What are the mining machinery brands of Yibang international
Publish: 2021-05-26 02:55:14
1. With the development of cryptocurrency, the "blockchain technology" has become popular. In China, both giant companies such as batj (network, Alibaba, Tencent, and Jingdong) and companies like didi and ofo are actively exploring blockchain technology. Throughout the world, Wal Mart, MasterCard,
IBM and giant automobile manufacturers are trying to use blockchain technology to solve instry pain points. In addition, there are "declining" enterprises such as Kodak of Japan, hoping to fight a "turnaround battle" through blockchain
What does these phenomena show? This shows that the technology of block chain has great commercial value. Everyone hopes to cultivate a new world on this unknown land. So, with the development of blockchain technology this year, it has not only been a simple underlying technology, but also formed a complete ecosystem. Now let's talk with you from two aspects of "coin circle" and "chain circle": what is the ecosystem of blockchain, and let's understand the whole picture of blockchain instry
the first section of the coin circle
in the coin circle, there are always several terms: project party, exchange, media, mining machinery manufacturer. Next, let's take a detailed inventory of what's going on
first, the project side of the coin circle can be understood as follows: all those who issue tokens are the project side. Attention, it's a coin ring. There are also some project parties that don't issue money, such as Alibaba, Tencent and Netease, which are also doing blockchain projects. They don't issue money and only focus on technology. Then these project parties that don't issue money mainly focus on the role of blockchain in data security and supply chain, which we will talk about later
let's return to the topic of coin circle project parties. For example, yilaiyun and BoChang, which are more controversial recently, are the project parties of coin circle, as well as blockchain games, which are more popular recently. They also belong to coin circle project parties
one of the subversive aspects of the coin circle project is the combination of the project and the token, which directly replaces the equity with the token, and the token can be directly circulated. This is a very revolutionary point, so that many initial projects can be more convenient for financing. After financing, the feedback token can be circulated on the digital currency trading platform, and the investors can also exit very well
this "financing investment" approach seems to be another way to realize the listing and trading of equity in disguised form
therefore, it is such a mode that makes the project side of the coin circle the nearest place to the money. They can easily circle the money, and of course they can't resist the temptation, or they have been planning for a long time and run away after circling the money. The detailed process of token issuing by the project side is generally as follows:
the first step is to build a token system, which is similar to an app application. This is not very complicated, because Ethereum is open source, similar to Android Apple system, on which developers can develop specific applications
the second step is to write a white paper, which is similar to the business plan. The white paper is similar to the business plan, mainly including the team situation, technical situation and other information of the project
the third step is to find someone to do endorsement, and find some influential instry bigwigs to promote
the fourth step is to promote marketing, find some blockchain media to push soft articles and pull cooperation, which we will mention below
the fifth step is to find financing
Step 6: go to the stock exchange, and the token begins to spread widely
Second, the exchange
with the project side, let's talk about the exchange. If the project side is a procer, then the things they proce have to be sold and traded, right? The exchange is a trading place for the token of the project party. If the token of the project side is similar to the stock, then the exchange of the currency circle is similar to the secondary market of the stock market. However, the exchange of the currency circle has more power. It has the right to audit the currency, and can decide whether to put the currency in or out
of course, if the project party wants to pay the exchange a huge amount of money charging fees, the investors who trade in the exchange also need to pay the handling fee or withdrawal fee, and the rules of the handling fee and withdrawal fee of each exchange are different. In fact, the currency fees, handling fees and cash withdrawal fees constitute the profit model of the currency circle exchange. Of course, in addition to these three profit models, the profit model of the exchange includes the "market maker" business to earn the price difference, that is, the exchange creates liquidity through continuous trading, acts as a market maker and earns the price difference at the same time
at present, e to the increasingly fierce competition in the instry, there will be less and less currency fees and handling charges, or even no need, so the proportion of conventional profits will be less and less, which leads to the emergence of other profit models, such as platform currency and leverage handling charges. Let's talk about platform currency first. Platform currency is the currency issued by the exchange: okb and coin an belong to platform currency. These platform currencies issued by the exchange can be exchanged for BTC and eth. At the same time, the appreciation of platform currency's own value can lay a solid material foundation for the development of the exchange. For users, holding platform currency can enjoy the benefits of commission discount, platform dividend, special activities of the exchange, etc, This is platform currency. Leverage service charge refers to the currency financing function on the platform, which supports leveraged transactions and charges a certain proportion of service charge to currency financing users
all of the above are actually ecosystems constructed through the exchange's own resource output. Now, the exchange is still actively planning the whole instry to obtain income, such as the establishment of capital, mine pool, wallet, incubator, Engineering Institute, fund and other ways. We believe that if the exchange wants to develop for a long time, it must lay out the whole instry chain, find new breakout points of the instry, and build a complete ecosystem. Therefore, the proportion of strategic profits should be increased
3. Blockchain media
