Congestion of Ethereum in 2019

1.

There is an essential difference between ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road

from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain

1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0

however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts

first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network

the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis

to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively

(1) fragmentation technology

vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved

however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization

(2) lightning network

lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain

however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel

only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain

another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost

Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactions

the above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network

Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event

Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident

(1) what does Dao mean

before introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized

autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

(2) the infamous Dao event

however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event

refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days

unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13

this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart

to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions

in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"

Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stability

2. In fact, the rise and fall of digital currency is a normal situation. The key is to see whether you are optimistic about its long-term value. Relatively speaking, if the long-term value is worth investing in, then the short-term decline can be ignored. At the same time, if you don't know much about digital currency users, it is recommended to choose a reliable and good platform for investment. The investment period needs more than six years, Word of mouth should always be good, you can take a look at AEX, fire coin these two, but also more reliable, you can also understand their own network first

3.

The price of Eth and other virtual currencies is determined by the following aspects: 1. Frequency of use; 2. Actual use; 3. Number of participants

as for how much room to go up, the current price of Ethereum is about 6600. Recently, e to the frequent use of Ethereum private placement, Ethereum has risen to more than 10000. Ethereum is a smart contract, and there are countless tokens developed based on Ethereum. Therefore, as the underlying public chain of smart contract, its prospect changes with the popularity of blockchain, However, some time ago, the disadvantages of Ethereum were exposed. The main chain was congested and the handling fees were extremely expensive. The development of Ethereum was close to the bottleneck. Therefore, the room for its growth was whether the developers could improve the main chain environment according to the disadvantages. As for the number of participants, it was not a big problem now. Pay more attention to the current development progress of the developers and focus on doing things, There is a bright future ahead

at present, the websites that can trade Ethereum include: btctrade international station, Huo coin, coin an, etc.

4. Ethereum can be said to be a very successful currency in technology. In a short period of time, it has formed a trend of convergence. No matter in the technical level or in the market level, it has received global support, and the applications developed around it are emerging in an endless stream. At present, its price has been hovering at 3000 yuan for nearly half a month. I believe that with the progress of the bifurcation, its price is likely to exceed 4000 yuan by the end of the year. As the second largest market value of blockchain projects and bitcoin projects, its value is obviously likely to rise

Ethereum uses fog computing. The data processing and applications of fog computing are concentrated in the devices at the edge of the network, rather than almost all stored in the cloud, which is an extension concept of cloud computing, which is more in line with the spirit of decentralization of blockchain. If all the storage and operations still stay on the centralized server, then it will not be a real blockchain
recently, the hot "ethereal cat" on Ethereum network has led to the congestion of Ethereum network. The problem is that the TPS concurrency per second of Ethereum is too low. The emergence of ethereumfog with fog computing will break the embarrassing situation of Ethereum network congestion, and add powerful decentralized storage and additional computing power to the chain

the concept of fog computing may be unfamiliar to many chain friends, but it is the most important aspect of ether fog to attract investors. In fact, I have heard about the concept of fog computing for a long time, and I have always thought that fog computing is the future development direction. When it comes to fog computing, we should start with cloud computing. In fact, the cloud computing we see now evolves from the cluster of independent servers, that is, from the original centralized independent servers to large server clusters, but in the final analysis, it is still a form of centralized computing. Compared with cloud computing, which is the evolution of centralized computing, fog computing is to share computing tasks with various computing power devices around us, and realize the evolution of decentralized and distributed computing, which coincides with the philosophy of blockchain itself.

5. It's estimated that it won't pick up again. This is a scam. At first, people were more interested in wood's design concept. However, there is no lack of fresh objects in the world. Once the leeks are cut, people will slowly think about this thing. It has existed for so many years, and it should be graally returned to zero

6. It's near the space crop garden of Agricultural Science Center in Futian Xiangmi Lake area:
1. Take No. 113 (13 stops) and No. 59 (27 stops) from Dongmen station (1) to Shennan Xiangmi interchange station (2) and then take No. k318 (3 stops) to Xiangmi Lake Road North Station. Walk about 350 meters to the space crop garden of Agricultural Science Center
2. Take bus No.3 (take bus No.14) from Dongmen station to shopping park station (bus stop), then take bus no.k318 (take bus No.7) to Xiangmihu Road North Station. Walk about 350 meters to the space crop garden of Agricultural Science Center
3. Take bus 103b (14 stops) from Dongmen station to Zhongfu primary school station, then take bus b689 (formerly 241 stops) to Xiangmihu Road North Station. Walk about 350 meters to the space crop garden of Agricultural Science Center
4. Walk about 610 meters from Dongmen station to entrance / exit C of Laojie station, take subway Luobao line (line 1) (take 8 stops) to entrance / exit b of Gongmiao station, go to Celebrity Club station on nongyuan Road, and then take bus 245 (take 1 stop) to nongyuan Road station. Walk about 600 meters to the space crop garden of agricultural science center

