Mobile network sharing for mining machinery
Publish: 2021-05-16 12:51:41
1. Hehe, there are more than 2000 ordinary workers on the ground, and there are more underground workers. Some of them can drive to 4000. Zhangji mine is very good in Huainan. Well, the dormitory has air conditioning. I'm a student. Hehe, that's all I know. It seems that the canteen is not so good.
2. Zhangji Beikuang, Fengtai County, Huainan City, Anhui Province, postcode: 232171
3. General catalogue
the first set of 1955-1964, 18 pieces 0.37 yuan
suspended from 1965 to 1970
the first set of 1971-1992, 66 pieces 1.65 yuan, a total of 2.02 yuan
the second set of 1980-1986, 28 pieces 12.6 yuan
the third set of 1991-2001, 31 pieces 16.5 yuan
the fourth set of 1999-2010, 45 pieces 29.7 yuan
the first set of 1955-1964, 18 pieces 0.37 yuan
suspended from 1965 to 1970
the first set of 1971-1992, 66 pieces 1.65 yuan, a total of 2.02 yuan
the second set of 1980-1986, 28 pieces 12.6 yuan
the third set of 1991-2001, 31 pieces 16.5 yuan
the fourth set of 1999-2010, 45 pieces 29.7 yuan
4. Shellfish currency
Natural seashells
from the 21st century BC to the 2nd century BC, it was mainly used in the Central Plains, and then graally replaced by metal currency, with the unit of "friend" and "one friend" for every ten coins. In the pre Qin period, shellfish played a al role of coin and ornament. Until the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Bei was still used as currency in China's minority areas, which was called "BA (left-right structure, left is Bei, right is ba")
Natural seashells
in the 11th century B.C., they were proced on the seashore, and graally evolved into physical currency because of their firmness, beauty, portability and counting
Natural seashells
from 618 to 1368 ad, they were proced on the seashore. Because of their strong and beautiful appearance, portable belt, and counting ability, they graally evolved into physical currency< During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties from the 16th century BC to the 2nd century BC, with the continuous development of commodity economy and the increasing demand for money, jade shell, bone shell, pottery shell and stone shell, which were imitated to make up for the shortage of natural currency circulation, were collectively referred to as artificial shellfish currency. Most of them are similar to natural seashells, and their exchange value is equal to or slightly lower than that of natural seashells<
Artificial shellfish (bone shell)
16th century B.C. - 2nd century B.C.
Artificial shellfish (jade shell)
16th century B.C. - 2nd century B.C.
Artificial shellfish (pottery shell)
16th century B.C. - 2nd century B.C.
copper shell
11th century B.C.
Baojin shell
11th century B.C, In the middle and late Shang Dynasty, with the development of society, people mastered the smelting technology, so there appeared metal shellfish currency. The shape is similar to that of natural seashells. There are golden shell, silver shell, copper shell and so on. The bronze shell is the earliest metal coin in China<
currency of pre Qin Dynasty
flat shoulder, arc foot and empty head cloth
fineness age: early and middle spring and Autumn period, shape characteristics: flat shoulder and crotch are arc-shaped, long (poor sound), perforated, generally cold inside. The surface inscriptions include Gan Zhi, number, astronomical phenomena, place names, things, Yin Yang five elements, location, auspicious language, etc. Most of the coins are made of bronze
flat head cloth with pointed feet
fineness: early spring and Autumn period. Zhao coins of the Warring States period. Shrug, square or curved crotch, pointed foot. The first Jin (left and right structure, left is "Jin", right is "Jin") and the half Jin (same as before) are called "flat head and pointed foot big cloth" and "flat head and pointed foot small cloth" respectively. The face inscription is the name of the city, and some small cloth face inscriptions have the word "half". The back words are usually numbers. The body is light and thin. The coin is made of bronze<
sankongbu
age of fineness: coins in the late Warring States period. According to the back text, it can be divided into two types. The utility model has a round head, a round shoulder, a round crotch, a round foot, and a round perforation on the head and two feet. Most of the characters on the surface are place names, with Ji Zhong and Ji value characters on the back. The big one recites "one or two", and the small one recites "Twelve baht" (half Liang)<
sharp blade
the age of fineness: the late spring and Autumn period. It is also called needle head knife. It is a special form of Jian Shou Dao. The head is as thin as a needle. Qian Wen is mostly an abstract symbol<
cutting head knife
the age of fineness: the early Warring States period. It is made by cutting the head with sharp head knife, which is basically the same as sharp head knife<
Zhi
age of fineness: at the turn of the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. In the middle and late Warring States period, the coins of Zhongshan state and Zhao state were also called round head Dao or flat head Dao. The blade is straight or slightly curved with a round head. The handle surface has two straight lines. It is light and thin. Among them, "Yan" (internal and external structure, outside is "gate", inside is "speech") Yang "(today's Shanyu) small straight blade is particularly thin. In addition to the "Gandan", "white" and "Chengbo", most of the others are plain
round hole round coin
quality time: middle and late Warring States period. In the middle and late Warring States period, the outer circle, the hole circle and the back are plain, and there is a draft angle between the face and the back, so the back diameter is larger than the face diameter, the back hole is smaller than the face, and the edge often remains a crater. Most of them have no profile on the back and a few have profile on the front. The big seal script is extensive. Bronze. It mainly circulates in the hometown of Qin, Zhao and Wei<
square hole round coin
quality time: the late Warring States period. In the late Warring States period, coins were made in Qin, Qi and Yan. The outer round hole is square, with or without outline, which is the ancestor of the later round coin. It contains "half Liang", "two steroids", "Wenxin", "Chang'an", "Yi (left and right structure, left is" Bei ", right is" Yi ") Hua, Yi (same front) four Hua, Yi (same front) six Hua", "Yi, Yan, Yansi" and other categories<
coins of Qin and Han Dynasties
Qin banliang
years of fineness: 336-221 BC. After Qin destroyed the six states, Qin coins were used as the national currency, and Qin banliang became the lower coin symmetrical with the upper coin, which was cast throughout the country. Compared with the pre Qin banliang, the Qin banliang is tall, narrow and slightly curved. The shape is round and square, and there is no outline on the surface and back<
Yujiao banliang
age of fineness: Early Western Han Dynasty. Because it is shaped like a elm pod, it is called "pod money"“ "Pod money" is generally very light and of different weight<
Sanzhu
Quality years: Emperor Wu cast the line in the first year of Jianyuan, and the line ended in the fifth year of Jianyuan. Three baht money surface outline, heavy as the text, back plain. Sanzhu is the first square hole yuan coin named "Zhu" in the history of ancient currency<
Wudi Wuhu
age of fineness: it was cast in 118 BC in the fifth year of Yuanshou (118 BC) of Wudi of Han Dynasty, including Wuhu of prefectures, Wuhu of chiche and Wuhu of Shanglin Sanguan. There are different forms of face writing, such as putting on half star, putting on horizontal outline, four Jue writing and so on. The outline is deep and the writing is exquisite. Wuzhu coin of Emperor Wu started the history of casting "wuzhu" coin in 739 and became the mainstream of "two systems of Zhu coin" in ancient China<
Yi ping5000
year of fineness: Ad 7. That is "Cuo", also known as "jincuo". It was made in the second year of Wang Mang's reign (Ad 7)“ Its ring is like money, and its body is like a knife. "One knife" on the ring surface is read directly, and the Yin text is inlaid with gold. The three characters of "Ping 5000" on the knife surface are written in Yangwen and seal script. Five thousand five baht for one“ The "one knife five thousand" is exquisitely cast, which is valued by the "collectors" of the past dynasties<