in the past two years when blockchain is hot, there are not only a lot of project parties, but also media. At present, there are about 200 well-known blockchain media. The content on the blockchain media platform is about the following points: policy, hacker, exchange, boss and project party. In addition to words, the operation mode of blockchain media also includes community activities, such as inviting "big guys" to share in the group, so as to achieve a precipitation of high-quality content and earn some traffic at the same time
Why do we have to mention blockchain media? It's because there are some differences between blockchain media and the media in our impression. What's the difference? The difference is that there are some interest relationships between blockchain media and the above mentioned project parties and exchanges. We just said that the project side is like a "procer" and the exchange is like a "sales market". Then, the role of the media is like "advertising platform & quot;. If the project wants to sell well, it needs publicity and advertising, then blockchain media plays such a role. Therefore, the investors of some blockchain media are the project side and the exchange
recently, there has been a bear market. Many blockchain media have laid off employees on a large scale. The reason is nothing more than the shortage of projects and funds. Therefore, it is far from enough for blockchain media to rely solely on the investment of the project side, the exchange and the advertising revenue. When the bear market comes and the project side and the exchange are affected, then the media is bound to face a very cruel winter. As a result, many blockchain media are also doing token issuing by project parties (the most typical are content communities such as coin and coin car, which belong to a media platform and are also doing token issuing by project parties), or some blockchain media are doing business such as wallet selling, mining machine renting and computing power
however, we believe that blockchain media, as the media, still play the role of guiding public opinion. Therefore, we should return to the essence and be a place to deliver instry value information, rather than a place to pile up advertisements. Therefore, blockchain media should keep up with the development of technology to realize its own survival and development. Relying on the advantages of blockchain technology and based on the consensus mechanism in the token system, it can realize the reasonable distribution of the interests of the media instry. In this regard, it may have a certain imagination< Fourth, mining machine manufacturers
in the final analysis, bitcoin mining is the competition of computing power. The stronger the computing power, the greater the probability of bitcoin mining. Therefore, in the business system of the whole coin circle, mining machinery manufacturers are a very important existence. We can see from one data: in the blockchain instry of Hurun 100 rich list in 2018, the richest person is Mr. Zhan ketuan, a partner of bitcontinental, a miner. In addition, according to the prospectus, bitcoin's net profit in the first half of the year was US $743 million, an increase of nearly eight times over the same period last year. Bitcoin once occupied more than 70% of the global market share of mining machinery, becoming the leader in the mining machinery instry. Not only mining machinery, bitmainland still occupies a near monopoly position in the mining pool (that is, a mode of cooperative mining): at present, the computing power of the top six mining pools in the world accounts for 79.2%
after the invention of China's first bitcoin miner, Jianan Yun, another miner chip research company, began to engage in the research of chips in the field of blockchain and artificial intelligence. In just a few years, it has also become an internationally famous chip enterprise
in fact, as early as 2012, the United States announced that it was going to sell a butterfly miner, but many people later thought it was a scam, because it took several years for the butterfly miner to go on sale, which also made the R & D of mining machines in other countries become very scared, and they were all scrambling for time, in a sense, Butterfly mining machine is also driving the prosperity of mining machine instry. So, in 2013, the mining machine has entered a season of contention, and a large number of ASIC mining machines have been put forward: or announced research and development, or announced pre-sale, or in the form of spot: cat roasting mining machine, pigeon mining machine, TMR mining machine, biter mining machine, Rand mining Bureau, little bee mining machine, Avalon original factory and various OEM, garden mining machine, Smart mining machine and so on... Maybe you haven't heard of these mining machines, because they are basically dead. Bitcontinental, Jianan Yun and Yibang have become mining machine giants< However, as a derivative instry under the prosperity of cryptocurrency market, the price of mining machinery is closely related to the cryptocurrency Market: in the bull market, the supply of mining machinery often falls short of demand, and it is common for miners to buy Mining machinery from "scalpers" at several times high prices. At this time, mining machinery manufacturers enter the dividend period. However, in a bear market, mining machinery manufacturers will also be adversely affected. As miners' enthusiasm for mining declines, some manufacturers have to rece the price of mining machinery to recover costs. For example, when bitcoin plummeted in March this year, a certain model of mining machine sold by Huaqiangbei was on sale at a price of 5000 yuan, and the price dropped from about 19000 yuan to
14000 yuan
[summary]
at this point, we can find that whether it is the project party, the exchange, the media, or the mining machinery, it can be said that it is a kind of "one-stop"
IBM and giant automobile manufacturers are trying to use blockchain technology to solve instry pain points. In addition, there are "declining" enterprises such as Kodak of Japan, hoping to fight a "turnaround battle" through blockchain
What does these phenomena show? This shows that the technology of block chain has great commercial value. Everyone hopes to cultivate a new world on this unknown land. So, with the development of blockchain technology this year, it has not only been a simple underlying technology, but also formed a complete ecosystem. Now let's talk with you from two aspects of "coin circle" and "chain circle": what is the ecosystem of blockchain, and let's understand the whole picture of blockchain instry
the first section of the coin circle
in the coin circle, there are always several terms: project party, exchange, media, mining machinery manufacturer. Next, let's take a detailed inventory of what's going on
