What is the meaning of PPS income of ant mine

1. E pool shows that the average speed is 390g, ant mining machine can see that the HW is very low, with an average increase of more than 100 points per hour. No XXX is normal in both aspects, that is, the income is not normal. I remember when it was just installed, the mine pool prompt had 0.08 every day

2.

Mine pool refers to:

as the computing level of the whole bitcoin network continues to rise exponentially, a single device or a small amount of computing power can not get the block reward provided by the bitcoin network on the bitcoin network

after the computing power of the whole network has been improved to a certain extent, the low probability of getting rewards has prompted some geeks on "bitcoin talk" to develop a method that can combine a small amount of computing power and operate jointly, and the website established in this way is called "mine pool"

extended data:

the existence of the mine pool reces the difficulty of bitcoin and other virtual digital currency mining, reces the mining threshold, and truly realizes the bitcoin mining concept that everyone can participate in

but its disadvantages are also very obvious, because computing power is connected to the mine pool. As a mine pool, it will have huge computing power resources. In the bitcoin world, computing power represents the bookkeeping right, and computing power is everything. If the computing power of a single mine pool reaches more than 50%, it will be easy to launch 51% attacks against virtual digital currencies such as bitcoin, The consequences are very terrible:

the mine pool can make the mine pool with 49% of the remaining computing power have no harvest, instantly quit the competition and go bankrupt. The mine pool's computing power exceeds 50%. If 51% attack is launched, it will easily occupy all the effective computing power of the whole network

3.

This is the pool share in the past three months:

4. At present, with the increase in the number of people mining in various currencies, the difficulty is also increasing. If you mine with a single computer, the possibility of digging out a block is relatively small. Take BTC for example, it is very likely that you will find one in half a year; If you connect your own miner to the mine pool, you can ensure that you have a basic income every day, which is relatively stable for miners. The premise is to select a suitable ore pool according to different currencies. Generally speaking, the current mining pools: ant mining pool, fish mining pool, coin printing mining pool, viabtc, flypool are all pretty good

5.

When bitcoin nodes connect with each other, they will get transactions they don't have from each other. But because bitcoin has accumulated a large number of transactions for a long time, it is very difficult for two nodes to compare which transactions you are missing / which transactions I am missing one by one

to solve this problem, Nakamoto Tsung invented the important technology of block chain. Nodes use blocks to synchronize transactions, which ensures the data consistency of all nodes, and ensures the uniqueness of the blockchain by competing for block packing rights (that is, mining)

① a block and blockchain
a packet formed by a transaction over a period of time is called a block. On average, bitcoin generates a block every 10 minutes, and each block is linked to the previous block to form a blockchain

② the transaction data is synchronized with the block as a unit
the block is numbered from 1, so after node a connects with node B, it is convenient to synchronize the transaction data as long as the block number height of both parties is checked. For example, if node A's own block height is 100 and node B's block height is 110, all it needs to do is request B to synchronize the 10 blocks 101-110<

③ reward for packed blocks
in order to ensure that there are nodes to pack bitcoin transactions, bitcoin rules stipulate that nodes of packed transactions will receive bitcoin as reward
A. part of the package reward comes from the transaction fee paid by the transaction creator (100-1000 transaction fee per KB)
B. the other part comes from the initial distribution of 21 million bitcoins. At the beginning, the reward is 50 bitcoins for each block. After that, the reward will be halved for every 210000 blocks (about four years). Until about 2140, the reward for each block is less than 1, and the total reward for each block is 21 million bitcoins, This is the source of the total amount of 21 million bitcoins (2099999.97690000 to be exact)
after 2140, the package reward will only come from the transaction fee paid by the transaction creator<

④ competition for block packing right
node packing transaction only needs to consume very low-cost network and computing resources. The existence of packing reward (at present, the packing reward for each block is 25 bitcoin, about 40000 yuan), makes a large number of nodes want to pack transactions. In order to ensure the uniqueness of the blockchain, bitcoin rules stipulate that nodes use a method similar to "coin tossing" to compete for the right of transaction packaging. Nodes constantly toss coins. Whoever first throws the results that meet the rules will get the right to pack the transaction in this block, as well as the package reward of this block

6.

