief that money will maintain its purchasing power in the future. Money itself has no intrinsic value, that is to say, when the paper money comes into being, legal tender is essentially the negotiable paper money stipulated by law
the legal currency of the people's Republic of China is RMB, and the people's Bank of China is the national authority in charge of the management of RMB, which is responsible for the design, printing and issuance of RMB—— From the Internet
e-money: in fact, it is the electronization of legal money, including our common bank card, online banking, e-cash, etc; There are also third party payments developed in recent years, such as Alipay and WeChat payment. No matter what the form of these electronic money is and through which institutions it circulates, its original source is the legal money issued by the central bank
virtual currency: virtual currency refers to non real currency, and its existing state is intangible. The most important difference between virtual currency and electronic currency in narrow sense is the difference of issuers. Virtual currency is the electronization of illegal currency, and its original issuer is not the central bank. For example, game currency, q-coin, and ticket counting are mainly limited to circulation in a specific virtual environment
digital currency: digital currency which applies the latest digital network technologies such as blockchain, has the characteristics of Distributed Accounting, unique encryption technology, decentralized settlement, etc. Of course, digital tools with these characteristics must be supported by national credit if they want to become sovereign currency or legal tender
therefore, digital currency must be currency; In today's social system, money must also be sovereign money or legal tender. Secondly, digital currency must have the basic attributes and main functions of currency.
1、 Different definitions:
1. Virtual currency:
virtual currency refers to non real currency
Digital currency:digital currency is an alternative currency in the form of electronic currency. Both digital gold coin and cryptocurrency belong to digiccy
3. Cryptocurrency:
cryptocurrency is a kind of transaction medium that uses cryptography principles to ensure transaction security and control the creation of transaction units
4. Token (token):
a kind of article whose shape and size are similar to currency, but the scope of use is limited and has no currency effect, and its token is the homonym of token in English
Second, the characteristics are different:1; It can also be said that virtual currency is personalized currency. In another way, it can also be called information currency
2. Digital currency:
is an unregulated and digital currency, which is usually issued and managed by developers and accepted and used by members of specific virtual communities
Cryptocurrency:cryptocurrency is based on the decentralized consensus mechanism, which is opposite to the banking and financial system relying on the centralized regulatory system
4. Token (token):
usually needs to be exchanged for money, used in shops, playgrounds, mass transportation and other places, as a voucher to use services and exchange goods
extended data
at present, digital currency is more like an investment proct, because it lacks a strong guarantee agency to maintain its price stability, and its role as a value measure has not yet appeared, so it can not be used as a means of payment. As an investment proct, digital currency cannot develop without trading platform, operating company and investment company
digital currency is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the blockchain technology it relies on has been decentralized and can be used in other fields except digital currency, which is one of the reasons why bitcoin is popular; On the other hand, if digital currency is widely used by the public as a kind of currency, it will have a huge impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy, financial infrastructure, financial market and financial stability
Virtual currency is the currency used for electronic circulation. Now the scope of virtual currency is very large, including q-coin, bitcoin and so on. With the development of digital currency, virtual currency is becoming more and more abundant, which may become the mainstream in the future. For example, BTC, EOS, bcbot and so on are not only virtual currencies, but also algorithms, landing projects and technologies
virtual currency is mainly issued by online game service providers to purchase game props, such as equipment, clothing, etc. But at present, the use of virtual currency has gone far beyond this category. Virtual currency can be used to buy game cards, physical objects and download services of some movies and software
extended data:
real risk
as the proct of e-commerce, virtual currency has begun to play an increasingly important role, and it is more and more connected with the real world. However, with the growth of virtual currency, the relevant laws and regulations are lagging behind, which has laid many hidden dangers
fraud
the private transaction of online virtual currency has realized the two-way circulation between virtual currency and RMB to a certain extent. The activity of these traders is to buy all kinds of virtual currencies and procts at a low price, and then sell them at a high price to earn profits. With the increase of such transactions, there are even virtual mints. In addition to the virtual currency provided by the main company, there are also some people who specialize in "virtual coin making" to obtain virtual currency by playing games and then resell it to other players
Taking Wenzhou as an example, there are about seven or eight such "virtual mints" with four or five hundred practitioners. This not only creates a bubble for the price of the virtual currency itself, but also causes trouble for the normal sale of the issuing company. It also provides a platform for selling and collecting money and money laundering for various cyber crimes. p>