the five hundred years of Hong: 7 A.D. It was made in the second year of Wang Mang's reign (Ad 7)“ The ring is like big money, and the body is like a knife. The ring surface is engraved with the two characters of Yangwen "Cu", and the knife surface is engraved with Yangwen "500" and seal script“ "Lu" can lead to "Qi". Five hundred baht for one“ The "five hundred" sword has a deep and precipitous outline and exquisite inscription< In 40 A.D., Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty adopted Ma Yuan's suggestion and began to cast the five baht. The features of the face writing are that the "gold" prefix is larger, the "Five" prefix is more curved, the "Zhu" prefix is rounded, and the two ends of the vertical drawing are smaller. The casting is regular
cut edge wuzhu
age of fineness: in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, it is also known as "chisel edge" wuzhu or "scissors wheel" wuzhu, which refers to the wuzhu coin whose edge profile and part of the coin meat were cut or carved. There is no outline, and the word "wuzhu" remains in the side<
Dong Zhuo's five baht
year of fineness: 190 A.D. It was made by Dong Zhuo in the first year of Xiandi's reign in the late Eastern Han Dynasty (190ad). Without internal and external outline, the word "wuzhu" is incomplete and hard to identify. The world ridicules it as "Wuwen". The money can be called the most inferior and cheap money in the history of Chinese currency<
currency of the Three Kingdoms and the two Jin Dynasties
Zhi wuzhu
age of fineness: in 214 ad, Liu Bei was cast in Cheng in the 19th year of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty (214 ad). In the beginning, the coin was large and heavy, but in the later, it graally lost weight, and the lightest was less than 0.8 G. Face script seal "straight hundred five baht", that is, the value of "one hundred five baht money". They often cast or engrave inscriptions and ornaments on their backs, and also cast inscriptions on their backs, such as "Wei" or "Si Chu Wen"<
shuwuzhu
years of fineness: 214-263 A.D. It was made by Liu Bei after he entered Shu, about 214-263 A.D. Its shape is smaller than that of wuzhu in the Han Dynasty. It is thicker and has an outline on its face and back. Its strokes are fatter and its copper is dark<
Dingping 100
age: the Three Kingdoms period. It is not recorded in historical records, so it is better to be listed as Shu Han money“ Dingping hundred "money body is thin and small, money seal and Yi man not clear.". Its shape is similar to that of Zhi
Wei wuzhu
age of fineness: Three Kingdoms period. Emperor Wen of Wei Dynasty and Emperor Ming of Ming Dynasty all had five baht coins. The new coin shape imitated the five baht coin made in Han Dynasty, so it was called "five baht coin of Wei Dynasty". The outline of Wei Wu Zhu is clear, the shape of the coin is heavy, and the border is covered with gold<
daquandangqian
age: 239-246 A.D. Wu coins of the three kingdoms were made in the first nine years of chiwu reign of Sun Quan (238-246 A.D.). The four characters of seal script "Daquan Dangqian" can be read as five baht one thousand. After Wang Mang, it's the biggest worthless money. In addition, there are two thousand Daquan and five thousand Daquan<
liangzao new spring
good age: 317-376 A.D. It is the first example of square hole yuan coin in the name of the state name, which was cast by the Zhang Dynasty in the former Liang Dynasty (317-376 A.D.). Seal script can be divided into two types: opposite reading and direct reading. Qian's characters are also different. The shape can be divided into two types: light, small and heavy<
Shenchong wuzhu
age of fineness: 318-321 A.D. During the reign of emperor Xiaoyuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (318-321 A.D.), Shen Chong of Wuxing made a small coin with a big hole. Qian Wen's works of "five Zhu" and "hardware" are vague in outline, light and small in size, and seem to be imitated and cast in the style of "scissors wheel" in the Eastern Han Dynasty<
abundant
year of quality: 319 A.D. It was made in 319 A.D. in the first year of shile of the late Zhao Dynasty in the Sixteen States of the Western Jin Dynasty. The face script is "Fenghuo", which has two styles of seal script and Li script, and is read horizontally. The face of seal script has a good outline, while the face of Li script has no good outline. The back of money has both inside and outside<
Hanxing
age: 338-343 A.D. It is the earliest coinage in the history of Chinese coins. There are official script and seal script, direct reading and horizontal reading. They are exquisitely made, with shallow characters and thin flesh. The number handed down from generation to generation is small, especially for horizontal readers<
the currency of the northern and Southern Dynasties
Xiaojian Sizhu
was coined ring the reign of emperor Xiaowu of the Southern Song Dynasty (454-456 A.D.). The face text "Xiaojian" is LiuYe Zhuan, and the back text "Sizhu" carries the meaning of Zhuan. It is the same as the "Si Zhu" of Emperor Wen of Song Dynasty. Xiaojian Sizhu is poorly made with flat edges and unclear characters“ After that, the "four baht" was saved and the "Xiaojian" inscription was reserved, which became thinner and smaller, with a wide range of categories and sizes< In the first year of Yongguang (465 AD), Liu ziye, the former deposed emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, cast the line. The shape is similar to Emperor Wen's Xiaojian Sizhu, with outline inside and outside. The face is written with "Yongguang" two character seal script, horizontal reading and double baht. It is very rare to exist in the world because it was changed to "Jinghe" in a few months< Jinghe was cast in the first year of the Southern Dynasty (465 AD). Face text "Jing he" two characters, seal script, horizontal Book perforation on both sides, strokes clear. The money was issued by the government and handed over to the people for casting according to the style, then handed over to the official for acceptance. It is strictly forbidden to steal casting and trimming. Therefore, the outline of the text is more polished. After the abolition of emperor Gaiyuan, he was killed in March
formula female coin
it was made in the reign of Xiao Yantian Jian, Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty (502-519 A.D.). In fact, "formula female coin" is a small coin with no outline but only inner Guo. Because it is light, small and weak, it also has many advantages
Natural seashells
from the 21st century BC to the 2nd century BC, it was mainly used in the Central Plains, and then graally replaced by metal currency, with the unit of "friend" and "one friend" for every ten coins. In the pre Qin period, shellfish played a al role of coin and ornament. Until the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Bei was still used as currency in China's minority areas, which was called "BA (left-right structure, left is Bei, right is ba")
Natural seashells
in the 11th century B.C., they were proced on the seashore, and graally evolved into physical currency because of their firmness, beauty, portability and counting
Natural seashells
from 618 to 1368 ad, they were proced on the seashore. Because of their strong and beautiful appearance, portable belt, and counting ability, they graally evolved into physical currency< During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties from the 16th century BC to the 2nd century BC, with the continuous development of commodity economy and the increasing demand for money, jade shell, bone shell, pottery shell and stone shell, which were imitated to make up for the shortage of natural currency circulation, were collectively referred to as artificial shellfish currency. Most of them are similar to natural seashells, and their exchange value is equal to or slightly lower than that of natural seashells<
Artificial shellfish (bone shell)
16th century B.C. - 2nd century B.C.