first, the project side of the coin circle can be understood as follows: all those who issue tokens are the project side. Attention, it's a coin ring. There are also some project parties that don't issue money, such as Alibaba, Tencent and Netease, which are also doing blockchain projects. They don't issue money and only focus on technology. Then these project parties that don't issue money mainly focus on the role of blockchain in data security and supply chain, which we will talk about later
let's return to the topic of coin circle project parties. For example, yilaiyun and BoChang, which are more controversial recently, are the project parties of coin circle, as well as blockchain games, which are more popular recently. They also belong to coin circle project parties
one of the subversive aspects of the coin circle project is the combination of the project and the token, which directly replaces the equity with the token, and the token can be directly circulated. This is a very revolutionary point, so that many initial projects can be more convenient for financing. After financing, the feedback token can be circulated on the digital currency trading platform, and the investors can also exit very well
this "financing investment" approach seems to be another way to realize the listing and trading of equity in disguised form
therefore, it is such a mode that makes the project side of the coin circle the nearest place to the money. They can easily circle the money, and of course they can't resist the temptation, or they have been planning for a long time and run away after circling the money. The detailed process of token issuing by the project side is generally as follows:
the first step is to build a token system, which is similar to an app application. This is not very complicated, because Ethereum is open source, similar to Android Apple system, on which developers can develop specific applications
the second step is to write a white paper, which is similar to the business plan. The white paper is similar to the business plan, mainly including the team situation, technical situation and other information of the project
the third step is to find someone to do endorsement, and find some influential instry bigwigs to promote
the fourth step is to promote marketing, find some blockchain media to push soft articles and pull cooperation, which we will mention below
the fifth step is to find financing
Step 6: go to the stock exchange, and the token begins to spread widely
Second, the exchange
with the project side, let's talk about the exchange. If the project side is a procer, then the things they proce have to be sold and traded, right? The exchange is a trading place for the token of the project party. If the token of the project side is similar to the stock, then the exchange of the currency circle is similar to the secondary market of the stock market. However, the exchange of the currency circle has more power. It has the right to audit the currency, and can decide whether to put the currency in or out
of course, if the project party wants to pay the exchange a huge amount of money charging fees, the investors who trade in the exchange also need to pay the handling fee or withdrawal fee, and the rules of the handling fee and withdrawal fee of each exchange are different. In fact, the currency fees, handling fees and cash withdrawal fees constitute the profit model of the currency circle exchange. Of course, in addition to these three profit models, the profit model of the exchange includes the "market maker" business to earn the price difference, that is, the exchange creates liquidity through continuous trading, acts as a market maker and earns the price difference at the same time
at present, e to the increasingly fierce competition in the instry, there will be less and less currency fees and handling charges, or even no need, so the proportion of conventional profits will be less and less, which leads to the emergence of other profit models, such as platform currency and leverage handling charges. Let's talk about platform currency first. Platform currency is the currency issued by the exchange: okb and coin an belong to platform currency. These platform currencies issued by the exchange can be exchanged for BTC and eth. At the same time, the appreciation of platform currency's own value can lay a solid material foundation for the development of the exchange. For users, holding platform currency can enjoy the benefits of commission discount, platform dividend, special activities of the exchange, etc, This is platform currency. Leverage service charge refers to the currency financing function on the platform, which supports leveraged transactions and charges a certain proportion of service charge to currency financing users
all of the above are actually ecosystems constructed through the exchange's own resource output. Now, the exchange is still actively planning the whole instry to obtain income, such as the establishment of capital, mine pool, wallet, incubator, Engineering Institute, fund and other ways. We believe that if the exchange wants to develop for a long time, it must lay out the whole instry chain, find new breakout points of the instry, and build a complete ecosystem. Therefore, the proportion of strategic profits should be increased
3. Blockchain media
in the past two years when blockchain is hot, there are not only a lot of project parties, but also media. At present, there are about 200 well-known blockchain media. The content on the blockchain media platform is about the following points: policy, hacker, exchange, boss and project party. In addition to words, the operation mode of blockchain media also includes community activities, such as inviting "big guys" to share in the group, so as to achieve a precipitation of high-quality content and earn some traffic at the same time
Why do we have to mention blockchain media? It's because there are some differences between blockchain media and the media in our impression. What's the difference? The difference is that there are some interest relationships between blockchain media and the above mentioned project parties and exchanges. We just said that the project side is like a "procer" and the exchange is like a "sales market". Then, the role of the media is like "advertising platform & quot;. If the project wants to sell well, it needs publicity and advertising, then blockchain media plays such a role. Therefore, the investors of some blockchain media are the project side and the exchange
recently, there has been a bear market. Many blockchain media have laid off employees on a large scale. The reason is nothing more than the shortage of projects and funds. Therefore, it is far from enough for blockchain media to rely solely on the investment of the project side, the exchange and the advertising revenue. When the bear market comes and the project side and the exchange are affected, then the media is bound to face a very cruel winter. As a result, many blockchain media are also doing token issuing by project parties (the most typical are content communities such as coin and coin car, which belong to a media platform and are also doing token issuing by project parties), or some blockchain media are doing business such as wallet selling, mining machine renting and computing power