impact system
in modern financial system, the issuers of money are generally central banks, which are responsible for the management and supervision of money operation. As the equivalent exchange goods used to replace the real currency circulation on the Internet, the virtual currency on the Internet is essentially the same as the real currency. The difference is that the issuers are no longer central banks, but Internet companies
if the development of virtual currency makes it form a unified market, each company can exchange with each other, or virtual currency is integrated and unified, and all of them are based on the same standard and price, then in a sense, virtual currency is currency, which is likely to form a threat impact on the traditional financial system or economic operation
reference: network virtual currency
1、 Common analysis of virtual currency (1) bitcoin solution is designed and created by Japanese programmer Nakamoto (alias) in 2009, and it is the most successful and controversial network currency at present. Bitcoin scheme is based on P2P network architecture, which has been operating in the world, and can be used for all kinds of virtual and real goods and services transactions
In theory, if the existence of network currency affects the demand for the central bank's liabilities, and then interferes with the central bank's open market operation, it will have an impact on a country's monetary policy and price stability. However, from a practical point of view, the premise of network currency affecting price stability includes the following three aspects:(1) from the analysis of the impact on the amount of money, although it is difficult to analyze the extent to which the network currency scheme creates money in the case of lack of information
However,however, most Internet money systems operate in prepaid mode, that is, issuing Internet money when the real money is exchanged in and withdrawing money when the real money is exchanged out. In the famous network currency scheme, the supply of money is stable and the supply is small, but we still need to be vigilant whether it can ensure that the money supply will maintain a stable level in the long run, and the impact of the change of exchange rate between network currency and real currency
(2) from the analysis of the impact on the speed of money circulation, the use of cash and money statistics, the impact of the technological innovation brought by the network currency scheme on the speed of money circulation is not clear
as an Internet instry, it largely depends on the number of active internet currency scheme users. If the network currency is widely accepted, it will have a substitution effect on the real currency of the central bank, thus recing the use of cash in transactions
in this case, the scale of the central bank's balance sheet will be reced, and its ability to influence short-term interest rates will also be weakened. The central bank will need to fight against risks through ways such as setting minimum reserves for cyber currencies. Substitution effect will aggravate the difficulty of monetary statistics and affect the relationship between monetary statistics and inflation, which is not concive to the realization of long-term price stability. In addition, the issuance of network currency outside the central bank and the expansion of virtual credit will have an impact on the central bank's interest rate decision in the economy and weaken the central bank's monetary control
(3) from the analysis of the interaction between network currency and real economy, network currency can act as a real commodity trading medium and have an impact on real GDP
The influence of network money on real money supply depends on two aspects: one is the substitution effect of virtual economy on real economy; the other is the substitution effect of virtual economy on real economy; The second is the crowding out effect of Internet money on real money, that is, with the increase of the total amount of Internet money, the amount of cash held by the public in real life decreases, resulting in the decrease of cash / deposit ratio and the increase of money multiplier. In reality, the network virtual currency scheme will not affect the price stability at this stage, and the money flow speed will not be significantly affected in the short and medium term. However, the interaction between network currency and real economy deserves attention (2) financial stability risk when the virtual currency scheme operates outside the banking system, the most important factor of financial instability lies in its connection with the real economy, namely exchange rate and exchange market. Obviously, the closed network currency scheme and the one-way flow network currency scheme are not affected, so we should focus on the two-way flow network currency scheme. The value of two-way network currency depends on the level of money supply and demand in the exchange market. A big difference between network currency and real currency is that the network currency scheme is not based on the country or currency region, and the influence of virtual economy intensity, trade or proction capacity on its exchange rate is limited. The price of virtual money and its fluctuation depend on five factors:(1) money supply and other actions taken by currency issuers. For example: to achieve a fixed or semi fixed exchange rate by intervening in the market
(2) the network currency scheme shows network externality, and its monetary value depends on the number of users and merchants. As the number of consumers and businesses increases, their monetary value will increase accordingly. In addition, the exchange rate of network currency with small transaction volume fluctuates more(3) the virtual community with clear and transparent policies and advanced security measures is easier to boost confidence and the currency is stronger
