Bitcoin miner computing model
behind the scenes, the entire bitcoin network shares a public ledger called "blockchain.". This general ledger contains every transaction processed, so that the user's computer can verify the validity of each transaction. The authenticity of each transaction is protected by the electronic signature corresponding to the sending address, which enables users to have complete control over the bitcoin transferred out from their own bitcoin address. In addition, anyone can use the computing power of specialized hardware to process transactions and get a bitcoin reward for it. This service is often referred to as "mining."
bitcoin mining has gone through three stages of development. When bitcoin was just born, the price of bitcoin was very low. People just took bitcoin as a game and used their ordinary computers to mine. However, in 2012, with the rise of bitcoin price, people found that the mining speed of graphics cards was fast, so, People began to buy a large number of graphics cards and assemble them for mining, commonly known as "burning graphics cards"; The third stage is the well-known ASIC miner mining. Since Avalon proced the world's first ASIC bitcoin miner, bitcoin mining has been completely subverted, and mining has become a special professional thing.
1. Machine cost: the cost of purchasing mining machine
2. Power cost: the power cost consumed by machine mining
3. Auxiliary costs: personnel maintenance, network, cable consumables, heat dissipation, etc.
for a simple example, take the mining machine of ant S9, which consumes less power on the market, for example, the calculation power is 13.5T, and the power consumption is 1400W
when the mining machine runs for 24 hours: 1.4kw * 24 = 33.6 degrees
Shenma m3, which consumes more power on the market, has a calculation power of 11.5t, The power consumption is 2150w
under 24-hour operation, the power consumption of a single machine is 2.15kw * 24 = 51.6oc
which is roughly equivalent to the power consumption of energy-saving air conditioning, but the bitcoin miner needs 24-hour uninterrupted operation, the power consumption of a single machine is very large after a year's calculation, and the step price cost of household electricity is too high, When the market is not good, the income may not be enough for the electricity expenditure, so at present, mining will choose to be hosted in the mine, which can get cheap electricity and rece the cost price of mining. The price below 30% is the ideal price, which can keep the price of bitcoin falling to a low level, and there is still some income< According to the current mining difficulty of bitcoin:
BTC revenue per ton: 1th / s * 24h = 0.00007087btc
calculated by the comprehensive 12t machine computing power, the daily output is:
0.00007087t * 12t = 0.00085044btc
then the time required for a single machine to dig a BTC:
1 / 0.00085044 = 1175 days
the time required for ten mining machines to dig a BTC:
1 / 0.0085044 = 117 days
100 days In other words, according to the current difficulty, it takes about three years for a single miner to proce a bitcoin, 3.9 months for ten miners to dig a bitcoin, and 11.7 days for a hundred miners to dig a bitcoin. The cost of a single miner is about 8500, Ten are around 85000, one hundred is 850000, less than one million, and one month's income is more than two bitcoins. According to the current price of bitcoin, the price is about 120000. So, although the income of bitcoin mining is not as good as before, it is still considerable compared with other investment projects
however, these benefits do not include decting the cost of electricity charges and later maintenance of machines, so the premise of mining is to find a mine with low electricity charges. If the quantity is large, we need to find a safe, reliable and stable mine. What's more, we need cheap electricity to lower the cost price.