however, we believe that blockchain media, as the media, still play the role of guiding public opinion. Therefore, we should return to the essence and be a place to deliver instry value information, rather than a place to pile up advertisements. Therefore, blockchain media should keep up with the development of technology to realize its own survival and development. Relying on the advantages of blockchain technology and based on the consensus mechanism in the token system, it can realize the reasonable distribution of the interests of the media instry. In this regard, it may have a certain imagination< Fourth, mining machine manufacturers
in the final analysis, bitcoin mining is the competition of computing power. The stronger the computing power, the greater the probability of bitcoin mining. Therefore, in the business system of the whole coin circle, mining machinery manufacturers are a very important existence. We can see from one data: in the blockchain instry of Hurun 100 rich list in 2018, the richest person is Mr. Zhan ketuan, a partner of bitcontinental, a miner. In addition, according to the prospectus, bitcoin's net profit in the first half of the year was US $743 million, an increase of nearly eight times over the same period last year. Bitcoin once occupied more than 70% of the global market share of mining machinery, becoming the leader in the mining machinery instry. Not only mining machinery, bitmainland still occupies a near monopoly position in the mining pool (that is, a mode of cooperative mining): at present, the computing power of the top six mining pools in the world accounts for 79.2%
after the invention of China's first bitcoin miner, Jianan Yun, another miner chip research company, began to engage in the research of chips in the field of blockchain and artificial intelligence. In just a few years, it has also become an internationally famous chip enterprise
in fact, as early as 2012, the United States announced that it was going to sell a butterfly miner, but many people later thought it was a scam, because it took several years for the butterfly miner to go on sale, which also made the R & D of mining machines in other countries become very scared, and they were all scrambling for time, in a sense, Butterfly mining machine is also driving the prosperity of mining machine instry. So, in 2013, the mining machine has entered a season of contention, and a large number of ASIC mining machines have been put forward: or announced research and development, or announced pre-sale, or in the form of spot: cat roasting mining machine, pigeon mining machine, TMR mining machine, biter mining machine, Rand mining Bureau, little bee mining machine, Avalon original factory and various OEM, garden mining machine, Smart mining machine and so on... Maybe you haven't heard of these mining machines, because they are basically dead. Bitcontinental, Jianan Yun and Yibang have become mining machine giants< However, as a derivative instry under the prosperity of cryptocurrency market, the price of mining machinery is closely related to the cryptocurrency Market: in the bull market, the supply of mining machinery often falls short of demand, and it is common for miners to buy Mining machinery from "scalpers" at several times high prices. At this time, mining machinery manufacturers enter the dividend period. However, in a bear market, mining machinery manufacturers will also be adversely affected. As miners' enthusiasm for mining declines, some manufacturers have to rece the price of mining machinery to recover costs. For example, when bitcoin plummeted in March this year, a certain model of mining machine sold by Huaqiangbei was on sale at a price of 5000 yuan, and the price dropped from about 19000 yuan to
14000 yuan
[summary]
at this point, we can find that whether it is the project party, the exchange, the media, or the mining machinery, it can be said that it is a kind of "one-stop"
2.
if you want to talk about what is the investment proct with the highest return on investment, it must be bitcoin in recent years. The price of bitcoin has doubled dozens of times, which makes many people excited and devote themselves to mining. But as we all know, bitcoin mining is not simple. It requires a large number of computers with high configuration to work continuously, and the electricity consumption can also be imagined. Recently, Inner Mongolia asked to close all virtual currency mining projects before the end of April, and prohibited new virtual currency mining projects. Recently, the Inner Mongolia development and Reform Commission issued "several safeguard measures to ensure the completion of the" fourteenth five year plan "energy consumption double control target tasks (Draft)", which clearly proposed to comprehensively clean up and shut down the virtual currency mining projects, and withdraw them by the end of April 2021
3. The picture is still too small to see clearly! Send a bigger picture
4. Brief introction: Registration No.: * * * location: Beijing registered capital: RMB 5 million legal representative: Li Yingju enterprise type: limited liability company (invested or controlled by natural person) registration status: in business registration authority: Chaoyang Branch registered address: o-1012, 9 / F, office building, No. 12, Chaowai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing legal representative: Li Yingju time of establishment: February 2, 2014 5
registered capital: RMB 5 million
Business Registration No.: 110105016781891
enterprise type: other limited liability company
Company Address: o-1012, 9 / F, office building, No. 12, Chaowai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing
registered capital: RMB 5 million
Business Registration No.: 110105016781891
enterprise type: other limited liability company
Company Address: o-1012, 9 / F, office building, No. 12, Chaowai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing
5. To help you confirm that what you are in is the official service
channel service has many inconveniences compared with official service, so you'd better choose official service registration as far as possible
channel service has many inconveniences compared with official service, so you'd better choose official service registration as far as possible
6. Tell you that you will only design to proct design hand drawing is a must, the architect depends on, get a proct scheme, the boss first look at your sketch design, and then to the 3D group to do the renderings analysis. So hand drawing is the foundation. In fact, it's not so difficult. Don't be afraid. After all, there are a lot of software designed by computers now.
