Ethereum border
some countries have shown great interest in the blockchain technology of decentralized data management framework to store public data. For example, essentia is developing an e-government project with the Central Union of agricultural procers and forest owners in Finland, The project will apply blockchain technology to enable urban and rural residents in Finland to query various records, fully meet the needs of residents and employers, and improve the employment rate. In addition, the use of this technology can also improve the efficiency of government operation, so that residents can easily query ecation, public records, voting and other information
waste recycling
for example, an intelligent waste management system in China adopts the RFID technology of waltonchain company. Using this blockchain application of waltonchain, it can effectively monitor the waste level, so as to improve the management and operation efficiency and resource optimization
identity recognition
chug, a Swiss city known as "encryption Valley", has developed an identity authentication system with its partner uport by using blockchain technology, through which citizens can participate in online voting and proof of residence
border control
essentia has been in contact with the Dutch government, hoping to use its blockchain technology to establish a set of border inspection system for the Dutch government to check passengers between Amsterdam and London. At present, passengers of Eurostar high-speed rail between the two countries need to undergo border control checks at multiple locations. Essentia is working on a blockchain based solution that will securely store passenger data so that inspection records from the Netherlands can also be reviewed by UK Border agencies. Blockchain technology will ensure that the data has not been tampered with and is verifiable and accurate
health care
as we all know, medical records are very scattered and prone to errors. Inconsistent data processing process will make hospitals and clinics often forced to deal with some incorrect or incomplete patient records. For example, Medrec, a blockchain electronic medical record system developed by MIT, uses blockchain technology to promote data sharing. At the same time, it can also provide authentication and confidentiality services
enterprise management
as enterprise customers of Microsoft azure applications, they can make use of blockchain as a service (baas), which will enable enterprises to access smart contracts and blockchain applications in a secure hosting environment. According to media reports, Google is also developing a proprietary blockchain project to support its cloud based business. And alpha, Google's parent company, is developing a distributed accounting project that third parties will be able to use to store data related to Google's cloud services
medical data
medical centers that digitize patient records do not store data among multiple devices. They usually store data on centralized servers, which has become the main target of hackers. The wannacry attack on NHS hospital in the UK proves this. But in addition, even if the security risk is ignored, there is still the problem of fragmentation. At present, there are more than 50 different electronic medical record systems (EHR) operating in hospitals in different cities around the world, and there are usually dozens of different medical application systems in the same city. These independent systems can't perform interoperation, and the data of patients in each hospital can only be distributed in different data storage centers
in the case of patients' life and death, the lack of reliable medical data contrast and slow operation efficiency will be fatal. Essentia's application framework solves all these problems by using blockchain based system, which will store all clinical data of patients, and can access these data immediately regardless of geographical boundaries. In this system, the patient's medical record privacy can also be protected, and only the authorized medical personnel can access it in a specific period of time
Music Proction
one of the main advantages of blockchain technology is that it eliminates unnecessary middlemen or middlemen. The music instry is a typical example. In this instry, if artists are inefficient, they will get very low remuneration. At this time, a number of blockchain based projects have emerged to seek a fairer trading and business environment for music creators, such as artbit, a former gunshot rose drummer Matt Soren as director
carbon compensation
as a highly instrialized country, China's environmental change is huge. In March 2017, IBM and energy blockchain labs jointly launched the hyperledger fabric blockchain project to discover China's carbon assets, which not only creates a measurable and auditable system for tracking carbon emissions, but also provides a tradable market for companies seeking to offset energy consumption and stimulate green instrial practice
supply chain management
supply chain management is considered to be one of the better cases of applying blockchain, because it is very suitable for the express delivery of such goods from delivery to receipt or the whole process from manufacturer to store. IBM and Wal Mart have jointly launched a blockchain food safety alliance in China. The project is also jointly operated with Jingdong company, aiming to improve food delivery tracking and safety assurance, so as to make it easier to trace food safety issues
facts have proved that China is a mature experimental base for blockchain projects, and it is also the location of the world's first blockchain for agricultural procts (5.180, - 0.25, - 4.60%). Louis Dreyfus Co, a world-famous food trader, has established a blockchain technology project in cooperation with Dutch and French banks. Using this project technology, the transaction settlement is faster than traditional methods in the process of selling soybeans to China
diamond instry