The wealth myth of "one coin, one villa" is still widely spread in the currency circle, and new investors are eager to try. But in fact, a stable power structure has been formed in this small circle, from mining machinery manufacturers to large mine owners, and then to mining pools

manufacturing and selling mining machines, mining, building mines and building ore pools, the "mining circle" has become another way to get rich in the blockchain world, and mining machines have also become a little-known "big business"

according to the imagination of Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin, the ideal state should be "decentralized", with computing power scattered all over the world. However, contrary to decentralization, the mine pool is absolutely centralized, and more and more mining machines are connected to the mine pool

this article was first published in the Southern Weekend

"if speculation is a road of no return, then investment in mining machinery is a business that can make a steady profit without loss, and it is only a matter of time before the cost is recovered." Zhong Xi, general manager of Shenzhen Aibo times Technology Co., Ltd., calculated an account. A miner earns 200 yuan a day, which can be recovered in 120 days, and then the profit

in October 2017, in addition to his main business, Zhong Xi joined the mining army and quickly became a big boss in the mining circle. He operated many large mines in Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places

in fact, the business of "steady profit without loss" still depends on the continuous rise of currency price. In the past two months, the price of bitcoin has dropped from US $15000 to about US $10000, or even below US $6000 at one time, which has extended the cycle of mining machinery return. If it keeps falling, the profit will be far away

in 2012, four years after the advent of bitcoin, mass-proced mining machines appeared. Before that, mining was mainly a private activity, which could be completed by a home computer“ At that time, the home computer was the money printing machine, and a lot of bitcoin could be g up every day. " Huang Shiliang, a senior digital currency player who sold mining machines in his early years, recalled to Southern Weekend reporters

after the emergence of mining machine, mining began to be "socialized", with the emergence of mines and pools, and mining became a collective work. The indivial miner is entrusted by the mine, just like the workers on the proction line, as long as they are there, they can get paid every day

manufacturing and selling mining machines, mining, building mines and building ore pools, the "mining circle" has become another way to get rich in the blockchain world, and mining machines have also become a little-known "big business"

China has become the world's largest procer of mining machinery. Since 2012, a number of miner manufacturers have been born in China, such as Shenzhen bitquan Co., Ltd., which proces cat roasting miner, bitmainland, Jianan Yun and Yibang communication, which are now famous. In Huaqiangbei, Shenzhen, foreigners can be seen everywhere asking about the price of mining machinery with translators

recently, in an interview with the media, the CEO of bitcontinental, Mr. Zhan Ketun, said that this startup company, which has been established for only four years, had a revenue of about US $2.5 billion in 2017. Bitcontinent is known as the world's largest miner, whose ant miner has always been the hard currency of the coin circle and miner world

just like the coin circle, the mining circle also needs belief that the mechanical mathematical operation of mining machines every day can create great wealth

However, contrary to the "decentralization" advocated by bitcoin, the miner's world is moving towards "centralization". Miner dealers build their own mines. After the investors buy the miner, they are entrusted by the seller; The procers build their own mines and manage them

this process of "centralization" made the wealth of the mining circle snatched by a few people, and it was not easy for Zhong Xi to enter the core circle

calculation force "centralization"

the main function of the mine is to provide a place for scattered mining machines to operate. But it is the "ore pool" that really plays the role of integration

the so-called "mine pool" can be simply understood as "cooperative mining". The miners and the mines give the calculation power to the mine pool, and the mine pool is used as the only address to access the digital currency network for mining, and then distribute dividends to the miners according to the calculation power of the mining machine

the history of ore pool is longer than that of mining machine. In November 2010, the mine pool named slush appeared. Today, its official website says "the world's first mine pool", which is also recognized by the coin circle. Compared with the mine, the construction of the mine pool needs certain technology, and the threshold is relatively higher

the person in charge of a well-known domestic mine pool explained the principle of the mine pool to the Southern Weekend reporter. He compares mining to buying lottery tickets. If you dig alone, the probability of winning the lottery is very unstable. You may win 100000 today, but you won't in the next six months