when building bitcoin, Nakamoto wants bitcoin to be a decentralized currency, not only for use and trading, but also for mining. But it backfired. With the increasing value of cryptocurrency such as bitcoin, mining has become an instry. The competition is more and more fierce, and the pursuit of mining computing power is higher and higher. Therefore, from ordinary computer mining, ASIC mining machine and GPU mining machine have evolved
the algorithm of ASIC mining machine is almost sha256, while the algorithm of GPU mining is different. For example, the algorithm of BTG is equihash, and the algorithm of BCD is optimized x13. Although it is not absolute, it can be simply considered that the currency of sha256 algorithm is generally mined by ASIC mining machine. Other algorithms are basically using GPU miner. There are also exceptions. Scrypt's Leyte coin used to be mined by GPU miner, but later scrypt's algorithm was also conquered by ASIC chips, such as ant miner L3 +, which is the ASIC miner used to dig Leyte coin
ASIC miner refers to the miner that uses ASIC chip as the core of computing power. ASIC is the abbreviation of application specific integrated circuit, which is a kind of electronic circuit (chip) specially designed for a specific purpose. Some mining machinery factories have designed ASIC chips specially for computing the sha256 algorithm of bitcoin, and the mining machinery using them is ASIC mining machinery. Because ASIC chip is only built for specific computing, its efficiency can be much higher than that of CPU. For example, the current mainstream ant miner S9 is ASIC miner, which uses 189 ASIC chips, the computing power reaches 13.5th/s, and the power consumption is only 1350W. As a comparison, the computing power of gtx1080ti, the flagship computer graphics card, will not exceed 60mh / s even if it is optimized well. The difference is tens of thousands of times
GPU miner refers to the miner that uses GPU graphics card as the core of computing power. Cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum, bitcoin and diamond use graphics algorithms, so the speed of computing with graphics card will be the highest. Compared with ASIC miner, GPU miner is more well-known, because it is a computer with enhanced graphics card configurationthe purpose of GPU miner is to make money, so we should pursue the power consumption ratio and maximum profit, so we should pay attention to the cost performance. Generally, the medium and high-end positioning graphics cards, such as AMD rx560 and rx570, have high power consumption ratio, which is a good choice for GPU miner. While flagship cards such as gtx1080ti and AMD vega64 have the strongest single card performance, they are not cost-effective in terms of price and power consumption
in addition, the ASIC miner also has some exotic procts, such as the USB miner of burning cat, which is slightly larger than the U disk, and the power consumption is only 2.25w, which is the smallest bitcoin miner at present
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1. Mining can not only proce bitcoin, but also guarantee transaction information
similarly, a mathematical system contains 21 million mathematical problems, so we need to constantly seek the special solution of each mathematical problem through a huge amount of calculation. In addition, the special solution is unique
mining can not only increase the supply of bitcoin money, but also protect the security of bitcoin transactions and prevent fraulent transactions. In terms of process, bitcoin network is a point-to-point payment system, and anyone can trade through the transaction program
in order to ensure that the transaction process is truthfully recorded, the role of "miner" is required to be responsible for recording bitcoin transaction information. The time interval is 10 minutes. The best recorded transaction records among miners will be packaged and stored in a new block, and the corresponding miners will also receive a certain amount of bitcoin rewards
2. The mining process is extremely complex, which is beyond human power
the specific process is as follows. When a miner listens to the transaction, he will first verify the transaction information. The verified transactions will be recorded by miners and stored in their own database. There may be thousands of miners in the world doing the same thing, but every ten minutes, only one miner has the right to create a new block, so that the transaction information recorded by himself can be recognized and stored permanently
next, miners need to fight for the right to keep accounts. This is a competition of computing power. The core of this competition is to use computers to complete a large number of calculation tasks and find a super difficult random number. This random number is the special solution of the equation mentioned in the first paragraph. The miner who calculates the correct random number first wins. According to the rules of the game, the probability of a miner getting the accounting right is directly proportional to the proportion of his computing power in the total computing power of the whole network. In other words, the probability of finding the random number is equivalent to throwing out 100 million dice, and the total number of dice is less than 150 million. Therefore, mining requires a large number of computers, installation of specific algorithm software, repeated operation day and night, not human
3. Bitcoin mining is actually "villagers' bookkeeping"
maybe some netizens still don't understand, let's take an example. In a village, the villagers often borrow money from each other, even if they write a written document, there is a risk of default. Then, every time there is a loan behavior in the village, we will use the village trumpet to inform everyone that all the villagers (miners) will record all the transaction records in their own account books.