De Beers Group, the world's most famous diamond company, has its own blockchain company and has started operation. Its purpose is to "establish a digital record for every diamond registered on the platform". Considering the origin of diamonds, the ethical standards of origin, and the risk of diamond quality, blockchain technology is a good choice, because every record of it is indelible, and it will ensure that the electronic data of each diamond is as permanent as itself
real estate transactions
currently, Ukraine is the first country to use blockchain technology to promote property transactions. Michael Arlington, the founder of techcrunch, a famous technology website and cryptocurrency player, remotely purchased and resold a real estate in Kiev through the smart contract of Ethereum blockchain. This transaction was completed by propy, a start-up company specializing in blockchain real estate transactions
fisheries
blockchain technology is now being used to support the development of sustainable fisheries. Illegal fishing is a common problem in this instry. The distributed ledger technology of blockchain provides a proof of the capture source, processing and sale mode. This "net to table" supply chain allows inspectors to determine whether the fish caught came from a human rights violation area or from a country affected by economic sanctions
art paintings
similar to diamond trading, the art instry relies on the provenance and authenticity of art works. Although the blockchain cannot identify whether a painting is an original or a fake, it can be used to prove the identity of the previous owner of the painting. In addition, blockchain technology is now also used as a means to obtain works of art. It can make tangible goods easily traded and exchanged anywhere in the world without physical transfer from a secure storage place
public facilities
in Freemantle, Australia, a project dedicated to distributed energy and water system management is using blockchain technology, and solar panels (3.340, - 0.06, - 1.76%) are being used in sunny areas to obtain electricity, which is then used to heat water and provide electricity, All these energy conversion and use information will be recorded in the blockchain data
in Chile, the National Energy Commission has started to use the blockchain technology as the verification of the country's energy use data, and some sensitive data will be stored in the blockchain. The application of this technology can be regarded as a means for the modernization and safe operation of power infrastructure in this South American country
LGBT rights
blockchain can help build a "pink economy" and help LGBT communities fight for their own rights without revealing people's identities. This is an extremely important issue, because crimes of discrimination against homosexual groups often occur, especially in countries notorious for human rights violations, Homosexuality is illegal, or at least not allowed
catastrophe bonds
catastrophe bonds may be the only hope for victims of earthquakes, tsunamis and other natural disasters. Blockchain allows fast and transparent reconciliation between the parties, and can ensure that the system can continue to operate normally even under unmanned operation. Now, blockchain has been successfully used in the settlement mechanism of catastrophe bonds
tourism
local institutions in Hawaii are studying how to use blockchain technology to improve the economy, such as opening bitcoin and other monetary payment means to facilitate tourists' transaction of local goods and services. In this way, the Hawaiian government hopes to attract tourists, especially those from Asia, to spend more money in the local area and improve the economic development of Hawaii
homeland security
in 2016, the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced a project that will use blockchain technology as a means of secure storage and capture of data transmission. DHS uses Factom's blockchain technology to encrypt and store data captured by security cameras and other sensors. The application of this blockchain technology will greatly rece the risk of data leakage. At present, the project is still in progress
maritime transportation
it is self-evident that blockchain is used to record ship transportation data. At present, some local shipping projects have adopted distributed ledger technology. In the maritime logistics instry, blockchain technology can make the inevitable cumbersome management proceres in international trade more transparent and orderly. Maersk, one of the world's largest shippers, is a pioneer in the use of blockchain. Today, Yixing international shipping company Zim has also made follow-up use of blockchain technology.
if you want to apply for Australian austrac license, you need to register an Australian company first
to register an Australian company, you need to:
1 provide the name core name and three alternatives, with the name ending in Pty Ltd or Pty Limited&# 160;
2 registered address, telephone number, fax and email address Agent can provide) & 160
3 at least one director of the company, one of whom must be an Australian resident, shall provide personal data: date of birth, place of birth, current address, contact information including telephone number and e-mail (provided by the agent) &
4. The nature of the company's business and the direction of its operation
5 the company has at least one shareholder without nationality restriction, and the shareholders and directors can be the same person
6 information of the person in charge of the registration of the company (date of birth, place of birth, current address, telephone number and e-mail address) &
7 distribution of directors or shareholders of the company
the second step in licensing is to open an Australian bank account: & 160< br />1 Certificate of registration&# 160;
2Company tax No. & 160< br />3 Scanning of personal ID of local directors in Australia< br />4 Scanned copies of all shareholders' passports< br />5 Scanning of address proof of local directors in recent three months (Bill showing the address and name of customers) &< br />6 Electronic signatures of all directors and shareholders
to apply to austrac and ASIC in Australia, it is also necessary to do a crime free justice for directors and shareholders.