"gather the people who buy lottery tickets together and buy them in a unified way. No matter who wins, they will be divided according to the proportion of money they pay. In the coin circle, the mine pool plays this role. " The person in charge said

it's not complicated to connect the mining machine with the ore pool. According to the operation guidelines of the major ore pools, it can be completed in a few steps, and then according to the calculation power provided by ourselves, we can get benefits from the ore pool. The miner is like a worker standing on the proction line, receiving a fixed salary every day

the mine pool with huge computing power and many mining machines has an absolute say in the coin circle and the mining circle. For example, if you want to issue a new digital currency or dominate the bitcoin bifurcation, you generally need to get the support of the mine pool. Without the support of the mine pool, no one will dig the new currency, so it is meaningless

in addition, when a hot new coin comes out, the mine pool can also use its own miners to pack it quickly and take the lead in the rush purchase of these new coins

in June 2017, when SNT and EOS were issued, Southern Weekend reporters witnessed the scene of minchi snapping up tokens. Because there are too many investors, many indivial investors can not put their funds into the designated position, but the person in charge of a mine pool can easily complete this operation

according to the imagination of Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin, the ideal state should be "decentralized", with computing power scattered all over the world. However, contrary to decentralization, the mine pool is absolutely centralized, and more and more mining machines are connected to the mine pool

on January 18, 2018, Emin Yun silash, a computer professor at Cornell University, and other five people co authored a paper pointing out that there is an implicit power structure behind bitcoin and Ethereum, the two major digital currencies, and mining is too centralized, in which 50% of bitcoin's computing power is controlled by the four major mines

In fact, this problem has always existed. Four years ago, the founder of Ethereum, vtalik, noticed this problem when he wrote Ethereum white paper. He wrote: "this problem can be said to be very serious. At the time of writing this article, the two largest mines indirectly controlled about 50% of the computing power of the whole network."

Up to now, this problem has not been solved. An early translator of the Ethereum white paper told the Southern Weekend reporter, "this is not a technical problem, but a human problem."

5

recessive power structure

in the mining circle, the top of the food chain is mining machinery manufacturers. At present, the three recognized mining machinery manufacturers are located in China. Through the proction and sales of mining machines, they get a lot of profits. At the same time, they also set foot in the construction of mines and pools, and have the right to speak in the whole coin circle

ant mining pool is one of the top two large mining pools in the world, and its computing power accounts for 17% of the total network computing power. However, according to instrial and commercial data, it was founded by bitmainland; Several investors of Jianan Yun are also investors of Hangzhou mining Pool Technology Co., Ltd., which has its own mining pool hash and mining platform, but the mining pool has ceased operation at the end of 2017

Yibang communications has set up three blockchain companies in Hohhot, Wuhai and Zhundong Economic Development Zone in Inner Mongolia. A salesperson of Yibang communications told reporters at Nanfang Weekend that they have mines and mining businesses in these three places, but these mines have been operating at full capacity, and there is no machine space to host new mining machines

"we are building a new mine in Irkutsk, Russia, where electricity charges are much lower and new mining machines can be hosted there." The source said

above the mining machinery manufacturers, it is the harvest of chip giants“ The core technology of mining machinery lies in the chip. Whoever has the chip can proce more mining machinery. " Ding Yang told reporters at Nanfang Weekend that the chips are mainly in the hands of several giant manufacturers, such as TSMC, NVIDIA, AMD, etc

since 2015, TSMC has always been the largest chip supplier of Jianan Yun. In 2015, the chips purchased by Jianan Yun from TSMC accounted for 69.62% of all the chips purchased by Jianan Yun. Since then, this figure has been maintained at about 60%. Most of the profits of Jia Nan Yun Zhi were made by TSMC

On January 18, 2018, at the presentation meeting of TSMC's fourth quarter financial report, chairman Zhang Zhongmou said that although the mobile business prospect this year is weak, the company's revenue will still grow by 10% - 15%. One of the key factors is the demand for chips e to the continuous and steady development of cryptocurrency

under the mining machinery manufacturers, there is another power structure. Jianan Yun disclosed this secret in its 2017 prospectus. In the first four months of 2017, four of the top five customers of Jianan Yun were "indivials". According to public information, three of them are well-known "wrists" in the currency circle

