Eth mining machine memory
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
Bitcoin uses SHA-256 encryption algorithm. When mining, it competes with computing power. In order to improve computing power, bitcoin has gone through four stages: CPU mining, GPU mining, FPGA mining and now ASIC mining machine mining, and the degree of specialization is getting higher and higher
Ethereum uses the ethash encryption algorithm. In the process of mining, it needs to read the memory and store the DAG file. Because the bandwidth of each read memory is limited, and the existing computer technology is difficult to have a qualitative breakthrough in this problem, so no matter how to improve the computing efficiency of the computer, the memory read efficiency will not be greatly improved. Therefore, in a sense, Ethereum's ethash encryption algorithm is ASIC resistant.
different encryption algorithms lead to great differences in mining equipment and computing power between bitcoin and Ethereum
at present, bitcoin mining equipment is mainly ASIC mining machine with a very high degree of specialization. The maximum computing power of a single mining machine is 110t / s, and the scale of computing power of the whole network is more than 120eh / s
the main mining equipment of Ethereum is video card miner, and there are very few specialized ASIC miner. On the one hand, the "ASIC resistance" of Ethereum mining algorithm improves the threshold of developing ASIC miner. On the other hand, after Ethereum is upgraded to 2.0, the consensus mechanism will be transformed into POS, and the miner can not continue mining
compared with the ASIC miner, the graphics card miner has two orders of magnitude difference in computing power. At present, the computing power of mainstream graphics card miner (8 cards) is about 420mh / s, and that of Ethereum is about 230th / s.
from the time dimension of the past two years, bitcoin's computing power of the whole network is growing rapidly, while Ethereum's computing power of the whole network is growing relatively slowly
The ASIC mining machine of 
bitcoin is monopolized by several major mining machine manufacturers, and miners can only buy it from the market; Although the graphics card miner of Ethereum is also manufactured by a special miner, the miner can buy accessories from the market and assemble them according to his own demand
Hello, according to my experience, 1. First set up the rack, then fix the graphics card, and then plug the CPU and fan, memory, SSD hard disk into the slot of the motherboard, and connect the power supply and motherboard power supply
I hope my suggestions can help you, thank you
graphics card, motherboard, power supply, CPU, memory, hard disk (more than 60g SSD is recommended), extension cable, adapter cable, etc
among them, the graphics card determines the speed of mining, and the motherboard and power supply largely determine the stability of mining machine operation.
Cryptotown is a digital blockchain game with collection value based on Ethereum. Is a real blockchain pet development game! Using ether money to adopt clowns can be resold, and they can also be used to breed a new generation of clowns with strange shapes. They can also be cultivated to work and earn money, which makes the digital collection of clowns more sustainable and playable
the brief introction is as follows:
1. The proction mechanism of clowns is divided into two kinds, one is the official output, the other is the breeding output between two clowns
official clowns are proced every 15 minutes, and the total number is only 50000. At certain times, the official will also release some strange clowns with special shapes. The price of the original clown is the average of the prices of the last five clowns in the market
two clowns of different genders can reproce in the breeding center of the market. In each breeding pair, one clown who plays the role of father can receive the breeding fee paid by the other party (maternal Master). After breeding, there is a certain recovery period, which is related to the clown's genes. The clown in the role of mother will have a period of pregnancy, and she will not be able to breed with other clowns until she gives birth to her baby. There is no limit to the number of breeding times of each etheric clown, but the recovery period and pregnancy period will increase with the number of breeding times
2. Clown's appearance
each clown's appearance is determined by the tamperable genes stored in the smart contract, and each gene is unique, so each clown is unique
the appearance of a clown is composed of eight parts. The attributes of each part can be divided into ordinary and rare. The number of rare attributes is less than that of ordinary attributes, which makes the clown with rare attributes more precious
the appearance of a clown born by breeding is closely related to his parents and the genetic genes carried by his parents. The offspring have a higher probability of inheriting the shape of some parts of his parents, so that the parents' good genes can be inherited, and it is also possible to mutate and become a completely different clown from his parents
3. Clown trading
the ether clown can be used to trade directly
sell: users can choose clowns to be auctioned in the market, and they can sell their own clowns. When selling, users need to set the highest starting price, the lowest acceptance price and the auction time. The Dutch auction is adopted in the auction. During the auction time, the highest price set by the seller is graally transferred to the lowest price. If the owner is not willing to sell at a low price, a longer auction time can be set or the clown can be sold off the shelves