Australia has many advantages, such as the government's attitude towards development, fast qualification process, and a financial system matching Europe and the United States. Therefore, Australia has also become an ideal place for many investors to register. With perfect financial supervision means, it can be used as a preferred location for blockchain projects
the above is about Australian license application shared by Xiaobian. I hope it can help you
If you put yourself in the heart of fame and wealth, you can get rid of the world—— Hong Zicheng
when it comes to China's treasures, there are so many. I believe you can all listen to the overnight pearl. It's also a rare treasure in ancient Chinese legend. It's very rare and mysterious, especially in many TV dramas or novels. It adds a layer of mystery to the legend, But in fact, the night pearl is real in real life, because it is very rare, so in ancient times only princes and nobles were worthy of it, and it is difficult for common people to have a look at it
it's not my wish to be rich, and it's impossible for the emperor and the countryside to be prosperous—— Tao Yuanming
many people think that Zhao Shiliang will auction it and make a lot of money. He can become a billionaire overnight. However, surprisingly, he does not auction it. Instead, he still keeps it in his home. He only occasionally goes to some large-scale exhibitions to show it. Moreover, he takes this night pearl very seriously and regards it as a family heirloom, Zhao Shiliang is a real collector who likes to respect cultural relics. I admire him
references
the classic quotations of celebrities and the words of returning home
open pit mining operations mainly include perforation blasting, mining and loading, transportation and mping. The quality of these four works and their cooperation are the key to open pit mining. Perforation blasting is to drill a certain diameter and depth of directional blasting hole in the open pit mine rock, and use explosive blasting to break and loosen the mine rock. Perforating equipment mainly includes percussive drilling machine, down the hole drilling machine and cone drilling machine. Ammonium oil explosive, slurry water resistant explosive, emulsion explosive and granular emulsion explosive are mostly used. Mining and loading work is to load ore and rock into transportation equipment manually or mechanically, or directly unload them to the designated place. The common equipment is excavator (multi bucket and single bucket), wheel shovel and front-end loader, and single bucket excavator is widely used. The transportation work is to transport the ore and rock from the open pit to the unloading point (or concentrator) and the mp respectively, and transport the proction personnel, equipment and materials to the Stope at the same time. The main modes of transportation are railway, highway, conveyor, hoist, hydraulic transportation and cableway transportation used in rugged mountainous areas. The selection of transportation mode must consider terrain, geology, climate conditions, proction capacity of open-pit mine, mining depth, physical and mechanical properties of ore and surrounding rock, etc. after comprehensive technical and economic comparison, the reasonable transportation mode can be determined. Dumping refers to transporting a large amount of topsoil and rock covering the upper part of the deposit and its surrounding from the open pit to a special site (such as mp or waste rock yard) for mping. According to the different mping equipment, mping methods can be divided into plough mping, bulldozer mping, front loader mping and dragline scraper mping. The bulldozer should be located as close as possible to the mining field and occupy less farmland. If possible, it should be placed in valleys and depressions. Attention should be paid to environmental protection, land reclamation and returning
when the mine is near the surface, it is more suitable for open-pit mining. If the mine is buried deep, it is more suitable for underground mining. But which way to choose must be based on economic optimization analysis. It is possible that the ore is deeply buried, but open-pit mining is more economical than underground mining, so it can not be generalized
advantage: the process of extracting useful minerals from open surface stope. Also known as open-pit mining. When the ore body is buried shallowly or there is outcrop on the surface, open pit mining is the most advantageous. Compared with underground mining, it has the advantages of full utilization of resources, high recovery rate and low dilution rate. It is suitable for large-scale mechanical construction, with fast mine construction, large output, high labor proctivity, low cost, good working conditions and safe proction. However, it is necessary to strip rock and soil and mp a large amount of rock, especially in deep open-pit mines, which often occupy more farmland and have higher equipment purchase cost, so the initial investment is larger. In addition, open pit mining is greatly affected by climate, which has a certain impact on equipment efficiency and labor proctivity. With the development of mining technology, more and more open-pit mines are suitable for mining low-grade deposits and some underground mined resial ores. For gentle deposits (generally, the dip angle of ore bed is less than 12 ° The mining method of mping, horizontal or vertical transportation is adopted. For the inclined deposit, the method of combined bench, horizontal mining belt or partition and stage mining is adopted.