7. Overview of computer vision
1 what is computer vision
computer vision is a challenging and important research field in both engineering and science. Computer vision is a comprehensive subject, it has attracted researchers from various disciplines to participate in its research. These include computer science and engineering, signal processing, physics, applied mathematics and statistics, neurophysiology and cognitive science
vision is an integral part of various intelligent / autonomous systems in various application fields, such as manufacturing, inspection, document analysis, medical diagnosis, military and so on. Because of its importance, some advanced countries, such as the United States, list the research of computer vision as a major basic issue in science and engineering, which has a wide impact on economy and science, namely the so-called grand challenge. The challenge of computer vision is to develop the vision ability of computer and robot which is equal to human level. Machine vision needs image signal, texture and color modeling, geometry processing and reasoning, and object modeling. A competent visual system should integrate all these processes closely[ As a discipline, computer vision began in the early 1960s, but many important advances in the basic research of computer vision were made in the 1980s. Now computer vision has become a mature subject different from artificial intelligence, image processing, pattern recognition and other related fields. Computer vision is closely related to human vision. A correct understanding of human vision will be very beneficial to the study of computer vision. So we're going to start with human vision
1.1 human vision
sensation is a window for human brain to connect with the surrounding world. Its task is to recognize the objects around and tell them the relationship. Our thinking activities are based on our understanding of the objective world and the environment, while feeling is the outside world. It is the bridge between the objective world and our understanding of the environment, which makes our thinking establish a certain corresponding relationship with the surrounding world. Vision is the most important feeling of human beings, and it is the main source of human feelings. 80% of the information that human beings know about the outside world comes from vision
people have a variety of senses, but the main ones that affect people's intelligence are vision and hearing. Taste and smell are rich and varied, but few people think about them. In vision and hearing, shape, color, motion, sound and so on are easily combined into a variety of clear and highly complex, diverse space and time organizational structures. So these two kinds of feelings become very suitable media and environment for rational activities to exercise and play a role. But if the sound you hear wants to be meaningful, you need to contact other perceptual materials. Vision is different, it is a highly clear medium, it provides rich information about various objects and events in the outside world. Therefore, it is a basic tool of thinking
vision is a natural and effortless ability for normal people. But in fact, the function of visual system is very complex. Some people think that vision itself contains all the basic factors of thinking. Imagine that you are looking for a friend in a meeting place. What you are looking for is a complex scene composed of people, tables, chairs and rostrum. After the eyes get these information, they need to classify the parts of the scene first, and then select the features related to the appearance of friends from them to make a judgment. Then, can the image of the scene reflected on the retina of people's eyes directly provide the relevant features needed for judgment? No, it's a brain thing. For example, although people observe the same object at different distances, the size of the image in the eye is different. But when people observe someone to estimate his height, they don't feel that he is taller because he is near, and they don't feel that he is shorter because he is far away. This is because the brain processes and interprets the input image information according to the distance of the object to be observed and the comparison with the surrounding objects, and depends on the relevant knowledge. If you're looking for friends in a dimly lit theater, the problem becomes even more difficult. When you first walk into a theater, you start to feel like it's dark and you can't see clearly. After a few minutes, your eyes get used to watching in the dark. In fact, your visual system becomes more sensitive to low light levels ring this time. But at this time, a lot of available information is lost, and the object may be difficult to distinguish from the background, and many details are difficult to distinguish. Even so, people can always recognize their friends. In a word, vision is a complex process of perception and thinking. The eye, the visual organ, receives the stimulation information from the outside world, and the brain processes and interprets the information through complex mechanisms, so that the stimulation has a clear physical meaning
from the above analysis, we can also see the connection and difference among the three concepts of sensitivity, perception and cognition. Sensitivity is the conversion of various external stimuli into bioelectrical signals that can be accepted by the human nervous system. What it accomplishes is the conversion of signals, not the understanding of signals. For example, the human eye is a sensitive organ of vision, which converts light signals into electrical signals through the retina. Similar to the photoelectric sensor of the camera, the photoreceptor cell of the retina samples the light signal on the plane and generates the electrical signal in the form of lattice. The only difference is that the spatial sampling of the camera is uniform, while the sampling of the retina is uneven. The sampling resolution near the fovea is high, while the resolution around the fovea is low. The task of sensory
is to transform and process the input of sensitive organs into the understanding of the external world. For example, for vision, it can say what is in the world around it and the spatial relationship between these things. These are concepts about the world around us. From the input signal in the form of dot matrix to various concepts of the objective world, complex information processing and reasoning are needed. Cognition is based on people's concept of the objective world around them. If there is no bridge or window between this person and the outside world, the basic basis of people's thinking activities will be replaced
1.2 computer vision
human beings are entering the information age, and computers will be more and more widely used in almost all fields. On the one hand, more and more people without computer professional training also need to use computers. On the other hand, the functions of computers are becoming stronger and stronger, and the methods of using them are becoming more and more complex. This leads to a sharp contradiction between the flexibility of people's conversation and communication and the strictness and rigidity required in the use of computers. People can exchange information with the outside world through vision and hearing, and can express the same meaning in different ways. However, the current computer requires to write programs in strict accordance with various programming languages, so that the computer can run. In order to enable more people to use complex computers, it is necessary to change the situation in the past where people can adapt to computers and memorize the rules of using computers by rote. Instead, let the computer adapt to people's habits and requirements, and exchange information with people in the way people are used to, that is, let the computer have the ability of vision, hearing and speaking. At this time, the computer must have the ability of logical reasoning and decision-making. A computer with the above abilities is an intelligent computer
