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Ethereum hard fork 25

Publish: 2021-05-29 00:01:35
1.

a brief history of etheric Classics (etc)

etheric classics began with an unfortunate event

in May 2016, the decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) held a token sale with the goal of establishing a blockchain based venture capital to fund future decentralized applications (dapps) in the Ethereum ecosystem

basically, Dao is a complex smart contract that operates in a decentralized way - computer code that automatically performs tasks between multiple parties when conditions are met

despite its ambitious goals and successful token sales, Dao's code has a major vulnerability that allows attackers to steal eth from decentralized organizations

the attacker took advantage of this vulnerability in June 2016, triggering the infamous Dao hacking event, and maliciously stole eth worth about US $50 million

there is no doubt that Dao hacking has shocked Ethereum community and made eth price drop from $20 to $13

after the Dao hacking, the Ethereum community has to choose from three options

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  • do nothing and try to bear the consequences of the attack

  • start soft bifurcation to recover funds

  • deploy a hard fork to recover the lost eth

  • both soft and hard bifurcations are significant network upgrades. However, soft fork allows users who are not upgraded to communicate with upgraded users, while hard fork is not backward compatible with previous versions

    as developers realize that deploying soft forks will expose the network to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, Ethereum community decides to initiate hard forks to recover the funds lost in Dao hacking attacks

    although this scheme is supported by most people, a small number of people in Ethereum community oppose it. They think that "code is the law" and blockchain network should be unchangeable

    the failure of both sides to reach an agreement on the solution eventually led to the fragmentation of Ethereum blockchain

    those who tried to recover the lost eth chose the hard fork and opened the Ethereum (ETH) blockchain as we know it today, while another group stayed on the original Ethereum classic (etc) chain

    what problems does ethereal classic solve

    Ethernet classic (etc) is a blockchain platform that allows developers to deploy smart contracts and dapps

    although this function is the same as Ethereum (ETH), etc blockchain has two main differences

    first of all, Ethereum classic community opposes tampering with distributed ledger and supports the view that "blockchain network cannot and should not be modified"

    secondly, although there is no rigid upper limit on the total supply of eth, it is allowed to create 230 million etc at most by adopting the monetary policy of constant supply

    as a bonus item, ethereal classic launched Atlantis hard bifurcation last year to increase the interaction with Ethereum and improve the privacy protection of transactions through ZK snarks

    the trading platforms recommended by ethereal classic etc are: Fire coin, okex, AAX, etc

    2.

    1. about the variability of blockchain

    2. eth, if most people agree to modify the chain, that is, variability, then they can modify the blockchain records and contracts

    3. etc, blockchain records and contracts can't be modified, that is, they can't be tampered with

    4. here are the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods

      The advantage of
    5. variability is that people can make timely changes to make the right decisions. Therefore, modifying the specification is more practical than finding loopholes

    6. non modifiability means that no matter how smart people are at that time, it is impossible not to make mistakes. Therefore, when problems arise in this scheme, it is best to find and solve the loopholes through the existing legal framework

    7. differences in development

    8. eth, whether it is intentionally arranged or since its birth, the core decisions of blockchain are made by Ethereum foundation with the participation of the community and most of them are developed by it

    9. etc, the decision-making of blockchain is mainly decided by the feedback of three loose, collaborative teams with community participation

    10. in any case, anyone can put forward improvement suggestions for the two kinds of blockchains. This is the benefit of open source, and it is also very common. You will find that developers of the two chains communicate with each other through GitHub and reddit. I hope to improve the frequency of communication in order to achieve the common goal

    11. about compatibility

    12. at present, the two kinds of blockchains are compatible with each other. Contracts or applications written by eth can be applied on etc, and vice versa

    13. eth, focusing on ewasm, is committed to providing a platform for more and more developers, while the issue of contract security is secondary, such as viper

    14. etc focuses on making developers create more secure contracts, such as viper, iohk research, at the cost of consuming the number of potential developers

    15. it's obvious that both chains can accept each other, regardless of whether their wishes are the same or not. My view is that the number of developers is not necessarily related to the quality of the proct

    16. about the transaction speed

    17. eth, the average is 25 seconds, which will be shortened after upgrading

    18. etc, with an average time of 14 seconds, maintained at 10-14 seconds after upgrade, according to ecip-1010 and ecip-1036 protocols

    19. about the block capacity

    20. eth, with the daily trading volume of eth graally reaching 5 million, the block capacity is graally saturated. This situation is similar to the recent transaction cost of bitcoin. This problem can be solved by expanding the block capacity by increasing the default fuel limit

    21. ETC­, At present, there is still a lot of room for block capacity. As more and more people accept etc, the block capacity will also increase, just like eth

    22. about community

    23. eth, mainly discuss on reddit

    24. etc, mainly discuss on slack

    25. about monetary policy

    26. eth, the planned supply is growing steadily, resulting in an average inflation of 3% in eth blockchain in its life cycle

    27. etc, before 2025, inflation will reach 3%, and then the total supply will reach 200 million etc, and then there will be deflation

      As for the regional distribution of trading volume, China accounts for 20%, South Korea 25% and the United States 25%

      In etc, China accounts for 50%, South Korea 25% and the United States 10%

      About securities, at present, investors do not have the option to trade securities. Recently, one of eth's ETFs, trading open-end index funds, was denied by the regulators

    28. etc owns etc trading trust, which allows investors to own etc instead of the asset itself

    3.