buy: the buyer selects the clown on sale in the market and pays ether to buy his favorite clown. When the buyer purchases, the transaction will be concluded at the auction price at the current time point. If you have a favorite clown, but feel that the price is not suitable for the time being, and want to pay more attention, you can collect the clown after you like it. Later, we can understand the dynamic of the clown through "my attention"
There are four kinds of clown attribute values: growth value, strength value, agility value and wisdom value. Generation 0 clowns get the value of each attribute randomly, and the non generation 0 clowns are mainly inheritedattribute values can be changed by eating food
when the clown's growth value reaches the requirement (100 points), he can go to the factory to earn money (ETH). Different kinds of factories need different clowns. Dream college needs the wisdom of every working clown. Clowns with more than 800 points of wisdom go to Dream Academy of Sciences to work, and their income can get bonus. If a clown with less than 300 wisdom goes to work, his income will be reced to
working will consume physical strength, a total of 120 points of physical strength, 1 point per 12 minutes of work, up to 24 hours of work. During the period of not working, physical strength can be recovered, a little every 8 minutes
when the time reaches 0 o'clock or the clown's physical exertion is completed, the clown's work income will be settled according to the actual working hours at 0 o'clock every day. When every 12 minutes is a work, less than 12 minutes will not be counted
5. Clown food and feeding
owners can buy spinach, beef, carrots, walnuts and other food through the mall to feed clown pets
the price of food is related to the selling price of original clowns on the platform the day before. So the owners can hoard some food when the price of food is low
feeding spinach is helpful to growth value, beef corresponds to clown pet's strength value, carrot corresponds to agility, walnut corresponds to wisdom
The clown can only eat one food a day. We suggest that spinach should be fed in the early stage to meet the working conditions as soon as possible, and then according to the natural properties of clown in the later stage. When working, choose the type of factory with the highest attributes to work 6. It's more lovely to bask in the sun.
it's OK. Go to the square and have a look. Here gathered a lot of lovely owners and clowns, if you adopt a very ugly cute clown, also bask in, let everyone know our style
new currencies are usually solved through open market operations. In other words, the central bank makes its own money flow out by buying Treasury bonds (issued by the Ministry of Finance), so that the money flows to commercial banks, and commercial banks make money circulate in the society through lending
first of all, understand currency: today's commonly referred to as currency is the paper money in our pocket. It is a medium and tool to facilitate the exchange and circulation of goods under the commodity economy. It has no value in itself and is issued and forced to circulate by the national bank. When you go shopping in China with us dollars, the shop owner will treat us dollars as a piece of waste paper, because US dollars must be converted into RMB through the central bank to be used in China
currencies of different countries cannot be circulated in different countries. Now, with the global economic integration, there are certain economic exchanges between countries. In order to solve the trade and currency problems between different countries, two concepts of foreign exchange and foreign exchange reserve are involved
as we all know, a country's wealth is not measured by the amount of its currency issued or owned, but by the amount of its commodities, which are the material needs of people's life, rather than money, that is, a country's proction capacity and gross domestic proct
trade between countries can be divided into export and import as follows:
in the case of export, if US dollar is used as foreign currency, that is to say, Chinese multinational enterprises sell their procts in the United States in exchange for the currency of other countries. For Chinese people, foreign currency is not allowed to circulate in the Chinese market, Therefore, in the Chinese market, foreign currency is equivalent to a pile of waste paper. Therefore, it is useless for Chinese export enterprises to sell foreign currency to the national bank to exchange it for RMB, and the state holds foreign currency. People's wealth is ultimately reflected in their material enjoyment, and money is only an intermediary and tool for material exchange, Our domestic enterprises give the goods they proce to the United States, while the United States only gives us foreign currency (bonds), thus forming a debt relationship: that is, China is the creditor, foreign countries (the United States) are the debtor, and foreign exchange (US dollars) is the debt relationship certificate
for the import situation, foreign currency reserves will not be affected. For example, if foreign businessmen sell foreign goods at home to earn RMB, the central bank will take the foreign exchange reserves (US dollars) to buy back RMB from foreign investors (because this part of RMB is circulating at home and is not counted as foreign exchange reserves), It may also be that foreign businessmen take RMB to their own country to exchange for their own currency, which also forms their own foreign exchange reserves (whether the actual process is like the above, I don't know, it's not studying economy, it's just speculation). Buy back is actually a hedging process (the real sense of hedging seems to be that the central bank takes foreign exchange to buy overseas). It can also be understood as follows: foreign goods are regarded as the goods proced by the central bank and sold in the domestic market. In this way, part of the foreign exchange reserve is returned to the people through the central bank, and the debt is also paid