integrated exploration of mineral resources is an effective way to find and evaluate a number of large or extra large ore procing areas with great influence in the same tectonic metallogenic zone and the metallogenic concentration area of the same tectonic unit in accordance with the principles of scientific planning and unified deployment, concentrating human, financial and material resources, etc. According to public information, TCL energy was registered on July 26, 2010 and officially launched on April 1, 2011. TCL energy's business scope includes mining investment, mining exploration technical services, research and development of new energy and technical consultation. TCL energy's integrated exploration of mineral resources is mainly to seek opportunities in the exploration and development of non-ferrous metal mineral resources, and mine copper, lead, zinc and other minerals that can be used for household appliances
at the same time, it is reported that the largest beryllium oxide deposit in Asia has been discovered in Xinjiang and bukessel Mongolia Autonomous County. Beryllium is the lightest alkaline earth metal element, known as "metallic glass". Its alloy is an irreplaceable strategic metal material in aviation, aerospace, military instry, electronics, nuclear energy and other fields. The beryllium deposit discovered this time has a reserve of about 40000 tons, which is the largest beryllium oxide deposit belt in Asia. The fact that the latest exploration of beryllium ore has also proved that TCL is far sighted to pilot in Xinjiang. We just hope that the development of beryllium ore can be powerful and orderly, and we will not follow the "ordinary road" of rare earth.
1、 General situation of mineral resources (1) discovered minerals and ore procing areas by the end of 2005, 138 kinds of minerals have been discovered in the whole region, accounting for 80.7% of 171 kinds of minerals in China. There are 81 mineral resources (102 subspecies) with proven reserves. There are 87 oil and gas fields with proven resource reserves, including 10 large, 43 medium and 34 small ones. There are 993 proven non oil and gas procing areas, including 137 large, 210 medium and 646 small ones
During the Tenth Five Year Plan period, there was no change in newly discovered minerals compared with the end of the Ninth Five Year Plan period. There were 7 more minerals (natural asphalt, antimony, strontium, andalusite, pyrophyllite, basalt, perlite) with proven resource reserves, 13 more oil and gas fields with proven resource reserves, and 127 more non oil and gas procing areas with proven resource reserves. See table 3-1
Table 3-1 ring the Tenth Five Year Plan period, the situation of discovered minerals and proved ore procing areas in the autonomous region is as follows: (2) general situation of retained resources and reserves. Among them, natural gas, iron ore, gold mine, silver mine, cesium mine, andalusite mine, Glauber's salt mine, sylvite mine, asbestos mine, limestone mine for cement, bentonite mine, granite mine for decoration and marble mine for decoration increased by more than 19% (see attached table 10). See table 3-2 for the increase and decrease of main mineral reserves in 2005 compared with that in 2000
Table 3-2 increase and decrease of main mineral reserves in 2005 compared with that in 2000. See table 3-3
During the Tenth Five Year Plan period, 3652 new non oil and gas mineral exploration licenses were approved in accordance with the law. Among them, there are 239 energy minerals (223 coal mines), 528 ferrous metal minerals, 1322 non-ferrous metal minerals, 892 precious metal minerals, 62 rare, rare earth and scattered minerals, 571 non-metallic minerals and 38 water vapor minerals. It is one of the top three provinces (regions) that issue the most exploration licenses in China (Inner Mongolia, Shandong and Xinjiang in turn). See table 3-4 and Figure 3-1
Table 3-3 by the end of 2005, the reserve of main mineral resources in the autonomous region ranked among the top 10 minerals in China
there were 8 Sino foreign joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned mineral exploration enterprises registered in the autonomous region, with a total approved exploration license area of 1300 square kilometers
During the Tenth Five Year Plan period, 13300 mining licenses for non oil and gas minerals were approved in accordance with the law in the whole region (the licenses issued by land and resources management departments at prefectural and municipal levels are mainly small construction placer and clay minerals), of which 2224 were newly issued
Table 3-4 new license issuing situation of exploration license in the autonomous region ring the 10th Five Year Plan Period, 821 changes were handled and 1040 mining areas were demarcated. See table 3-5 and figure 3-2
Table 3-5 list of new mining licenses issued by the Department of land and resources ring the Tenth Five Year Plan period unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: unit: Unit, Collective enterprises decreased by 31.7 percentage points, limited liability companies increased by 15.4%, and private enterprises increased by 14.7%. The data show that the pattern of investment in mineral resources development has changed greatly
there are 19 Hong Kong and Macao businessmen and foreign-invested enterprises developing mineral resources in our region, accounting for 10.2% of the 187 Hong Kong and Macao businessmen and foreign-invested enterprises that have obtained mining licenses