Artificial shellfish (jade shell)
16th century B.C. - 2nd century B.C.
Artificial shellfish (pottery shell)
16th century B.C. - 2nd century B.C.
copper shell
11th century B.C.
Baojin shell
11th century B.C, In the middle and late Shang Dynasty, with the development of society, people mastered the smelting technology, so there appeared metal shellfish currency. The shape is similar to that of natural seashells. There are golden shell, silver shell, copper shell and so on. The bronze shell is the earliest metal coin in China<
currency of pre Qin Dynasty
flat shoulder, arc foot and empty head cloth
fineness age: early and middle spring and Autumn period, shape characteristics: flat shoulder and crotch are arc-shaped, long (poor sound), perforated, generally cold inside. The surface inscriptions include Gan Zhi, number, astronomical phenomena, place names, things, Yin Yang five elements, location, auspicious language, etc. Most of the coins are made of bronze
flat head cloth with pointed feet
fineness: early spring and Autumn period. Zhao coins of the Warring States period. Shrug, square or curved crotch, pointed foot. The first Jin (left and right structure, left is "Jin", right is "Jin") and the half Jin (same as before) are called "flat head and pointed foot big cloth" and "flat head and pointed foot small cloth" respectively. The face inscription is the name of the city, and some small cloth face inscriptions have the word "half". The back words are usually numbers. The body is light and thin. The coin is made of bronze<
sankongbu
age of fineness: coins in the late Warring States period. According to the back text, it can be divided into two types. The utility model has a round head, a round shoulder, a round crotch, a round foot, and a round perforation on the head and two feet. Most of the characters on the surface are place names, with Ji Zhong and Ji value characters on the back. The big one recites "one or two", and the small one recites "Twelve baht" (half Liang)<
sharp blade
the age of fineness: the late spring and Autumn period. It is also called needle head knife. It is a special form of Jian Shou Dao. The head is as thin as a needle. Qian Wen is mostly an abstract symbol<
cutting head knife
the age of fineness: the early Warring States period. It is made by cutting the head with sharp head knife, which is basically the same as sharp head knife<
Zhi
age of fineness: at the turn of the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. In the middle and late Warring States period, the coins of Zhongshan state and Zhao state were also called round head Dao or flat head Dao. The blade is straight or slightly curved with a round head. The handle surface has two straight lines. It is light and thin. Among them, "Yan" (internal and external structure, outside is "gate", inside is "speech") Yang "(today's Shanyu) small straight blade is particularly thin. In addition to the "Gandan", "white" and "Chengbo", most of the others are plain
round hole round coin
quality time: middle and late Warring States period. In the middle and late Warring States period, the outer circle, the hole circle and the back are plain, and there is a draft angle between the face and the back, so the back diameter is larger than the face diameter, the back hole is smaller than the face, and the edge often remains a crater. Most of them have no profile on the back and a few have profile on the front. The big seal script is extensive. Bronze. It mainly circulates in the hometown of Qin, Zhao and Wei<
square hole round coin
quality time: the late Warring States period. In the late Warring States period, coins were made in Qin, Qi and Yan. The outer round hole is square, with or without outline, which is the ancestor of the later round coin. It contains "half Liang", "two steroids", "Wenxin", "Chang'an", "Yi (left and right structure, left is" Bei ", right is" Yi ") Hua, Yi (same front) four Hua, Yi (same front) six Hua", "Yi, Yan, Yansi" and other categories<
coins of Qin and Han Dynasties
Qin banliang
years of fineness: 336-221 BC. After Qin destroyed the six states, Qin coins were used as the national currency, and Qin banliang became the lower coin symmetrical with the upper coin, which was cast throughout the country. Compared with the pre Qin banliang, the Qin banliang is tall, narrow and slightly curved. The shape is round and square, and there is no outline on the surface and back<
Yujiao banliang
age of fineness: Early Western Han Dynasty. Because it is shaped like a elm pod, it is called "pod money"“ "Pod money" is generally very light and of different weight<
Sanzhu
Quality years: Emperor Wu cast the line in the first year of Jianyuan, and the line ended in the fifth year of Jianyuan. Three baht money surface outline, heavy as the text, back plain. Sanzhu is the first square hole yuan coin named "Zhu" in the history of ancient currency<
Wudi Wuhu
age of fineness: it was cast in 118 BC in the fifth year of Yuanshou (118 BC) of Wudi of Han Dynasty, including Wuhu of prefectures, Wuhu of chiche and Wuhu of Shanglin Sanguan. There are different forms of face writing, such as putting on half star, putting on horizontal outline, four Jue writing and so on. The outline is deep and the writing is exquisite. Wuzhu coin of Emperor Wu started the history of casting "wuzhu" coin in 739 and became the mainstream of "two systems of Zhu coin" in ancient China<
Yi ping5000
year of fineness: Ad 7. That is "Cuo", also known as "jincuo". It was made in the second year of Wang Mang's reign (Ad 7)“ Its ring is like money, and its body is like a knife. "One knife" on the ring surface is read directly, and the Yin text is inlaid with gold. The three characters of "Ping 5000" on the knife surface are written in Yangwen and seal script. Five thousand five baht for one“ The "one knife five thousand" is exquisitely cast, which is valued by the "collectors" of the past dynasties<
the five hundred years of Hong: 7 A.D. It was made in the second year of Wang Mang's reign (Ad 7)“ The ring is like big money, and the body is like a knife. The ring surface is engraved with the two characters of Yangwen "Cu", and the knife surface is engraved with Yangwen "500" and seal script“ "Lu" can lead to "Qi". Five hundred baht for one“ The "five hundred" sword has a deep and precipitous outline and exquisite inscription< In 40 A.D., Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty adopted Ma Yuan's suggestion and began to cast the five baht. The features of the face writing are that the "gold" prefix is larger, the "Five" prefix is more curved, the "Zhu" prefix is rounded, and the two ends of the vertical drawing are smaller. The casting is regular
cut edge wuzhu
age of fineness: in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, it is also known as "chisel edge" wuzhu or "scissors wheel" wuzhu, which refers to the wuzhu coin whose edge profile and part of the coin meat were cut or carved. There is no outline, and the word "wuzhu" remains in the side<
Dong Zhuo's five baht
year of fineness: 190 A.D. It was made by Dong Zhuo in the first year of Xiandi's reign in the late Eastern Han Dynasty (190ad). Without internal and external outline, the word "wuzhu" is incomplete and hard to identify. The world ridicules it as "Wuwen". The money can be called the most inferior and cheap money in the history of Chinese currency<
currency of the Three Kingdoms and the two Jin Dynasties
Zhi wuzhu