generally, the amount of money in circulation of a country corresponds to the amount of goods proced by the country Material wealth corresponds to the amount of money)
Chinese enterprises export goods, which can be seen as: China proces too many domestic goods (that is, the corresponding currency is not enough),
domestic enterprises get foreign markets for commodity sales and exchange through the form of export, and can exchange domestic goods for foreign goods, but because of the existence of foreign currency, In fact, these foreign currencies are equivalent to the debts of foreign consumers to China's export enterprises, and these debts are uniformly assigned to the name of the national bank. This has become the country's foreign exchange reserves. The more foreign exchange reserves, the more money the state will lend. Lending is equivalent to issuing money. If a country releases too much money, it needs to issue a large amount of money, which may cause inflation (there are not enough goods, but a lot of currency in circulation). At this time, the country purchases goods from overseas through the international market, and consumes foreign goods in exchange for goods, so as to achieve the goal of stabilizing and balancing the economy. It can also be understood from another perspective that the central bank releases a large amount of money to exchange for foreign exchange reserves. The increase of this kind of money is not caused by the "invisible hand" of the market rules, but by the Central Bank of the government. If we zoom in, the increase of money will actually be inflation, and the money on the hands of the people will be devalued, The devalued part is occupied by the central bank free of charge. Therefore, it can be understood as: foreign exchange reserves are liabilities of the central bank, not assets, because it is exchanged by the central bank from the people's hands with RMB, then the people will want to cash this asset one day
as China's foreign exchange currency is mainly US dollar, once the US economy fluctuates and leads to the depreciation of US dollar, China's foreign exchange reserves will have the risk of devaluation. The devaluation of foreign exchange reserves is also the loss of China's assets< In a word, foreign exchange reserve is a kind of debt relationship between the people and other countries (reserves are not national assets, but the money of the working people), and the people, as one of the creditor's rights, transfer the creditor's rights to the National Central Bank and hang them in the name of the central bank
foreign exchange reserve refers to the foreign convertible currency held by a country's monetary authority and can be used for external payment, which acts as an international reserve asset. The amount of foreign exchange reserve mainly depends on the status of import and export, the scale of foreign debt and the actual use of foreign capital. Foreign exchange reserves are used for trade with other countries
in order to increase foreign exchange, we need to issue RMB to buy, and the supply of RMB will increase, which may cause monetary expansion in the domestic market. A certain amount of foreign exchange reserve is an important means for a country to adjust its economy and realize the economic balance at home and abroad. When there is a deficit in the balance of payments (more imports, the domestic market full of foreign goods, causing domestic monetary tightening), the use of foreign exchange reserves can promote the balance of payments; When the domestic macro-economy is unbalanced and the total demand is greater than the total supply (the consumption demand increases and the goods are not enough), we can use foreign exchange to organize imports, so as to adjust the relationship between the total supply and the total demand and promote the macro-economy balance
at the same time, when the exchange rate fluctuates, we can use the foreign exchange reserves to intervene the exchange rate and make it stable
the performance of foreign exchange reserves is to hold a kind of financial claims expressed in foreign currency, not put into domestic proction. This leads to the problem of opportunity cost, that is, if the monetary authorities do not hold reserves, they can use these reserve assets to import goods and services, increase the real resources of proction, and thus increase employment and national income, while holding reserves gives up such benefits
the increase of foreign exchange reserves should expand the money supply. If the foreign exchange reserves are too large, it will increase the pressure of inflation and increase the difficulty of monetary policy
holding too much foreign exchange reserves may also cause losses e to the depreciation of foreign exchange rate
because foreign currency can not circulate in the domestic market, the central bank not only releases a certain amount of money (through export and foreign capital) in China, but also reserves a certain amount of foreign exchange on behalf of the country. At this time, RMB is used in China, while foreign exchange itself is independent of the domestic economic operation, and is used by the central bank to maintain and increase value in the international financial market.