The construction of mining right market is a new task, and there is no ready-made experience to follow. At the same time, it is an important task for geological and mineral administration. In order to establish a standardized, orderly, unified, open and reasonably competitive mining rights market, first of all, Hami, Altay and Tacheng regions, which are rich in mineral resources, high mining output value and well managed, are selected to carry out the pilot work of mining rights transfer(1) Altay is rich in metal and rare metal mineral resources, but the degree of geological work is low, the level of mineral resources reserves is not high, and there are many scattered small mines. Altay Bureau of land and resources tried to transfer the mining rights of scattered small mines by agreement, and achieved good results
(2) Tuoli County in Tacheng area is rich in granite resources, among which the variety of "tuolihong" granite is popular in the market. Because there are many mining sites, the quality and price fluctuate greatly, which affects the orderly development of mining economy in the county. Through the rectification, the mine that issued the license beyond its authority was closed down, the mining area was re planned, four mining rights were set up, and the price of 1.1 million yuan was used for bidding, which achieved good results
(4) the natural environment of Hami region is relatively good and the resources are rich. In August 2002, through investigation, Hami Municipal Bureau of land and resources selected the "Tianshan Baima" facing granite varieties with good market prospect and low transportation cost adjacent to the national highway, i.e. No. 1 and No. 2 orebodies of Liugou granite in Hami City for auction, and successfully determined the first hammer for the whole district to sell mining rights by auctionon the basis of the working experience of mining right agreement transfer and auction in pilot units, the Interim Provisions on the administration of mining right bidding, auction and listing transfer (new land and resources development [2002] No. 134) was formulated and issued to guide and standardize the paid transfer of mining right in the whole region
In order to cultivate and standardize the mining right market of the whole region and speed up the construction of the mining right market, according to the mineral resources law, supporting laws and regulations and the relevant requirements of the Ministry of land and resources, In 2001, the implementation plan for further rectifying the mining economic order and standardizing the mining right market in the autonomous region (new land and Resources Office [2001] No. 175) and the notice on strengthening the management of mining right transfer and cultivating and standardizing the mining right market (new land and Resources Office [2001] No. 244) were formulated, Land and resources departments at all levels are required to conct in-depth investigation and investigate illegal transfer of mining rights in accordance with the law, and promote market-oriented management of mining rights. In order to standardize the bidding, auction and listing of mining rights, increase the market allocation of mineral resources, and rece the transfer of mining rights by administrative examination and approval, the notice on stopping the transfer of mining rights of building materials minerals by administrative examination and approval (new land and Resources Office [2002] No. 459) was formulated on the basis of summarizing the pilot work of the transfer of mining rights, The establishment of the above documents and systems has played a positive role in the construction and standardized development of the mining rights market in the whole region Since the implementation of the administrative measures for bidding, auction and listing of exploration rights and mining rights on August 1, 2003, the whole region has actively studied and formulated the paid use system of mineral resources in line with the local reality, and further cultivated and standardized a unified, open, competitive, orderly and dynamic mining rights market system, "Two rights" bidding, auction, hanging "transfer has increased significantly, the degree of marketization of mining rights has graally improved, and breakthrough progress has been made in the construction of two rights market(1) listing transfer of mining rights of construction placer and clay ore. After the mining right market of the whole region started, the paid transfer of construction placer and clay mining right was first included in the agenda of mining right market construction. Taking advantage of the opportunity of mining order rectification and mining management in scenic spots, we first carried out the paid transfer of mining rights of sand and clay mines in Turpan. The non coal mines in Shanshan county were re planned, and only 6 sand and stone mines were set up in the county. Shanshan County Bureau of land and resources openly sold two sand and gravel mining rights in Sanchakou of the county town to the public by way of listing. The initial price of listing was 200000 yuan. After 15 and 29 rounds of listing bidding, the two mines sold for 2.44 million yuan, becoming the first sand and gravel mining right sold by way of listing in Xinjiang