(4) the reputation of network currency issuers in fulfilling their commitments. There is no "lender of last resort" in the virtual community, and the trust gained by the issuer is crucial to the exchange rate of internet currency
(5)
speculation on the future value of Internet money and cyber attacks on virtual communities. Due to the immaturity of the system, low trading, speculative activities and network attacks, the two-way network currency scheme is inherently unstable
qualitative. At present, the trading volume of these network currencies is small and the correlation with the real economy is low, so the stability of the financial system will not be affected. However, if Internet money becomes a substitute for traditional money in the future, it will bring instability to the financial system and even distort the relative prices of goods and services. The impact of network currency system on the financial system largely depends on the number of active users and the number of merchants who are willing to accept virtual currency for real transactions. In addition, virtual currency has only exchange value and no use value. Generally, network currency is not based on assets with intrinsic value and is not supported by central bank credit. At present, these network monetary systems are not allowed to lend
or borrow funds, so it can not pose a threat to the stability of the financial system, but we should pay close attention to its development. If there is any change in the future, it will undoubtedly have an impact on the financial system
in a specific virtual community, virtual currency payment activities have evolved into a "real" payment system, facing typical risks related to the payment system: credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk and legal risk. The nature, scale and ration of these risks are largely determined by the design of the system or the degree of lack of liquidity, so it is difficult for the network virtual currency scheme to avoid or control these risks. According to the core principles of payment system (CP) issued by the bank for International Settlements (BIS), the network virtual currency scheme does not conform to most of the contents of CP, and does not belong to the systemically important payment system. Therefore, it will not cause
or transmit shocks in the global financial system. At present, there is no systematic risk in the network currency system outside these virtual communities
2. Lack of corresponding supervision and protection mechanism
in the real economy, the central bank plays the role of lender of last resort and has no default risk, so it can take actions in the case of payment crisis or unpredictable liquidity shortage to avoid chain reaction. However, in the network virtual currency scheme
it is impossible to use network currency as settlement asset. Because network currency simply depends on the credibility of the issuer, it can not be widely accepted as a means of payment, so network currency can not be regarded as a safe currency. In addition, commercial banks are required to accept prudential supervision, which reces the possibility of default, and the security of money in commercial bank accounts is higher than that of network currency. A fundamental risk of network currency is that the settlement institution of network currency scheme is not subject to any supervision, no institution is responsible for its behavior, and there is no investor / depositor protection mechanism, which causes the user to bear all the risks
supervision and the anonymity, invisibility and difficulty in tracking of its transactions, the network virtual currency scheme is very easy to be used by terrorist activities, fraud, money laundering and other illegal activities. At present, many government departments in many countries are considering whether to recognize or
legalize these virtual schemes and bring them into the scope of supervision, so as to support the innovation of currency and payment forms, protect the rights and interests of consumers and financial stability, and inhibit the use of virtual currency schemes to engage in criminal activities
at present, the uncertainty of the legal status of the virtual currency scheme may also bring challenges to the government authorities (5) reputation risk of monetary authority the reputation of Monetary Authority (central bank) is the key factor to determine the effectiveness of monetary policy. The public's trust in fiat money is closely related to the image of the central bank, which pays close attention to its reputation. The ECB defines reputation risk as the risk of deterioration of reputation, credit or public image. As the network currency scheme is related to money and payment, it is generally believed that it belongs to the responsibility of the central bank, so we should be alert to the reputation risk it may bring to the central bank. However, in the case of small scale, the impact of the failure of the network currency scheme is limited, but its high volatility and instability also aggravate the possibility of failure and attract extensive media coverage. If the network currency is allowed to develop continuously without
regulation, the central bank may be considered as dereliction of ty and affect its reputation (6) the risk of investors' loss
for exchange value, the public has a higher recognition of the investment value of network virtual currency, and it is investment based transactions that accelerate the formation of virtual currency market. Like other investment markets, participants in virtual money market will also face potential losses caused by market risk, credit risk and policy risk. Take bitcoin as an example: from 2009 to early 2010, bitcoin was worthless; In the summer of 2010, bitcoin trading began to enter the golden