the intelligent computer not only makes the computer more convenient for people to use, but also makes these automation systems and intelligent robots have the ability to adapt to the environment and make decisions independently if such a computer is used to control various automation devices, especially intelligent robots. This can replace people's heavy work in various occasions, or replace people to complete tasks in various dangerous and harsh environments
computer vision is to use various imaging systems instead of visual organs as input sensitive means, and the computer will replace the brain to complete processing and interpretation. The ultimate goal of computer vision research is to enable computers to observe and understand the world through vision like human beings, and have the ability to adapt to the environment independently. It will take a long time to achieve the goal. Therefore, before the final goal is achieved, the medium-term goal of people's efforts is to establish a visual system, which can complete certain tasks according to a certain degree of visual sensitivity and feedback intelligence. For example, an important application field of computer vision is the visual navigation of autonomous vehicles. At present, there is no condition to realize the system that can recognize and understand any environment and complete the autonomous navigation like human. Therefore, at present, the research goal of people's efforts is to achieve a vision assisted driving system which has the ability of road tracking on the highway and can avoid collision with vehicles in front. The point to be pointed out here is that in the computer vision system, the computer plays the role of replacing the human brain, but it does not mean that the computer must complete the processing of visual information according to the method of human vision. Computer vision can and should process visual information according to the characteristics of computer system. However, the human visual system is the most powerful and perfect visual system known so far. As will be seen in the following chapters, the research on human visual processing mechanism will provide inspiration and guidance for the research of computer vision. Therefore, it is also a very important and interesting research field to study the mechanism of human vision and establish the computing theory of human vision with the method of computer information processing. This research is called computational vision. Computational vision can be considered as a research field in computer vision
the research objectives of many disciplines are similar to or related to computer vision. These subjects include image processing, pattern recognition or image recognition, scene analysis, image understanding, etc. Due to the historical development or the characteristics of the field itself, these disciplines are different from each other, but overlap with each other to some extent. For the sake of clarity, we summarize the research objectives and methods of these subjects related to computer vision< Image processing technology converts the input image into another image with desired characteristics. For example, high signal-to-noise ratio of the output image can be achieved by processing, or the details of the image can be highlighted by enhancement processing to facilitate the operator's inspection. In the research of computer vision, image processing technology is often used for preprocessing and feature extraction
2. Pattern recognition (image recognition)
pattern recognition technology divides images into predetermined categories according to the statistical characteristics or structural information extracted from images. For example, character recognition or fingerprint recognition. In computer vision, pattern recognition technology is often used to recognize and classify some parts of an image, such as segmented regions
3. Image understanding (scene analysis)
given an image, the image understanding program not only describes the image itself, but also describes and interprets the scene represented by the image, so as to make a decision on the content represented by the image. In the research of artificial intelligence vision
1 what is computer vision
computer vision is a challenging and important research field in both engineering and science. Computer vision is a comprehensive subject, it has attracted researchers from various disciplines to participate in its research. These include computer science and engineering, signal processing, physics, applied mathematics and statistics, neurophysiology and cognitive science
vision is an integral part of various intelligent / autonomous systems in various application fields, such as manufacturing, inspection, document analysis, medical diagnosis, military and so on. Because of its importance, some advanced countries, such as the United States, list the research of computer vision as a major basic issue in science and engineering, which has a wide impact on economy and science, namely the so-called grand challenge. The challenge of computer vision is to develop the vision ability of computer and robot which is equal to human level. Machine vision needs image signal, texture and color modeling, geometry processing and reasoning, and object modeling. A competent visual system should integrate all these processes closely[ As a discipline, computer vision began in the early 1960s, but many important advances in the basic research of computer vision were made in the 1980s. Now computer vision has become a mature subject different from artificial intelligence, image processing, pattern recognition and other related fields. Computer vision is closely related to human vision. A correct understanding of human vision will be very beneficial to the study of computer vision. So we're going to start with human vision
1.1 human vision
sensation is a window for human brain to connect with the surrounding world. Its task is to recognize the objects around and tell them the relationship. Our thinking activities are based on our understanding of the objective world and the environment, while feeling is the outside world. It is the bridge between the objective world and our understanding of the environment, which makes our thinking establish a certain corresponding relationship with the surrounding world. Vision is the most important feeling of human beings, and it is the main source of human feelings. 80% of the information that human beings know about the outside world comes from vision
people have a variety of senses, but the main ones that affect people's intelligence are vision and hearing. Taste and smell are rich and varied, but few people think about them. In vision and hearing, shape, color, motion, sound and so on are easily combined into a variety of clear and highly complex, diverse space and time organizational structures. So these two kinds of feelings become very suitable media and environment for rational activities to exercise and play a role. But if the sound you hear wants to be meaningful, you need to contact other perceptual materials. Vision is different, it is a highly clear medium, it provides rich information about various objects and events in the outside world. Therefore, it is a basic tool of thinking