(2) coal mining right auction. In order to further promote the construction of mining right market, according to the development planning of mineral resources and market demand, the mining right of Heishan coal mine in tuokesun County, with proved reserves of 25.66 million tons, thick coal seam and good mining conditions, was selected for auction. On November 18, 2002, the mining right of the mine was sold at 9 million yuan. After 33 rounds of bidding, it was sold by Xinjiang Guanghui granite mine development Co., Ltd. at a price of 49 million yuan, becoming the first coal mining right sold by auction in China (3) the important mineral exploration rights and mining rights are transferred to the public. In March 2004, according to the requirement of "emancipating the mind and achieving breakthroughs in the development of mineral resources in Xinjiang" put forward at the sixth (enlarged) meeting of the sixth session of the Sixth Party committee of the autonomous region, 13 exploration rights and mining rights of coal mine, gold mine, copper mine, iron ore, magnesite, potash and other important minerals were transferred to the public, of which 7 exploration rights and mining rights had a total starting price of 38.6 million yuan, The auction price was 183 million yuan. In particular, the meisbulake coalfield in Baicheng county (a total of three minefields) has a total starting price of 29 million yuan and an auction transaction price of 172 million yuan, which has strong repercussions in the society. At the same time, the people's Government of the autonomous region attaches great importance to the exploration right and mining right(4) the mining right evaluation unit is determined by "shaking beads". In 2005, in order to reflect the principle of fairness and justice and improve the transparency of mining right examination and approval, our district took the lead in determining the mining right evaluation unit by "shaking beads" in China
During the Tenth Five Year Plan period, we actively explored the transformation of the management mode of mining rights, made efforts to settle the unemployed workers and social stability, and promoted the economic development of the autonomous region. For example, a state-owned ceramic factory in Urumqi, with two small coal mines and one clay mine for ceramic making, was on the verge of bankruptcy in 2001 e to poor management. The staff and workers of the enterprise are living in distress and petitioning constantly, which has affected the local social stability. In accordance with the instructions of the leaders of the autonomous region, our department has invested 3.6 million yuan of the mining rights originally obtained free of charge by the enterprise as a share of the resettlement expenses of the enterprise's employees, introced new capital technology and new management methods, revitalized the assets, and revitalized the old enterprises. Another example is an old state-owned gold mine in Hami. Due to the chaotic operation and the depletion of proven resources, the enterprise went bankrupt, and the placement of workers became a major difficulty. After negotiation with the Department, Hami District auctioned the four mining rights obtained free of charge by the original enterprise and the fixed assets of the bankrupt enterprise, and finally concluded the transaction with 11.08 million yuan, which effectively protected and utilized the original mine resources, guaranteed the life of the enterprise staff, and accumulated experience for the disposal of the mining rights of the bankrupt enterprise (3) exploration1、 In 2009, there were 9.8424 million hectares of natural grassland in Altay, Xinjiang, accounting for 83.4% of the total land area, of which 7.2393 million hectares were available, accounting for 14.5% of the total grassland area in Xinjiang. Seasonal grazing grassland is the main part of natural grassland. Rotation grazing of grassland according to season has always been the management mode of grassland animal husbandry in Altay region. The grassland in the whole region is basically rotated by summer pasture, spring and autumn pasture and winter pasture, and only Kanas small area is rotated by summer pasture and winter spring and autumn pasture
summer pasture: it is distributed in the cool climate of the mid alpine zone, mainly using subalpine meadow, alpine meadow and alpine grassland type grassland, and the utilization time is about 3 months
spring and autumn pasture: spring and autumn pasture is distributed in the mountains of the middle mountain zone, mainly using temperate meadow and temperate grassland in the mountains, and the utilization time in spring and autumn is about 3 months
winter pastures: most of them are distributed in the plain desert area with warm water shortage in low altitude basin, and a few are located in the leeward and sunny section of low mountain and inversion zone, and the utilization time is about 6 months
the grassland in Kanas small forest area was rotational grazing in summer and winter, spring and autumn. Winter, spring and autumn fields are distributed in the meadow belt of Zhongshan Mountain with mowing conditions. They can be used in winter, spring and autumn, and the utilization time is as long as 9 months. The area and carrying capacity of grazing grassland in different seasons in Altay area (table 6-15)
Table 6-15 area and carrying capacity of seasonal pastures in 2009 in Altay area source: data from animal husbandry department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 2009
the area of seasonal pastures among cities and counties in Altay area also varies greatly. The carrying capacity of spring and autumn pasture is 6.3 times that of summer pasture, and that of winter pasture is 10.6 times that of summer pasture. In summer, the grassland livestock of Jimunai county were scattered to the summer pasture of Altay City, burjin county and Habahe County, while in winter, the livestock of the above three counties were herded and overwintered in the winter pasture of Sawuer mountain in Jimunai county