Wu Gang, the largest customer, was the first group of miners, and later founded haobtc, which has one of the world's top ten mines; Lin Zhipeng, the second largest customer, is the founder of Xiaoqiang mining machinery. He has been engaged in the proction and sales of mining machinery for a long time. He has been cooperating with Xie Weiqin, the sixth largest customer; Wang Jin, the third largest customer, founded bitbang, a coin circle information website

these big customers are not simple miners, they all have their own influence in the coin circle. Mechanical operation of the mining machine to bring them income at the same time, also brought the right to speak

according to an insider in bitmainland, most of the big customers in bitmainland are big guys in the currency circle. However, bitmainland officials declined an interview with the Southern Weekend reporter. The company's Public Relations Department responded that it was not convenient to disclose the content because it signed a confidentiality agreement with its customers

"one coin, one villa" wealth myth is still widely spread in the currency circle, and new investors are eager to try. But in fact, a stable power structure has been formed in this small circle, from mining machinery manufacturers to large mine owners, and then to mining pools

most of the new entrants can only make the harvested "leeks"

7. Hello, cloud computing power business is a business that supports users to rent computing power according to T and a certain period and enjoy corresponding income. At present, the computing power of ant's latest mining machine series on sale only supports BTC mining. The cycle is sustainable at present, and the cloud computing power procts of other cycles will be launched in the future<

purchase process:

you need to download 58coin app, or log in to the website and purchase according to the page prompts. The whole process is as follows: use usdt to purchase power procts - generate revenue the next day - release revenue on the third day, and the futures order is subject to the revenue date

cost Description:

1. Cost composition: calculation fee + electricity fee + management fee + operation and maintenance fee

2. Electricity fee: calculation power consumption * 24 hours * electricity price 0.38 yuan / kWh

3. Management fee: 6.00% of mining output is collected as management fee

4. Operation and maintenance fee: Calculation power consumption * 24 hours * operation and maintenance fee (0.07 yuan / kWh)

usdt is used to pay calculation power fee when purchasing, and electricity fee, management fee and operation and maintenance fee will be converted from daily income, In the form of BTC

income settlement:

1. Income distribution will be calculated using PPS theoretical income, and the income generated by computing power will be released to bit computing power account in the form of BTC every day

2. The estimated revenue is calculated from the actual operation of the digital asset network and will change dynamically for reference only. The theoretical revenue of the day's computing power can refer to the ant mine. After decting the electricity fee, custody fee and operation and maintenance fee, it is the daily net revenue

Proct termination:

1. Cloud computing power business with a fixed cycle will be terminated upon expiration

2. Perpetual computing power is a one-time buyout, which is theoretically held permanently. If the mining income can not cover the electricity, management, operation and maintenance costs for 90 consecutive days, the service will be terminated, and the user has no ownership of the mining machine

risk tips:

1. The price of digital assets often fluctuates greatly, and the mining difficulty of each currency will be adjusted regularly. If the currency price falls or the difficulty rises, the revenue of each mining contract will decrease. No matter from the perspective of digital assets or legal currency, this service does not guarantee that users can recover the capital. Users need to carefully assess their risk tolerance and invest in digital asset mining within acceptable risk control scope

2. Risk of force majeure and accidents: natural disasters, digital currency market crisis, war, equipment failure, communication failure, power failure, or changes in national policies and other unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable force majeure events may lead to the termination of the trusteeship, the rection of investment income and even the loss of principal. The platform shall not bear any responsibility

3. The power cost and management fee may fluctuate e to the national policy, the actual situation of the mine and the change of the power cost. The platform will reserve the right to adjust the power fee and management fee.