age of fineness: in 214 ad, Liu Bei was cast in Cheng in the 19th year of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty (214 ad). In the beginning, the coin was large and heavy, but in the later, it graally lost weight, and the lightest was less than 0.8 G. Face script seal "straight hundred five baht", that is, the value of "one hundred five baht money". They often cast or engrave inscriptions and ornaments on their backs, and also cast inscriptions on their backs, such as "Wei" or "Si Chu Wen"<
shuwuzhu
years of fineness: 214-263 A.D. It was made by Liu Bei after he entered Shu, about 214-263 A.D. Its shape is smaller than that of wuzhu in the Han Dynasty. It is thicker and has an outline on its face and back. Its strokes are fatter and its copper is dark<
Dingping 100
age: the Three Kingdoms period. It is not recorded in historical records, so it is better to be listed as Shu Han money“ Dingping hundred "money body is thin and small, money seal and Yi man not clear.". Its shape is similar to that of Zhi
Wei wuzhu
age of fineness: Three Kingdoms period. Emperor Wen of Wei Dynasty and Emperor Ming of Ming Dynasty all had five baht coins. The new coin shape imitated the five baht coin made in Han Dynasty, so it was called "five baht coin of Wei Dynasty". The outline of Wei Wu Zhu is clear, the shape of the coin is heavy, and the border is covered with gold<
daquandangqian
age: 239-246 A.D. Wu coins of the three kingdoms were made in the first nine years of chiwu reign of Sun Quan (238-246 A.D.). The four characters of seal script "Daquan Dangqian" can be read as five baht one thousand. After Wang Mang, it's the biggest worthless money. In addition, there are two thousand Daquan and five thousand Daquan<
liangzao new spring
good age: 317-376 A.D. It is the first example of square hole yuan coin in the name of the state name, which was cast by the Zhang Dynasty in the former Liang Dynasty (317-376 A.D.). Seal script can be divided into two types: opposite reading and direct reading. Qian's characters are also different. The shape can be divided into two types: light, small and heavy<
Shenchong wuzhu
age of fineness: 318-321 A.D. During the reign of emperor Xiaoyuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (318-321 A.D.), Shen Chong of Wuxing made a small coin with a big hole. Qian Wen's works of "five Zhu" and "hardware" are vague in outline, light and small in size, and seem to be imitated and cast in the style of "scissors wheel" in the Eastern Han Dynasty<
abundant
year of quality: 319 A.D. It was made in 319 A.D. in the first year of shile of the late Zhao Dynasty in the Sixteen States of the Western Jin Dynasty. The face script is "Fenghuo", which has two styles of seal script and Li script, and is read horizontally. The face of seal script has a good outline, while the face of Li script has no good outline. The back of money has both inside and outside<
Hanxing
age: 338-343 A.D. It is the earliest coinage in the history of Chinese coins. There are official script and seal script, direct reading and horizontal reading. They are exquisitely made, with shallow characters and thin flesh. The number handed down from generation to generation is small, especially for horizontal readers<
the currency of the northern and Southern Dynasties
Xiaojian Sizhu
was coined ring the reign of emperor Xiaowu of the Southern Song Dynasty (454-456 A.D.). The face text "Xiaojian" is LiuYe Zhuan, and the back text "Sizhu" carries the meaning of Zhuan. It is the same as the "Si Zhu" of Emperor Wen of Song Dynasty. Xiaojian Sizhu is poorly made with flat edges and unclear characters“ After that, the "four baht" was saved and the "Xiaojian" inscription was reserved, which became thinner and smaller, with a wide range of categories and sizes< In the first year of Yongguang (465 AD), Liu ziye, the former deposed emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, cast the line. The shape is similar to Emperor Wen's Xiaojian Sizhu, with outline inside and outside. The face is written with "Yongguang" two character seal script, horizontal reading and double baht. It is very rare to exist in the world because it was changed to "Jinghe" in a few months< Jinghe was cast in the first year of the Southern Dynasty (465 AD). Face text "Jing he" two characters, seal script, horizontal Book perforation on both sides, strokes clear. The money was issued by the government and handed over to the people for casting according to the style, then handed over to the official for acceptance. It is strictly forbidden to steal casting and trimming. Therefore, the outline of the text is more polished. After the abolition of emperor Gaiyuan, he was killed in March
formula female coin
it was made in the reign of Xiao Yantian Jian, Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty (502-519 A.D.). In fact, "formula female coin" is a small coin with no outline but only inner Guo. Because it is light, small and weak, it also has many advantages
5. It has been thousands of years since China had currency. In these long years, there were many kinds of coins, including rare and common ones. People call it "rare is precious". Most people who collect coins always want to get precious coins that are rare in the world. This kind of psychology is just used by those antique dealers, and the fake appears. Therefore, whether collecting or studying coins, the first thing to be solved is how to eliminate the false and retain the true. In this paper, I want to make a systematic introction to several methods of counterfeiting and identification of coins, as well as some knowledge that should be possessed in the identification of coins< The main methods of counterfeiting ancient coins are as follows: (1) sand turning
the turning sand method was the main method of coinage in ancient China. Before Sui Dynasty, most coins were made with coin pattern, but since Tang Dynasty, the mother coin was turned into sand. No matter what kind of casting method, except for some historical periods, generally speaking, it pays more attention to the technological quality of coins. The quality of coins is generally close and meticulous. Today, a layer of dark brown slurry naturally appears on the surface, which makes people feel angry, The color is soft. The foundry technology of counterfeit procts is generally sloppy, which makes the money loose and makes people feel very angry. Although the sand holes and air holes on the money surface have been polished, they are not as smooth as natural wear and tear
the method of recasting mother money is generally used to make counterfeit money, and it is rarely used to make counterfeit money. In ancient times, there was more than one mother coin in the sandbox, but the whole box. Because it was a sandbox, the pressure of the sandbox was uniform, and the thickness of the coins was the same. The counterfeiters usually carve only one mother coin, not a whole box of sand molds. Therefore, the mother coin is also recast. Because the number of mother coins and the casting process are different, the thickness of the recast coins varies with the deformation
in ancient times, the rough coins taken out of sand molds were often in the shape of trees and needed to be polished. Because the shape of ancient coins was round with square holes, the rough coins were strung on the same square bar and polished by rotation at the same time. The file marks left on the sides of coins were not in a straight line, but in an arc shape, parallel to the side of the coin, It can be vaguely observed from some big coins in Xianfeng coins of Qing Dynasty. Even so, e to the long time, the file marks on the side of the coins either disappeared or were not very clear. On the contrary, the counterfeiter only knows how to file repeatedly when filing the blank to make the edge of the coin smooth. The file marks on the edge of the coin are disorganized or linear, giving people a brand new impression. However, it is worth mentioning that the processing method of Wang Mang Bu coins is different. Although they may be tens of pieces strung together when they are processed, because they are not round in shape, the trace of filing is either vertical to the coin surface or oblique to the coin surface, forming a straight line. Forgeries generally don't pay attention to these, and most of them leave a model line