In terms of animal husbandry, Altay is a large agricultural economic zone dominated by grassland animal husbandry, with 7.2393 million hectares of grassland available in four seasons, which is one of the main animal husbandry bases in Xinjiang. The livestock resources in Altay area include Kazakh native breed horse, white headed cattle, Xinjiang brown cattle, Simmental cattle, Chinese Holstein cattle, Kazakh horse, Xinjiang (Northern Xinjiang) Bactrian camel, Altay sheep, Xinjiang (Northern Xinjiang type) white cashmere goat, Xinjiang Qinggeli cashmere goat and Xinjiang West fine wool sheep. Altay fine wool sheep is the main livestock species in the livestock structure in this area, In 2008, there were 2.4984 million in stock, up 19.82% year on yearin 2005, the maximum number of livestock in Altay reached 5.2823 million, and in 2010 it was 4.3348 million, which was 1.9 and 1.6 times of 1978 respectively, showing a rapid growth trend, but also weakening the carrying capacity of the grassland in Altay (Fig. 6-2). In 2010, the output value of animal husbandry in Altay was 2.197 billion yuan
Fig. 6-2 the change of the maximum livestock raising amount in Altay from 1949 to 2010 is the development period of animal husbandry in Altay from 1949 to 1965. The maximum livestock raising amount increased from 432200 in 1949 to 3167900 in 1965. The characteristics of this period are that the maximum livestock proction continued to increase, and in 1955, it exceeded 1 million heads; In 1961, it exceeded 2 million and reached 2.257 million
From 1966 to 1986, it was the period of platform development. During this period, the maximum number of livestock raised increased and decreased, but remained between 2.27 and 2.47 million. In 1982, the highest number of livestock was 3.4732 million. During this period, the average was 2.88 million There was a rising period from 1967 to 2005. The maximum number of livestock raised increased from 2.827 million in 1967 to 5.2823 million in 2005. Although it declined slightly in 1993 and 1994, it has been on the rise since then From 2006 to now, it is a declining period. The characteristic of this period is that e to the limitation of the carrying capacity of the original grass and the adjustment of the structure of animal husbandry in the region, the maximum amount of animal husbandry has been decreasing. In 2006, the maximum number of livestock raised in Altay was 5.1971 million, which decreased to 4.3348 million in 2010. It can be predicted that the maximum livestock proction will decrease by 2020, and finally reach the average value of the platform development period from 1966 to 1986, which is about 3 million Second, the characteristics of animal husbandry in Altay areaAltay area is a pure animal husbandry area, with vast grassland area, large usable area, excellent forage quality, large proportion of medium and high-grade forage species, less poisonous grass and non herbivorous grass, and more than 95% of all kinds of forage, with high utilization rate of forage
the grassland in the whole region was in a state of diversity, in which the area of plain desert grassland was the largest, accounting for 60.65% of the total available area, and the unit proctivity was the lowest, which was 1.76 HA / sheep; The minimum area of alpine steppe is 53 hectares; The highest proctivity of Lowland Meadow and plain swamp is 0.12 HA / sheep. According to the utilization pattern, there are four types (table 6-16). The winter pasture area is 3.4552 million hectares, the spring and autumn pasture area is 2.625 million hectares, the summer pasture area is 1.058 million hectares, and the spring, winter and autumn pasture area is 165900 hectares
Table 6-16 area and stocking capacity of four seasons pasture in 2008 in Altay area
data source: Animal Husbandry Bureau of Altay area, 2009
it can be seen from table 6-16 that winter pasture and spring and autumn pasture are 3.4 times and 2.56 times of summer pasture respectively according to available area, while theoretical stocking capacity is only 77.00% and 59.00% of summer pasture. In winter and spring and autumn, the number of pastures is very small, and the carrying capacity is also small. Summer pasture is the advantage and potential of this region, but it can only be used for 80 days in a year; Although the area of winter pasture is vast, it is short of water, the grass quality is poor, and the natural conditions are bad; Due to overgrazing and overgrazing, grassland degradation in spring and autumn pasture needs to be improved
from the grazing point of view, on the one hand, the four seasons pasture is very unbalanced, the winter pasture is 77.00% of the theoretical carrying capacity of the summer pasture, the spring and autumn pasture is 59.00% of the theoretical carrying capacity of the summer pasture, and the winter spring and autumn pasture is only 4.00% of the theoretical carrying capacity of the summer pasture. On the other hand, e to the sparse and low grass layer in winter pasture, livestock can not eat in every snowy year, "strong in summer, fat in autumn, thin in winter, dying in spring" and "yield rection in case of disaster" have become insurmountable barriers for nomadic proction
To sum up, the basic characteristics of animal husbandry in Altay area are grassland grazing, animal husbandry, grazing by water and grass, raising livestock by the sky, grazing and management of proction activities with seasons, which have strong regularity and dependence on nature. The balance degree of grassland in four seasons, the quality of grassland, the amount of grass stored and the climate directly affect the development of animal husbandry (1) grassland degradation is serious and overload is excessive.