vision is a natural and effortless ability for normal people. But in fact, the function of visual system is very complex. Some people think that vision itself contains all the basic factors of thinking. Imagine that you are looking for a friend in a meeting place. What you are looking for is a complex scene composed of people, tables, chairs and rostrum. After the eyes get these information, they need to classify the parts of the scene first, and then select the features related to the appearance of friends from them to make a judgment. Then, can the image of the scene reflected on the retina of people's eyes directly provide the relevant features needed for judgment? No, it's a brain thing. For example, although people observe the same object at different distances, the size of the image in the eye is different. But when people observe someone to estimate his height, they don't feel that he is taller because he is near, and they don't feel that he is shorter because he is far away. This is because the brain processes and interprets the input image information according to the distance of the object to be observed and the comparison with the surrounding objects, and depends on the relevant knowledge. If you're looking for friends in a dimly lit theater, the problem becomes even more difficult. When you first walk into a theater, you start to feel like it's dark and you can't see clearly. After a few minutes, your eyes get used to watching in the dark. In fact, your visual system becomes more sensitive to low light levels ring this time. But at this time, a lot of available information is lost, and the object may be difficult to distinguish from the background, and many details are difficult to distinguish. Even so, people can always recognize their friends. In a word, vision is a complex process of perception and thinking. The eye, the visual organ, receives the stimulation information from the outside world, and the brain processes and interprets the information through complex mechanisms, so that the stimulation has a clear physical meaning
from the above analysis, we can also see the connection and difference among the three concepts of sensitivity, perception and cognition. Sensitivity is the conversion of various external stimuli into bioelectrical signals that can be accepted by the human nervous system. What it accomplishes is the conversion of signals, not the understanding of signals. For example, the human eye is a sensitive organ of vision, which converts light signals into electrical signals through the retina. Similar to the photoelectric sensor of the camera, the photoreceptor cell of the retina samples the light signal on the plane and generates the electrical signal in the form of lattice. The only difference is that the spatial sampling of the camera is uniform, while the sampling of the retina is uneven. The sampling resolution near the fovea is high, while the resolution around the fovea is low. The task of sensory
is to transform and process the input of sensitive organs into the understanding of the external world. For example, for vision, it can say what is in the world around it and the spatial relationship between these things. These are concepts about the world around us. From the input signal in the form of dot matrix to various concepts of the objective world, complex information processing and reasoning are needed. Cognition is based on people's concept of the objective world around them. If there is no bridge or window between this person and the outside world, the basic basis of people's thinking activities will be replaced
1.2 computer vision
human beings are entering the information age, and computers will be more and more widely used in almost all fields. On the one hand, more and more people without computer professional training also need to use computers. On the other hand, the functions of computers are becoming stronger and stronger, and the methods of using them are becoming more and more complex. This leads to a sharp contradiction between the flexibility of people's conversation and communication and the strictness and rigidity required in the use of computers. People can exchange information with the outside world through vision and hearing, and can express the same meaning in different ways. However, the current computer requires to write programs in strict accordance with various programming languages, so that the computer can run. In order to enable more people to use complex computers, it is necessary to change the situation in the past where people can adapt to computers and memorize the rules of using computers by rote. Instead, let the computer adapt to people's habits and requirements, and exchange information with people in the way people are used to, that is, let the computer have the ability of vision, hearing and speaking. At this time, the computer must have the ability of logical reasoning and decision-making. A computer with the above abilities is an intelligent computer
the intelligent computer not only makes the computer more convenient for people to use, but also makes these automation systems and intelligent robots have the ability to adapt to the environment and make decisions independently if such a computer is used to control various automation devices, especially intelligent robots. This can replace people's heavy work in various occasions, or replace people to complete tasks in various dangerous and harsh environments
computer vision is to use various imaging systems instead of visual organs as input sensitive means, and the computer will replace the brain to complete processing and interpretation. The ultimate goal of computer vision research is to enable computers to observe and understand the world through vision like human beings, and have the ability to adapt to the environment independently. It will take a long time to achieve the goal. Therefore, before the final goal is achieved, the medium-term goal of people's efforts is to establish a visual system, which can complete certain tasks according to a certain degree of visual sensitivity and feedback intelligence. For example, an important application field of computer vision is the visual navigation of autonomous vehicles. At present, there is no condition to realize the system that can recognize and understand any environment and complete the autonomous navigation like human. Therefore, at present, the research goal of people's efforts is to achieve a vision assisted driving system which has the ability of road tracking on the highway and can avoid collision with vehicles in front. The point to be pointed out here is that in the computer vision system, the computer plays the role of replacing the human brain, but it does not mean that the computer must complete the processing of visual information according to the method of human vision. Computer vision can and should process visual information according to the characteristics of computer system. However, the human visual system is the most powerful and perfect visual system known so far. As will be seen in the following chapters, the research on human visual processing mechanism will provide inspiration and guidance for the research of computer vision. Therefore, it is also a very important and interesting research field to study the mechanism of human vision and establish the computing theory of human vision with the method of computer information processing. This research is called computational vision. Computational vision can be considered as a research field in computer vision
the research objectives of many disciplines are similar to or related to computer vision. These subjects include image processing, pattern recognition or image recognition, scene analysis, image understanding, etc. Due to the historical development or the characteristics of the field itself, these disciplines are different from each other, but overlap with each other to some extent. For the sake of clarity, we summarize the research objectives and methods of these subjects related to computer vision< Image processing technology converts the input image into another image with desired characteristics. For example, high signal-to-noise ratio of the output image can be achieved by processing, or the details of the image can be highlighted by enhancement processing to facilitate the operator's inspection. In the research of computer vision, image processing technology is often used for preprocessing and feature extraction
2. Pattern recognition (image recognition)
pattern recognition technology divides images into predetermined categories according to the statistical characteristics or structural information extracted from images. For example, character recognition or fingerprint recognition. In computer vision, pattern recognition technology is often used to recognize and classify some parts of an image, such as segmented regions
3. Image understanding (scene analysis)
given an image, the image understanding program not only describes the image itself, but also describes and interprets the scene represented by the image, so as to make a decision on the content represented by the image. In the research of artificial intelligence vision
8.