7. It's only a matter of time before companies use monetary incentive software, judging from the issue of virtual currency released by Facebook. Enterprise managers will graally accept new things in this process
from the traditional monetary incentive is through the current salary incentive, which is effective for short-term incentive, but in the long run, such monetary incentive has no effect. If the currency is changed into a kind of deferred cash currency, this contradiction can be well solved
the cash currency account is an internal recognized cash account opened by the enterprise for each employee on the teamtoken platform. The corresponding relationship between cash currency and RMB is 1:1. The enterprise can use the unlimited wealth of the enterprise in the future to help the current rapid development and use the unlimited power of the future to ensure the current steady rise by issuing cash currency to employees
for example, if an employee's salary is 10000 yuan, the enterprise can pay 2000 yuan in cash to the employee every month, and a will withdraw or purchase material benefits at a certain time point in the future (set by the enterprise), so as to achieve the effect of internal and external incentives on the employee without immediately increasing the current cost of the enterprise. This is the innovative monetary incentive for employees
the creator of teamtoken employee wallet is the enterprise management software cloud (SaaS) with incentive as the core. The core value is to provide each employee with an employee wallet, so that each employee has his own integral account, cash currency account, virtual stock account, option account, enterprise annuity account, etc, It also provides an application ecology with incentive as the core, including team collaboration software, performance management software, CRM software, etc. these software are also the data source of employees' wallets, so that collaboration, performance, sales and other work can reflect the recognition of employees' work in real time, and reward corresponding points, cash, stocks or options, etc, Make management more incentive effect. The navigation and authority settings are clear, multi-functional and in-depth, suitable for large, medium and small enterprises. Open port, which can be embedded in nailing and enterprise wechat. It mainly helps enterprises to motivate employees from the following aspects:
1. Let every employee have three accounts that dynamically store incentive value
1. Integral account (quantitative process, recognition feedback) integral account, recognition feedback
quantitative process, recognition of incentives, points obtained through behavior, task, report, performance, etc., points can be used as the basis for reward, user-defined points standards meet the needs of enterprise personalized points reward, multidimensional points statistics, 360 degree comprehensive analysis
2. Cash account (reward achievement, medium and short-term incentive)
enterprises issue digital currency (token) to motivate employees, and cash currency can withdraw cash, purchase benefits, subscribe virtual shares, etc. in the future. It can be applied to performance bonus, Commission Award, special award, year-end award and other scenarios. Cash currency is issued with enterprise credit as endorsement. Enterprises use future funds to motivate current employees<
consumption right
employees purchase welfare goods through "consumption right + cash currency" or "consumption right + points", and the consumption right is obtained through rewards
consumption right is like the "food ticket" in the era of planned economy, which is the key for enterprises to release welfare in a planned way
withdrawal right
generally speaking, employees can apply for withdrawal faster with withdrawal right, The enterprise controls the timing, amount and group of cash cash by issuing the right of withdrawal. The management of the right of withdrawal has a great relationship with the cash flow of the enterprise, and it is issued by the enterprise according to its own situation
subscription right
only employees holding the subscription right can subscribe for the virtual equity issued by the company. Enterprises control the group, quantity and opportunity of holding the virtual equity by issuing the subscription right. Employees holding the virtual equity are the key training objects. Generally speaking, only employees with long-term incentive can be issued the subscription right
3. Stock account (talent retention, long-term incentive)
the purpose of virtual stock is to retain talent (long-term incentive), and the virtual stock corresponds to the dividend right. Employees obtain the virtual equity of the enterprise through enterprise reward or their own subscription of virtual stock, and enjoy the right of weighted dividend every year. Virtual stock can also be used as the pre holding mode of restricted stock of core executives and co founders
4. Work application tools: get through cash coins and points, and quantify and reward work achievements in time
task collaboration: task management, quantitative scoring of task quantity, task difficulty and completion quality with comprehensive points
performance management: get through performance and cash reward
CRM (to be launched soon): quantify customer management and sales management with points, and reward work performance with cash reward
blockchain +, Store employee's digital assets in the enterprise
the enterprise issues cash coins for employee incentive, cash currency account book, record employee's cash coin transfer record and equity registration, which are used as the company's equity register
welfare mall
thousands of welfare goods are put on the shelves with one click, and employees purchase benefits through points and cash currency
it will be a trend for enterprises to use monetary incentive.

8. Virtual currency is the concept corresponding to physical currency. Physical currency is the paper money and coins we pay for vegetables in our life, the deposits in the bank, etc. virtual currency is the "currency" that can be used to circulate and exchange virtual goods equivalently in the virtual world, such as the game currency in the game, etc

as for futures, it's a completely different concept. Futures is one of the financial derivatives. It's a standardized contract for trading in the futures exchange. It needs to pay margin. It can do long or short trading

thank you, please accept

9. The cowhide wallet made by Zhang Zhenyue is very good. I want to make my own handiwork at home. If I don't pay attention to it, I'll buy 0.6cm thick cow leather, directly use ordinary large needles, and just wear more money to sew it