period. As the supply was far less than the demand, the value of online trading began to rise. In early November, bitcoin was silent at 29 cents for many days, and then jumped to 36 cents; In February 2011, bitcoin continued to appreciate, and its exchange rate with us dollar
reached 1:1; In 2013, the price of bitcoin achieved a "Big Bang" growth, and hit US $1242 on November 29, 2013, surpassing the gold price of US $1241.98/ounce in the same period. Fierce price fluctuations make market participants face huge speculative risks. Unlike mature capital markets such as stocks and bonds, the depth of bitcoin market is insufficient, and it is mainly held in the hands of large investors with low degree of diversification. Bitcoin price is easily affected by large investors' buying and selling behavior, and also easily manipulated by speculators. At the same time, different countries have different attitudes towards bitcoin, Germany, the United States and other countries hold an open and supportive attitude, and Thailand, Brazil and other countries regard bitcoin related activities
as illegal. Every country's attitude and measures will have a significant impact on the price of bitcoin, especially in the short term
virtual currency is always inferior to real currency< br />
I haven't heard of the name of this company. I can't understand the details. But there are some companies that are involved in these businesses. For example: Shenzhen Qianhai yawencang Yayuan digital currency asset management Co., Ltd
the specific explanation of each application is as follows:
1. Digital currency
at present, the most extensive and successful application of blockchain technology is digital currency represented by bitcoin. In recent years, digital currency has developed rapidly. Due to the characteristics of decentralized credit and frequent transactions, it has high transaction value and can maintain a relatively stable price by developing hedging financial derivatives as quasi super sovereign currency. Digital currency establishes the digital currency transaction credit under the endorsement of sovereign currency. The larger the transaction volume is, the more frequent the transaction is, and the stronger the credit foundation of digital currency transaction is. Once the global blockchain credit system is realized, digital currency will become a gold like universal payment credit
2. Payment and clearing
at present, the clearing and payment of commercial trade transactions all rely on banks, and this traditional way of trading through intermediaries has to go through the opening bank, the counterpart bank, the central bank and overseas banks. In this process, each institution has its own accounting system, and they need to establish agency relationship and credit line; Each transaction needs to be recorded in the bank, and also needs to be cleared and reconciled with the counterparties, resulting in slow transaction speed and high cost. Compared with the traditional payment system, blockchain payment is carried out directly by both sides of the transaction, and does not involve intermediate institutions. Even if part of the network is paralyzed, the operation of the whole system will not be affected. If we build a set of general distributed inter-bank financial transaction protocol based on blockchain technology to provide users with cross-border, any currency real-time payment and clearing services, cross-border payment will become convenient and low-cost
taking cross-border exchange as an example, if I open an account in a small bank in my own country and remit money to another small bank abroad, the transfer process under the traditional swift system needs the following steps: first, I submit an application to my own small bank; Second, small banks submit applications to large banks in the same country with exchange terms; Third, large banks wire overseas cooperative banks; Fourth, cooperative banks remit money to small overseas banks. At present, depending on the host country, the process can take from 10 minutes to two days. If the settlement technology based on blockchain is used, when the RMB is remitted, the bill is registered at the market maker, and a trading bank in the world receives the bill, the two sides shake hands to complete the exchange, and the average speed of payment confirmation is within a few seconds
3. Digital bill
Digital bill is a new form of bill presentation developed by combining blockchain technology with Bill attributes, regulations and market, which is completely different from the existing technical architecture of electronic bill system. The core advantages of digital bill are as follows: first, to realize the disintermediation of bill value transmission. In the traditional bill transaction, the bill intermediary often uses the information gap to match. After the point-to-point transaction with the help of blockchain, the bill intermediary will lose its intermediary function and re position its identity. The second is to effectively prevent the risk of bill market. Due to the characteristics of tamperable time stamp and network wide publicity, once a transaction is made, there will be no default phenomenon in blockchain, thus avoiding the problems of "one vote for more sales" of paper tickets and asynchronous endorsement of e-tickets. Third, the construction of the system and data storage do not need the central server, which saves the development cost of the central application and access system, reces the maintenance and optimization cost of the system under the traditional mode, and reces the risk brought by the system centralization. Fourth, standardize the market order and rece the cost of supervision. The non tamperable time stamp formed by the front and back connection of blockchain data greatly reces the access cost of supervision. The completely transparent data management system provides a trusted traceability way, and can establish a common constraint code for the supervision rules in the chain by programming, so as to realize the full coverage and hard control of supervision policies