    Q: What is bitcoin bifurcation and why

    A: the reason why bitcoin bifurcates is that the underlying technology of bitcoin is blockchain. Some people begin to think that bitcoin's block capacity is too small and there are always congestion. So they ask for bitcoin's upgrade and expansion. Some people think that bitcoin's function is too single and its future development is not optimistic, So these people ask bitcoin to have the function of building DAPP (decentralized application), and some support it, while others oppose it. This kind of divergence can be understood as the bifurcation of bitcoin

    Q: the classification of bitcoin bifurcation

    A: there are two kinds of bifurcations of bitcoin, one is soft bifurcations, the other is hard bifurcations, so what is soft bifurcations

    Q: the formation principle of soft bifurcation

    A: soft fork refers to optimizing and modifying bugs in the original bitcoin network to improve the capacity of the block, such as 2m, 4m or 8m, 16m. The segwit lightning network is the mainstream solution, which is equivalent to a traffic jam on the main road, and the development team will build an auxiliary road to help the main road to divert congestion

    this is a mild solution, which can make the original bitcoin network compatible with the network after soft bifurcation, and the main transaction of bitcoin is still on the main chain

    Q: disadvantages of soft bifurcation

    A: of course, there are disadvantages of soft bifurcation, that is, it can only solve the temporary congestion problem, and after the implementation of soft bifurcation, it can only keep the network unobstructed for a few years. In the future, it needs continuous expansion, which has an impact on the stability of the system

    Q: what is hard bifurcation and its formation principle

    A: another solution is hard fork, which means to upgrade the bitcoin system again, change the height of the block completely in the form of code, and take bitcoin unlimited as the mainstream solution. Generally speaking, it is equivalent to a traffic jam on the main road. We directly abandon this road and find a place to build a three-dimensional transportation hub on the ground and underground. All new cars use this transportation system, which changes the block size of the bitcoin network and optimizes the processing speed of the network

    Q: what are the disadvantages of hard bifurcation

    A: but hard bifurcations also have disadvantages, that is, they are not compatible with the original bitcoin system, which requires all people in the bitcoin network to support hard bifurcations. If some people do not support hard bifurcations, there will be two versions of bitcoin network, which will proce two bitcoins. The blockchains of the two bitcoins form a competitive relationship, This kind of internal friction will lead to greater price volatility and uncertainty of bitcoin's future situation

    Q: a classic case of bitcoin bifurcation

    A: Eth and etc are typical cases of hard bifurcation. The Dao project is a crowdfunding project initiated by slock.it, a blockchain Internet of things company. It was officially released in May 2016. As of June of that year, the Dao project has raised more than $160 million. It wasn't long before the Dao project was targeted by hackers. Because of the huge loopholes in the smart contract, the Dao project was transferred to ether coin with a market value of 50 million US dollars

    in order to recover the assets of many investors and stop the panic, vitalik buterin, the founder of Ethereum, finally proposed the idea of hard bifurcation, and finally completed the hard bifurcation in block 1920000 of Ethereum through a majority vote of the community, rolling back all the Ethereum coins occupied by hackers

    even though Ethereum hard bifurcates into two chains, some people who believe in the tamper proof property of blockchain still stay on the original chain of Ethereum classic. Today, Ethereum (ETH) and Ethereum classic (etc) are ranked in the top 20 in the global cryptocurrency market value, which is one of the reasons why they are regarded as classic cases in the field of hard bifurcations

    Q: the difference and influence between soft bifurcation and hard bifurcation

    A: for users, soft forking will not proce new bitcoin currency. They only need to understand the transaction mode and K-line characteristics of bitcoin. They only need a mainstream wallet of bitcoin

    hard bifurcation will generate new currencies, and there may be more than one new currency. Once the core code of bitcoin is modified and the core code of bitcoin is reconstructed, there may be a second time for the first time, and btc1 and btc23456789 may all happen. Users will be confused. Which kind of coin would be better for me to trade? What kind of bitcoin do I use to pay for a large circulation range? In short, users with dyschooia will crash. Moreover, users need to download wallets of different hard bifurcated systems, which brings complex operation to save and pay bitcoin

    however, correspondingly, the user's right to choose has also increased. You can choose the bitcoin code developed by the development team you like and trust. When the bifurcations of bitcoin are not clear, when the soft bifurcations start to activate and the computing power starts to vote, the best way for users to deal with it is to wait and see. Don't recharge and extract bitcoin in the process of bifurcation

    in addition, soft fork will change the settlement mode of bitcoin all nodes, and some small settlement will be confirmed by the third party node, namely settlement channel. The settlement channel may incur part of the service charge. Similar to the role and business model of UnionPay

    what is bitcoin bifurcation? The difference and influence of soft bifurcation and hard bifurcation

    4.