to identify coins, we should also pay attention to the square hole of coins, which is often ignored by counterfeiters. After ancient coins were introced into the field of commodity circulation, people used ropes and other tools to string coins together. Therefore, with the increase of currency circulation time, money wear is no longer as angular as new coins, Some even cause money to wear out of shape. The counterfeit money is different. The money is square and has edges, leaving traces of new files
because the counterfeiters use real money to turn sand molds with uneven force, not only the thickness of coins is different, but also the height of the characters is easy to be different, which is rare in real ancient coins
e to so much trouble and easy to identify, counterfeiters often add some copper rust to confuse them, which requires us to have a wide range of identification knowledge, not only from the point of frosting
(2) modification
this method of counterfeiting is more important, that is, to change an ordinary coin into a precious coin after processing and engraving. There are mainly the following methods to modify the engraving:
one is to modify the engraving with flowing copper. In ancient times, e to technical reasons, the surface of copper coin would leave the liquid copper crystal left by casting, which is called flowing copper in coin circles. The existence of flowing copper is no big deal, but in the eyes of counterfeiters, it has become a usable object. These flowing copper are often carved into star pattern or moon pattern, and some are carved into characters, which are generally not in the right position
one is to engrave characters directly on the surface of coins. Most of the coins with inscriptions are banliang and wuzhuqian. The counterfeiters often engrave some auspicious or obscure symbols, numbers and characters on the surface of the coins, and some engrave some patterns on the side or flesh of the coins. Because these characters, symbols, numbers and patterns are engraved later, they are often incompatible with the whole coin, giving people a sense of rendancy
one is to change the original Qian Wen. This kind of alteration can be divided into two kinds: one is the alteration of the coin face inscription; One is the alteration of the inscription on the back of the coin
in the Warring States period, the "Qi Dahua" three character sword made by the state of Qi was found more, which was not precious, but the "Qi returned to the state of Zhang Dahua" six character sword was not, which was found less. Therefore, the counterfeiters used the psychology that the six character sword was not easy to get, and the collectors were eager to get it, so they changed the three character sword into six character sword and fished in troubled waters. At first glance, the shape of these fake six character swords is regular, which is in line with the characteristics of Qi Dao in the pre Qin period, and some of the characters are the same. But if you look carefully, you will find that the characters are crowded and the marks left by the alteration. For example, the word "Heavenly Kingdom" of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom carrying the sacred treasure Xiaoping coin is removed, making it a horizontal reading of "Taiping" carrying the sacred treasure. Another example is to remove the first stroke of the word "Yu" from Kangxi Tongbao and write it into a simplified character "Xi". Among the coins that have been re engraved, there is one that uses the old bare backed copper coin to grind off the face inscription. For example, there is a half Liang coin that is read directly. It looks pretty good in making, rust color, and wrapping. However, when you look at the text, it makes people suspect that the word "half Liang" is as flat as the face of the coin, which basically does not exist in the half Liang coin of Qin and Han Dynasties, The character "banliang" is hand carved, with knife marks on the edge of the writing
it is said that there are still some strange ways to change coins, such as using bronze mirrors to carve coins
there is a fatal weakness in the above methods, that is, the forgers often use false rust in order to keep the place where they change the engraving from showing any traces. Because this kind of false rust is false, it is different from the natural rust of coins, which is easy to peel off, giving people a sense of artificiality and incompatibility with the whole coin. However, we should pay special attention to some imitations of Qing Dynasty carved mother. Since the Qing Dynasty is not far away, most of the engravers have no rust, which gives the forgers a chance to take advantage of and no longer need to do the same as other coins. How to distinguish the true from the false? All genuine sculptors are made of refined copper. The color is warm and golden. The knife marks are smooth and smooth. The characters are natural and vivid. The forgeries are not. Not only the copper materials chosen are inferior to the genuine ones, but the carving is rough. Because of the imitation, the characters on the coin face are ll and lack of spirit, especially Manchu, Special attention should be paid to the imitations made by the sculptors of the Qing Dynasty. Some of the forgeries are made by turning sand, which is easy to identify
(3) inlay method
inlay is another important method of counterfeiting coins. The traditional methods of mending, spelling, making and blending can be described by embedding mending
ancient coins often form some special editions e to wrong or changed models, such as the back of the coin. This kind of edition formed by the negligence of the foundry workers is generally less than ordinary coins, and it is also an indispensable variety for collectors. The counterfeiters take advantage of this point, either to grind the two coins very thin and glue them together, or to take half of the coins and glue them together, making them a rare back or face inscription. It seems that the coins forged in this way are impeccable in terms of words and rust color. However, when they are thrown gently on the table or on the ground, the sound they make is far less than that of the real coins. Some thick meat fakes are made in the same way
mending is a common method in inlay mending. This method has the feeling of stealing a beam and changing a pillar, that is, dig out one or two words in the Qian Wen, and then replace them with the Qian Wen on other coins to make them become rare coins. For example, "Sheng song Tong Bao" Xiaoping coin in the Northern Song Dynasty is a rare treasure. The counterfeiter removed the word "Yuan" from the ordinary Sheng Song Yuan Bao coin, and then removed the word "Tong" from other Qian texts which are close to the style of song Qian, and stuck it on the position of "Yuan", thus becoming a "Sheng song Tong Bao". Another example is to gouge out the word "Tong" of "Qingyuan Tongbao" and embed the word "Wu" of "Hongwu Tongbao" into "Qingyuan Tongbao", which becomes a kind of forgery. The method of mending the forgery is easy to leave the following traces: first, the embedded characters are not consistent with the style of other coins; One is the trace left by the place where the characters are inlaid, or covered with false rust. The former is easy to recognize as long as they are familiar with the calligraphy style of a coin character in an era, while the latter can be recognized by modern technology flaw detection instruments in addition to traditional methods