1. Different definitions of computer vision: computer vision is a science that studies how to make the machine "see". Furthermore, it refers to the use of cameras and computers instead of human eyes to recognize, track and measure the target, and further do graphics processing, so that the computer processing becomes more suitable for human eyes to observe or transmit to the instrument for detection
machine vision: machine vision is a branch of the rapid development of artificial intelligence. In short, machine vision is to use machines instead of human eyes to measure and judge. The machine vision system converts the captured object into image signal through machine vision procts (i.e. image capturing device, divided into CMOS and CCD), and then transmits it to the special image processing system,
to get the shape information of the captured object, and convert it into digital signal according to the pixel distribution, brightness, color and other information; The image system carries out various operations on these signals to extract the characteristics of the target, and then controls the scene equipment action according to the results of the discrimination
Computer vision: computer vision is to use various imaging systems instead of visual organs as input sensitive means, and the computer will replace the brain to complete processing and interpretation. The ultimate goal of computer vision research is to enable computers to observe and understand the world through vision like human beings, and have the ability to adapt to the environment independently. It will take a long time to achieve the goaltherefore, before the final goal is achieved, the medium-term goal of people's efforts is to establish a visual system, which can complete certain tasks according to a certain degree of visual sensitivity and feedback intelligence. For example, an important application field of computer vision is the visual navigation of autonomous vehicles. There is no condition to realize the system that can recognize and understand any environment and complete autonomous navigation like human
therefore, the research goal of people's efforts is to achieve a vision assisted driving system which has the ability of road tracking on the highway and can avoid collision with vehicles in front. The point to be pointed out here is that in the computer vision system, the computer plays the role of replacing the human brain, but it does not mean that the computer must complete the processing of visual information according to the method of human vision
Computer vision can and should process visual information according to the characteristics of computer system. However, the human visual system is the most powerful and perfect visual system known so far. As will be seen in the following chapters, the research on human visual processing mechanism will provide inspiration and guidance for the research of computer visiontherefore, it is also a very important and interesting research field to study the mechanism of human vision and establish the computing theory of human vision with the method of computer information processing. This research is called computational vision. Computational vision can be considered as a research field in computer vision
machine vision: the machine vision detection system uses CCD camera to convert the detected target into image signal, which is transmitted to the special image processing system. According to the pixel distribution, brightness, color and other information, it is converted into digital signal.
the image processing system performs various operations on these signals to extract the characteristics of the target, such as area, quantity, position and length, Then, according to the preset permissibility and other conditions, output results, including size, angle, number, qualified / unqualified, with / without, etc., to realize the automatic identification function
Computer vision: human beings are entering the information age, and computers will be more and more widely used in almost all fields. On the one hand, more and more people without computer professional training also need to use computers. On the other hand, the functions of computers are becoming stronger and stronger, and the methods of using them are becoming more and more complex This leads to a sharp contradiction between the flexibility in conversation and communication and the strictness and rigidity required in the use of computers. People can exchange information with the outside world through vision and hearing, and can express the same meaning in different ways. However, computers are required to write programs in strict accordance with various programming languages. Only in this way can computers runin order to enable more people to use complex computers, we must change the past situation that people can adapt to computers and memorize the rules of using computers by rote. Instead, let the computer adapt to people's habits and requirements,
exchange information with people in the way people are used to, that is, let the computer have the ability of vision, hearing and speaking. At this time, the computer must have the ability of logical reasoning and decision-making. A computer with the above abilities is an intelligent computer
machine vision: in foreign countries, the application of machine vision is mainly reflected in the semiconctor and electronic instry, of which about 40% - 50% are concentrated in the semiconctor instry. Such as PCB printed circuit: all kinds of proction PCB assembly technology, equipment; Single, double-sided, multi-layer circuit board, copper clad laminate and required materials and accessories
auxiliary facilities and consumables, ink, liquid medicine, accessories; Electronic packaging technology and equipment; Screen printing equipment and screen surrounding materials. SMT surface mount: SMT process and equipment, welding equipment, testing instruments, repair equipment and various auxiliary tools and accessories, SMT materials, patch agent, adhesive, flux, solder and anti-oxidation oil, solder paste, cleaning agent, etc
reflow welding machine, wave soldering machine and automatic proction line equipment. Electronic proction and processing equipment: electronic component manufacturing equipment, semiconctor and integrated circuit manufacturing equipment, component forming equipment, electronic tooling. Machine vision system has been widely used in all aspects of quality inspection, and its procts play an important role in the application
In addition, machine vision is also used in other fieldsHot content