    The capacity of a block in bitcoin is 1m (megabytes). A transaction is between 250 and 500 bytes

    according to this algorithm, a block contains about 4194.3 transactions

    the confirmation time of a block in bitcoin is 10 minutes, so the seven transactions that a block can process per second may sometimes be less than seven

    What are the consequences

    The bifurcations of

    bitcoin are divided into hard bifurcations and soft bifurcations

    hard fork means that when the block format or transaction format of bitcoin changes, the UN upgraded nodes refuse to verify the blocks proced by the upgraded nodes

    the upgraded nodes can verify the blocks proced by the non upgraded nodes, and they continue the chain they think is correct, so they are divided into two chains

    What is soft bifurcation

    soft bifurcation means that when the data structure of bitcoin transaction changes,

    UN upgraded nodes can verify the blocks proced by upgraded nodes,

    and upgraded nodes can also verify the blocks proced by UN upgraded nodes

    5.

    In the discussion of blockchain, bitcoin and other digital currencies, we often hear the word "bifurcation". So what is bifurcation? What is the effect of bifurcation

    blockchain

    before talking about bifurcation, popularize a little knowledge of blockchain, so as to help us understand what bifurcation is more easily (if you don't have any concept of blockchain, please read my previous articles, which are all popular words to help you understand what blockchain is)

    blockchain, as the name suggests, is a chain composed of blocks. Of course, this kind of chain is just a figurative metaphor. To put it bluntly, data blocks are connected orderly. In bitcoin, the transaction records of bitcoin are stored in the block. The size of the block and the space occupied by the transaction records determine how many transactions can be stored in a block. These transaction records are packaged into blocks, and then the blocks are connected one by one to form a blockchain

    We know that bitcoin software, like other software, needs to be updated and modified regularly in order to make it better. So a new version will appear, but not everyone will download the new version, so one miner will run the old version, and some will run the new version. If the old and new versions are not compatible, the blockchain will bifurcate. Because there may be differences between the version blocks and the old version blocks, they cannot be connected to the same blockchain, so there will be two or even more chains, which is called bifurcation

    soft forking

    soft forking refers to that when the new consensus rules are released, nodes that have not been upgraded will proce illegal blocks because they do not know the new consensus rules, resulting in temporary forking. This kind of bifurcation will be graally repaired with the upgrading of nodes

    hard fork

    hard fork refers to the permanent divergence of the blockchain. After the release of the new consensus rules, some nodes that have not been upgraded cannot verify the blocks proced by the upgraded nodes, and usually hard fork occurs. Therefore, in the field of digital currency, hard bifurcation often leads to the emergence of new currencies. For example, the hard bifurcation of Ethereum led to the emergence of eth

    What is bifurcation? What is bitcoin bifurcation

    6. Ethereum fog, or ETF for short, is a branch chain of Ethereum, which is designed to solve the problem of distributed storage and distributed computing power that Ethereum lacks. In the later stage, it will switch to the hybrid mining of pow + POS. The original coin is ETF

  • after Ethereum bifurcates into etheric fog, the two will exist and develop together< br />

  • 7. There was a theft incident in Ethereum before, which was very shocking. The founder of Ethereum claimed that these lost currencies could be recovered by changing the operation mode, so Ethereum made a hard fork. However, not everyone supported this fork. Therefore, some people still insisted on the original algorithm, so, The one who adheres to the original operation chain is etc, and the main chain after bifurcation is now Ethereum. The founder of EOS is DM. Inspirational has become a blockchain operating system. The relationship between EOS and Ethereum should be based on Ethereum. The main network will be launched in June this year, and its value should be greatly increased. At present, these three currencies are traded on multiple platforms, including btctrade international station, Huo coin, OK, etc., and currency security, coineggg, etc.
    8. This number is not fixed, because the price of bitcoin is constantly changing. The highest price of bitcoin is more than $19000. At present, the price of bitcoin is around $4000. You can log in to the bitcoin exchange to view the bitcoin market in real time.
    9. After all the towers of the first island are closed, there is a sea crossing bridge behind the last tower. You can go to the central island. You can go to the second island through the central island. All the towers of the third island are closed. After all the towers of the last three islands are closed, you can close the larger towers of the central island.
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