4. Proof of equity
each node participating in the maintenance of the blockchain can obtain a complete data record, which can confirm the ownership of the equity by using the characteristics of reliable and collective maintenance of the blockchain. For the demand of storing permanent records, blockchain is an ideal solution, which is suitable for land ownership, equity trading and other scenarios. The equity certificate is the most widely used field at present. The equity owner can prove the ownership of the equity by virtue of the private key. When the equity is transferred to the next family through the blockchain system, the property right is clear and the record is clear. The whole process does not require the participation of a third party
in the keynote speech of the 2015 European news award for trade technology and finance excellence in London, NASDAQ CEO Bob Greifeld announced that the exchange intends to use blockchain technology to manage proxy voting system. Proxy voting is originally an important and time-consuming operation used by a listed exchange. The application of blockchain technology enables shareholders to participate in voting without attending the company's annual general meeting. People can vote with their own mobile phones and keep voting records forever. Blockchain technology is regarded as an advanced technology in the field of equity trading, which can ensure transparent trading in a shorter time
5. Bank credit investigation
at present, the most basic consideration in the development of commercial bank credit business, whether for enterprises or indivials, is the financial credit possessed by the borrowers themselves. Each bank uploads the repayment status of each borrower to the credit reference center of the central bank, and then downloads the reference from the credit reference center of the central bank on the premise of customer authorization. There are some problems such as incomplete information, inaccurate data, low efficiency and high cost. In this field, the advantage of blockchain lies in relying on program algorithm to automatically record massive information and store it on every computer in the blockchain network, with transparent information, high tampering difficulty and low use cost. All commercial banks store and share customers' credit status in their own institutions in the form of encryption. When customers apply for loans, they do not have to go to the central bank to apply for credit investigation, that is, decentralization. Lending institutions can complete all credit investigation work by retrieving the corresponding information data of the blockchain
in a word, blockchain has become one of the hot spots of financial innovation, but as a new technology, blockchain also has considerable risks. At present, the settlement system based on blockchain technology is very sensitive to regulatory risks. If participants worry about the uncertainty of regulatory policies, the payment system may collapse e to instability. In addition, because the operation right is controlled by the developer, the obvious technical disadvantage is that if the operator itself controls more than 51% of the computing power of the whole network, it can achieve double payment, leading to the collapse of trust. This is also an important issue to be solved in the application of blockchain technology.
1. A variety of transaction scenarios: currency transaction, legal currency transaction, full withdrawal currency:
currency transaction: mutual exchange between digital currencies. For example, if I buy an EOS with usdt in JYS and directly record a usdt purchase EOS in the currency app, the number of EOS will increase and the corresponding usdt number will decrease in my account book. This function is quite practical
legal currency transaction: record the situation that I directly buy and sell with legal currency, and at the same time, I can see the flow of my legal currency, so that I can know my legal currency investment more clearly
withdrawal process: record the withdrawal process between my different exchanges or wallets
2. Add the digital currency that is not online, so that I can record the currency that I participate in private placement
3. The currency app can automatically calculate: profit and loss of holding currency and total profit and loss of selling currency
(1) the cost and floating income of my existing digital currency make me more clear about the income of my existing currency assets
(2) the bagged income of the sold digital currency
(3) and the total income of the digital currencies I currently hold and have sold
the above three kinds of income can be viewed separately, so that I can make better trading decisions
4. At the same time, the function of [View asset classification] is also good:
(1) you can view the trading income of the currency according to the currency
(2) you can view the asset income according to the storage location (wallet and exchange)
(3) you can search the transaction flow according to the time, asset storage location and currency, Quick search for some of my deals.
at present, it is better to focus on non RMB asset management, such as bulk commodity market investment, real estate investment, insurance, funds, etc., and pay attention to reinvestment risk. If the funds are sufficient, we can appropriately allocate some US dollars to prevent interest rate risk. If you don't know how to manage non RMB assets, you can manage non RMB assets through ginmon, Germany. Users can conct risk testing without registration. According to different risk preferences and habits of everyone, you can enjoy customized asset management configuration scheme.
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