in addition to the three main methods of coin forgery, such as sanding, engraving and inlaying, there are also other methods, such as the use of corrosion method. On a piece of copper, paint or wax is used to outline the required coin outline, perforations and characters, and then put them into the corrosive agent and take them out after a period of time. Coins forged in this way are rare. Modern people not only use traditional crafts, but also use modern scientific and technological means, such as the use of computers. Although this method has never been seen in the forgery of ancient coins, it is said that it has been found in silver and copper coins, which should be paid enough attention to< (1) traditional identification method (1) character identification:
China's currency culture has a history of thousands of years since its emergence, evolution and development. Writing is a tool of cultural communication. In China, when metal coins came into being, characters were cast on the surface of the coins to indicate the value of the currency, the place name or the name of the coin. On the contrary, coins without characters are relatively rare. Although the later generations can learn from their predecessors, it is a kind of imitation, which can only achieve the level of perfection at best. Due to the differences in gesture, stroke and strength, it is impossible to achieve complete consistency. In this way, we can distinguish the forgery of the words on the ancient coins, It has become a very important aspect of coin identification. Here, we can give a more typical example of the characters of coins in different times to illustrate
the pre Qin period is the historical period of the occurrence and development of currency in China. spring
the turning sand method was the main method of coinage in ancient China. Before Sui Dynasty, most coins were made with coin pattern, but since Tang Dynasty, the mother coin was turned into sand. No matter what kind of casting method, except for some historical periods, generally speaking, it pays more attention to the technological quality of coins. The quality of coins is generally close and meticulous. Today, a layer of dark brown slurry naturally appears on the surface, which makes people feel angry, The color is soft. The foundry technology of counterfeit procts is generally sloppy, which makes the money loose and makes people feel very angry. Although the sand holes and air holes on the money surface have been polished, they are not as smooth as natural wear and tear
the method of recasting mother money is generally used to make counterfeit money, and it is rarely used to make counterfeit money. In ancient times, there was more than one mother coin in the sandbox, but the whole box. Because it was a sandbox, the pressure of the sandbox was uniform, and the thickness of the coins was the same. The counterfeiters usually carve only one mother coin, not a whole box of sand molds. Therefore, the mother coin is also recast. Because the number of mother coins and the casting process are different, the thickness of the recast coins varies with the deformation
in ancient times, the rough coins taken out of sand molds were often in the shape of trees and needed to be polished. Because the shape of ancient coins was round with square holes, the rough coins were strung on the same square bar and polished by rotation at the same time. The file marks left on the sides of coins were not in a straight line, but in an arc shape, parallel to the side of the coin, It can be vaguely observed from some big coins in Xianfeng coins of Qing Dynasty. Even so, e to the long time, the file marks on the side of the coins either disappeared or were not very clear. On the contrary, the counterfeiter only knows how to file repeatedly when filing the blank to make the edge of the coin smooth. The file marks on the edge of the coin are disorganized or linear, giving people a brand new impression. However, it is worth mentioning that the processing method of Wang Mang Bu coins is different. Although they may be tens of pieces strung together when they are processed, because they are not round in shape, the trace of filing is either vertical to the coin surface or oblique to the coin surface, forming a straight line. Forgeries generally don't pay attention to these, and most of them leave a model line
to identify coins, we should also pay attention to the square hole of coins, which is often ignored by counterfeiters. After ancient coins were introced into the field of commodity circulation, people used ropes and other tools to string coins together. Therefore, with the increase of currency circulation time, money wear is no longer as angular as new coins, Some even cause money to wear out of shape. The counterfeit money is different. The money is square and has edges, leaving traces of new files
because the counterfeiters use real money to turn sand molds with uneven force, not only the thickness of coins is different, but also the height of the characters is easy to be different, which is rare in real ancient coins
e to so much trouble and easy to identify, counterfeiters often add some copper rust to confuse them, which requires us to have a wide range of identification knowledge, not only from the point of frosting
(2) modification
this method of counterfeiting is more important, that is, to change an ordinary coin into a precious coin after processing and engraving. There are mainly the following methods to modify the engraving:
one is to modify the engraving with flowing copper. In ancient times, e to technical reasons, the surface of copper coin would leave the liquid copper crystal left by casting, which is called flowing copper in coin circles. The existence of flowing copper is no big deal, but in the eyes of counterfeiters, it has become a usable object. These flowing copper are often carved into star pattern or moon pattern, and some are carved into characters, which are generally not in the right position
one is to engrave characters directly on the surface of coins. Most of the coins with inscriptions are banliang and wuzhuqian. The counterfeiters often engrave some auspicious or obscure symbols, numbers and characters on the surface of the coins, and some engrave some patterns on the side or flesh of the coins. Because these characters, symbols, numbers and patterns are engraved later, they are often incompatible with the whole coin, giving people a sense of rendancy
one is to change the original Qian Wen. This kind of alteration can be divided into two kinds: one is the alteration of the coin face inscription; One is the alteration of the inscription on the back of the coin