e to the change of climate conditions, the impact of human proction activities, the increase of livestock carrying capacity per unit area and the lack of scientific grazing management, the ecological balance of grassland has been seriously damaged and the contradiction between grassland and livestock is sharp (table 6-17)
In addition, according to a special report entitled "fission of Altay Grassland" in Altay daily on November 12, 2009, the theoretical carrying capacity of natural grassland is 9.54 million sheep units. At the end of 2009, the actual carrying capacity of Altay area was 16.88 million sheep units, and 7.34 million sheep units were overloaded, with an average overload rate of 75%. The available area of summer pasture is 15.24 million mu, which can carry 4.73 million sheep units. The existing livestock is 6.59 million sheep units, and the overload rate is 39.00%; The spring and autumn pasture has a usable area of 39.04 million mu and can carry 2.49 million sheep units. At present, there are 6.17 million sheep units and 3.68 million sheep units overloaded, with an overload rate of 148%; The available area of winter pasture is 51.83 million mu, which can carry 2.31 million sheep units. The existing livestock is 4.12 million sheep units, and the overload rate is 71%. 79.34 million mu grassland has been degraded to varying degrees, with the degradation rate of 73%. The degradation rates of summer pasture, spring and autumn pasture and winter pasture are 58%, 89% and 72% respectively, of which 44.3 million mu are seriously degraded, accounting for 40%
Table 6-17 situation of grassland overload and degradation in Altay in 2009
note: summer pasture and spring and autumn pasture are calculated by the highest feeding amount, and winter pasture is calculated by the number of stocks at the end of the year
data source: Bureau of animal husbandry of Altay region, concted a comprehensive grassland resource survey in 2009
2007, and the number of main 9 grassland categories did not decrease, However, the biomass, height and proportion of excellent forage decreased significantly, especially in mountain meadow, meadow steppe, mountain steppe and grassland desertification (table 6-18, table 6-19, table 6-20). The grassland area in mountainous area is about 25% of the total grassland area in the whole region, but the actual carrying capacity of grassland is as high as 57.00%
Table 6-18 comparison of biomass and height of serious degradation area in 1982 and 2007 according to the data of Animal Husbandry Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 2009
Table 6-19 comparison of biomass and height of mild degradation area of grassland from 1982 to 2007
data source: data of Animal Husbandry Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 2009
Table 6-20 main grassland types in 1982 and 2007. According to incomplete statistics, ring the 20 years from 1969 to 1989, the valley forests of the ulungu River and the Erqis River Basin decreased by 487000 mu, and still decreased at the rate of 10000-20000 mu per year in 2009. At the same time, in order to expand the area of cultivated land, farmers and herdsmen cut down the trees around the farmland. In addition, livestock gnaw on branches, bark and tree seedlings, resulting in the continuous decline of the natural regeneration ability of the forest and the decreasing of the forest area. Affected by the abnormal climate, the snow line rises, the glacier melts, the groundwater level drops, the secondary forest in the valley dies in large area, the area of wetland in the region declines sharply, the function of forest water conservation declines, the precipitation in the whole region decreases significantly, the grassland fire and forest fire happen year after year, and the biodiversity is seriously damaged
In Altay area, there are many natural disasters in the proction of animal husbandry. The proction of animal husbandry is still extensive and depends on the weather to raise livestock. The situation of livestock "full in summer, fat in autumn, thin in winter and starved to death in spring" has been in a vicious circle. The shortage of forage in winter and spring has resulted in the low disaster resistance ability of animal husbandry proction, especially in the case of natural disasters such as gale, snow disaster and drought, resulting in the shortage of forage storage, resulting in a passive situation of big disaster and small disaster (3) it is easy to be damaged by insects and rats, and it is very serious. The area of locust and rodent infestation is over 133300 hectares every year, accounting for more than 15% of the total grassland area. Among them, the area of locusts is more than 53300 hectares. In some areas with dense rodent holes, the holes are connected, and the ground is mined out, and the grass and shrub plants on the ground are withered In 2009, the total area of grassland with water shortage and serious water shortage was 6.0388 million hectaresMongolia, also known as Outer Mongolia, belongs to the typical Mongolian race in Asia. Originally, it belonged to a part of China. Later, e to various reasons, it gained de facto independence in 1921 and was established under the control of the former Soviet Union. Later, it completely abandoned the traditional Mongolian characters and made up colonial characters. In February 1992, it was renamed Mongolia. In 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia concted a referenm under the supervision and control of the Outer Mongolia authorities and the Soviet Union. The result showed that 97.8% of the citizens were in favor of Outer Mongolia independence. The national government officially recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia on January 5, 1946. The picture shows Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia
businessmen from Mongolia come to China mainly to buy vegetables, fruits and daily necessities, while in China they go to transport mines, or workers go to Mongolia to build houses and repair roads. It has never been heard that Chinese people smuggle to Mongolia, but there are often other Mongolians trying to do so