8. E pool shows that the average speed is 390g, ant mining machine can see that the HW is very low, with an average increase of more than 100 points per hour. No XXX is normal in both aspects, that is, the income is not normal. I remember when I first installed it, there was a 0.08 check of the original post every day & gt& gt;

9. China's official account of WeChat public issued on 10 January,

10, said that in order to implement the spirit of the September 4th announcement of the seven ministries and commissions issued by the people's Bank of China and other issues concerning the prevention of the financing risks of Chinese generation issuing companies, and actively respond to state regulation, bitcoin China will stop the cash business at 12:00 noon in Beijing time at 12:00. This means that bitcoin China's customer capital, asset retirement work is coming to an end. The announcement mentioned that its mining pool (national pool) and other businesses will not be affected by this and will continue to operate normally. For bitcoin trading platform, which has to innovate its business, mining pool business may be another way of transformation

what is a pool

the mine pool has really entered the field of vision of the coin circle since 2012, and the emergence of the mine pool has greatly reced the technical threshold of the miners. Mine pool is the necessary infrastructure for P2P cryptography virtual currency mining such as bitcoin. It is generally an open team mining server. Its significance is to improve the stability of bitcoin mining and stabilize the miners' salary. At present, the more famous bitcoin commercial mine pools in China include f2pool, BTCC pool, BW pool, etc

so how can a mine pool be divided among miners? According to instry insiders, it is mainly divided into two kinds: one is to give fixed income (PPS) according to calculation power, and the other is to give bonus share (pro) according to excavated blocks

will ore pool be the next regulatory target

although developers can decide the technical architecture of bitcoin network, it is difficult to influence its price trend, and mine pool is one of the key factors to promote the development of bitcoin. On the contrary, the recent sharp rebound of bitcoin market will attract more people to join the ranks of mining

the reporter believes that there are certain risks in the mining pool, but the probability that the regulatory authorities will completely block the mining pool is not very high, for the following reasons:

(1) China has obvious competitive advantage in the global bitcoin mining field. According to a research paper published by Cambridge University, China accounts for half of the world's influential bitcoin mines, and the ant mine, which ranks first, is a mine owned by bitcoin mainland. In addition, according to the data, the proportion of computing power in bitcoin mine pool ranked first, with 81% of hash computing power in China

(2) regulatory measures are not to eliminate bitcoin. The regulatory policies issued by regulators in recent months are not aimed at bitcoin and other digital currencies themselves, but at the hidden risks of money laundering, highly leveraged financing and investors' interests

(3) it is difficult to supervise OTC trading. Although floor trading has been banned in China, the bitcoin obtained by miners through the mine pool can be traded over the counter, so the supervision is bound to be very difficult. At the same time, the asset transfer and money laundering problems that regulators are worried about still exist

(4) increase the fiscal revenue of remote areas. Because the computer power of mining is large, it needs to consume a lot of electricity, so most people choose Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other areas with rich electricity. It is understood that the average power consumption of a large bitcoin mine is 40000 kwh, which also provides some objective income for the local government

does this mean that the government does not supervise

The answer, of course, is No. On the one hand, according to the reporter's investigation, in June this year, a large bitcoin mine in China was stopped e to the lack of regulatory policies. On the other hand, in accordance with the relevant principles of G20 and international cooperation, China has strengthened the control and disposal of anti money laundering, anti terrorist financing and tax base erosion. According to the "tips on preventing the risks of bitcoin and other so-called" virtual currencies "released by the China Internet Finance Association this year, bitcoin trading platform is a tool for money laundering, drug trafficking, smuggling, illegal fund-raising and other illegal and criminal activities with an expanding number of stakeholders and a strong speculative atmosphere. Therefore, once the scale of the mine pool is expanded to a certain extent, which leads to the confusion of the instry, it is inevitable for the regulatory authorities to take strict measures on the mine pool

conclusion

from the national level, artificial manipulation will lead to serious bubble and speculation of bitcoin. If the price of bitcoin fluctuates greatly, it will cause a series of problems. Perhaps the nationalization of bitcoin pool can stabilize the transaction price and create a good market atmosphere

once the government really takes regulatory measures on the mining pool, as Wang Chun, the co-founder of f2pool, said, given that the mining pool is still an application of bitcoin network operation, it is unclear how the regulatory authorities will affect its business model

original link: http://www.gongxiangcj.com/show-22-4683-1.html