in the Warring States period, the "Qi Dahua" three character sword made by the state of Qi was found more, which was not precious, but the "Qi returned to the state of Zhang Dahua" six character sword was not, which was found less. Therefore, the counterfeiters used the psychology that the six character sword was not easy to get, and the collectors were eager to get it, so they changed the three character sword into six character sword and fished in troubled waters. At first glance, the shape of these fake six character swords is regular, which is in line with the characteristics of Qi Dao in the pre Qin period, and some of the characters are the same. But if you look carefully, you will find that the characters are crowded and the marks left by the alteration. For example, the word "Heavenly Kingdom" of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom carrying the sacred treasure Xiaoping coin is removed, making it a horizontal reading of "Taiping" carrying the sacred treasure. Another example is to remove the first stroke of the word "Yu" from Kangxi Tongbao and write it into a simplified character "Xi". Among the coins that have been re engraved, there is one that uses the old bare backed copper coin to grind off the face inscription. For example, there is a half Liang coin that is read directly. It looks pretty good in making, rust color, and wrapping. However, when you look at the text, it makes people suspect that the word "half Liang" is as flat as the face of the coin, which basically does not exist in the half Liang coin of Qin and Han Dynasties, The character "banliang" is hand carved, with knife marks on the edge of the writing
it is said that there are still some strange ways to change coins, such as using bronze mirrors to carve coins
there is a fatal weakness in the above methods, that is, the forgers often use false rust in order to keep the place where they change the engraving from showing any traces. Because this kind of false rust is false, it is different from the natural rust of coins, which is easy to peel off, giving people a sense of artificiality and incompatibility with the whole coin. However, we should pay special attention to some imitations of Qing Dynasty carved mother. Since the Qing Dynasty is not far away, most of the engravers have no rust, which gives the forgers a chance to take advantage of and no longer need to do the same as other coins. How to distinguish the true from the false? All genuine sculptors are made of refined copper. The color is warm and golden. The knife marks are smooth and smooth. The characters are natural and vivid. The forgeries are not. Not only the copper materials chosen are inferior to the genuine ones, but the carving is rough. Because of the imitation, the characters on the coin face are ll and lack of spirit, especially Manchu, Special attention should be paid to the imitations made by the sculptors of the Qing Dynasty. Some of the forgeries are made by turning sand, which is easy to identify
(3) inlay method
inlay is another important method of counterfeiting coins. The traditional methods of mending, spelling, making and blending can be described by embedding mending
ancient coins often form some special editions e to wrong or changed models, such as the back of the coin. This kind of edition formed by the negligence of the foundry workers is generally less than ordinary coins, and it is also an indispensable variety for collectors. The counterfeiters take advantage of this point, either to grind the two coins very thin and glue them together, or to take half of the coins and glue them together, making them a rare back or face inscription. It seems that the coins forged in this way are impeccable in terms of words and rust color. However, when they are thrown gently on the table or on the ground, the sound they make is far less than that of the real coins. Some thick meat fakes are made in the same way
mending is a common method in inlay mending. This method has the feeling of stealing a beam and changing a pillar, that is, dig out one or two words in the Qian Wen, and then replace them with the Qian Wen on other coins to make them become rare coins. For example, "Sheng song Tong Bao" Xiaoping coin in the Northern Song Dynasty is a rare treasure. The counterfeiter removed the word "Yuan" from the ordinary Sheng Song Yuan Bao coin, and then removed the word "Tong" from other Qian texts which are close to the style of song Qian, and stuck it on the position of "Yuan", thus becoming a "Sheng song Tong Bao". Another example is to gouge out the word "Tong" of "Qingyuan Tongbao" and embed the word "Wu" of "Hongwu Tongbao" into "Qingyuan Tongbao", which becomes a kind of forgery. The method of mending the forgery is easy to leave the following traces: first, the embedded characters are not consistent with the style of other coins; One is the trace left by the place where the characters are inlaid, or covered with false rust. The former is easy to recognize as long as they are familiar with the calligraphy style of a coin character in an era, while the latter can be recognized by modern technology flaw detection instruments in addition to traditional methods
in addition to the three main methods of coin forgery, such as sanding, engraving and inlaying, there are also other methods, such as the use of corrosion method. On a piece of copper, paint or wax is used to outline the required coin outline, perforations and characters, and then put them into the corrosive agent and take them out after a period of time. Coins forged in this way are rare. Modern people not only use traditional crafts, but also use modern scientific and technological means, such as the use of computers. Although this method has never been seen in the forgery of ancient coins, it is said that it has been found in silver and copper coins, which should be paid enough attention to< (1) traditional identification method (1) character identification:
China's currency culture has a history of thousands of years since its emergence, evolution and development. Writing is a tool of cultural communication. In China, when metal coins came into being, characters were cast on the surface of the coins to indicate the value of the currency, the place name or the name of the coin. On the contrary, coins without characters are relatively rare. Although the later generations can learn from their predecessors, it is a kind of imitation, which can only achieve the level of perfection at best. Due to the differences in gesture, stroke and strength, it is impossible to achieve complete consistency. In this way, we can distinguish the forgery of the words on the ancient coins, It has become a very important aspect of coin identification. Here, we can give a more typical example of the characters of coins in different times to illustrate
the pre Qin period is the historical period of the occurrence and development of currency in China. spring
6. The characteristics of the coins in Qing Dynasty are as follows: the first emperor only used one kind of money, though the amount of money was large and the shape was simple; Except for a few exceptions, all the year names of Qian are called Tongbao. Qian Wen: they are neat regular script, and they are read correctly. Except for a few exceptions, the copper is all brass, with light yellow luster and less corrosion; Most of the coins have Manchu characters on their backs, which is the place name of the foundry Bureau: there are many coins in the world, few counterfeit coins, easy to identify. Nuerhachi (Taizu) made two kinds of money: Tianming Tongbao and Manchu Tianming hanqian. Huang Taiji (Taizong) coined the coins of Cong and Han. The pronunciation is left, top, bottom and right. It is also translated as Cong Tongbao. Because there is no unified mother coin, there are no two coins that are completely the same. Shun Tongbao bears the name of Hanwen Ji Bureau and Manwen Ji Bureau. Its style is similar to Chongzhen Qian. Kangxi Tongbao had two types: Baoquan or Baoyuan in Manchu and the name of the Bureau of Chinese literature and records. The Bureau of Chinese literature and records had 21 bureaus, including Tong, Fu, Ning, Dong, Jiang, Xuan, yuan, Su, Ji, Chang, Fu, he, Lin, Guang, Zhe, Tai, Shan, GUI, Yun, Zhang and Gong. Kangxi coin back Manchu "baoquanju" Xiaoping has a kind of Xi word left less a vertical called "luohanqian", and handed down to have back, left and right have "big please". It is said that it was specially made for the 60th birthday of Emperor Kangxi. There is gold in it. The folk made it into jewelry or treasure. In fact, the Luohan coin is only a kind of Kangxi coin, which has existed since ancient times. Poor quality, not difficult to identify. From the beginning of Yongzheng Tongbao, all the recitations were written in Manchu Records Bureau. There were 13 kinds of Manchu Gong characters, which looked like inverted Dao heads and were worn by children to ward off evil spirits; Qianlong was a man of fortune, wealth and longevity. The emperor of Taiping, who had all kinds of sculls, was also a collector and appraiser of antiquities, casting a lot of money. Qianlong Tongbao was named after the Bureau of Manchu literature and records. There were 24 kinds of money, but the quality of money was slightly lighter than that of Kang and Yong. Qianlong's money of Xinjiang bureaus was made of local red copper. The copper color was red, also known as red money. The characters were hidden, the casting skills were not refined, and there were many editions. The quality of Jiaqing Tongbao coins declined, and only 19 coins were kept. There were more star and moon patterns on the back of the coins than in the Qianlong period. There were two types of Baogui coins in Guilin: Manchu and Chinese. Daoguang Tongbao's writing style is poor, there are 21 money bureaus, and there are small and thin money. In Xianfeng, when the war broke out and copper sources were scarce, the provinces changed to cast large coins. Baoquan Bureau cast Xiaoping, Dangwu, Dangshi, dang50, dang, dang200, dang300, dang500, and Qianwan seeds. There were also iron coins. The big coins were called heavy treasures. The five hundred and two thousand coins made by Baoshan Bureau were made of red copper. If they were made of brass, they were all fake. In 1984, it was discovered in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, that baosuju (Manchu) was the largest coin in ancient China, with a diameter of 22 cm. When SUSHUN was in power, the period of casting Qixiang Tongbao was very short, and most of the folk Qixiang Tongbao were forged by changing the engraving method. The shape, quality and calligraphy of Guangxu Tongbao are good. Baosu, Baoquan and Baoyuan three Bureau cast Guangxu heavy treasure, and Baofu Bureau cast white copper thin lettered coin, which can be compared with Huizong coin of Song Dynasty. During the reign of Xuantong, only the Second Bureau of the CPC Central Committee cast a small amount of Xuantong Tongbao. There are few counterfeit coins in Qing Dynasty except for special ones
in the late Qing Dynasty, various machine-made coins, including gold, silver, copper, nickel, aluminum and other materials, were proced after the introction of Western machine-made coin technology, which were the terminators of ancient coins. Modern metal coins mainly refer to silver yuan and copper yuan
in 1884, Jilin Machinery Bureau tried to cast one or two silver coins, and silver coins of one, two, five and seven were popular in the market. In 1897, Zhang Zhidong set up a minting Bureau in Guangdong Province to try to make 73 silver yuan. In 1890, Zhang Zhidong was allowed to officially cast silver yuan, including genuine silver yuan and four kinds of silver coins. Later, all provinces followed suit and started casting modern silver yuan one after another. In the second year of Xuantong (1910), the Qing government reformed the currency system and cast new Qing silver coins
at the end of the Qing Dynasty, copper was expensive, and all the money bureaus stopped casting and making money. In the 26th year of Guangxu reign (1900), Li Hongzhang first made the Tongyuan Guangxu Yuanbao in Guangdong. The new copper coins were neat and exquisite, and they were popular in circulation. The government got in and out interests, so it ordered the coastal provinces to cast copper coins in imitation of the example of Guangdong. In 1905, the Jinan government took back the minting rights of various localities and set up the Hubu Mint in Tianjin to proce "Qing Dynasty copper coins". Although it was only a few decades since the founding of the copper coin in China, it has become an independent category in Chinese numismatics because of its variety and variety. Especially in the late Qing Dynasty, the dragon pattern copper coin is more complex, with about 2000 editions, which can be regarded as the world's most ancient and modern machine coinage.
in the late Qing Dynasty, various machine-made coins, including gold, silver, copper, nickel, aluminum and other materials, were proced after the introction of Western machine-made coin technology, which were the terminators of ancient coins. Modern metal coins mainly refer to silver yuan and copper yuan
in 1884, Jilin Machinery Bureau tried to cast one or two silver coins, and silver coins of one, two, five and seven were popular in the market. In 1897, Zhang Zhidong set up a minting Bureau in Guangdong Province to try to make 73 silver yuan. In 1890, Zhang Zhidong was allowed to officially cast silver yuan, including genuine silver yuan and four kinds of silver coins. Later, all provinces followed suit and started casting modern silver yuan one after another. In the second year of Xuantong (1910), the Qing government reformed the currency system and cast new Qing silver coins
at the end of the Qing Dynasty, copper was expensive, and all the money bureaus stopped casting and making money. In the 26th year of Guangxu reign (1900), Li Hongzhang first made the Tongyuan Guangxu Yuanbao in Guangdong. The new copper coins were neat and exquisite, and they were popular in circulation. The government got in and out interests, so it ordered the coastal provinces to cast copper coins in imitation of the example of Guangdong. In 1905, the Jinan government took back the minting rights of various localities and set up the Hubu Mint in Tianjin to proce "Qing Dynasty copper coins". Although it was only a few decades since the founding of the copper coin in China, it has become an independent category in Chinese numismatics because of its variety and variety. Especially in the late Qing Dynasty, the dragon pattern copper coin is more complex, with about 2000 editions, which can be regarded as the world's most ancient and modern machine coinage.
7. Paiwang is a blockchain grid trading platform, which has grown into one of the fastest growing trading platforms in Asia in 2020. The basic principle of Pai net grid trading is to include the fluctuation of the market as far as possible, so as not to miss any opportunity to make money from the automatic trading of the fluctuation of the market In short, it means that your next "order" will sell automatically when it goes up to a certain range, and buy automatically when it goes down to a certain range. As long as the market keeps fluctuating and constantly buying low and selling high, it will always make money.)
8. Open the other party's personal hotspot, and then open your settings, find the network connection, enter the other party's password, it's OK
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