Ethereum killer Ada

1.

Airdrop welfare, personal test to account

if you add a contract address to the imtoken, you can send candy airdrop. Open your own imtoken wallet and click the "+" number, Add smart contract addresses in the search box
1: you can get 300000 VGS (expected to go to the exchange in October)
2: you can get 80081 PNS (expected to go to the exchange in October)
3: you can get 10000 dapps (expected to go to the exchange in November)

4: you can get 57600 air drops by transferring 0.00 eth with imtoken to this address Right (which has been listed on the major exchanges) personal test to account

5: transfer 0.046 eth to this contract address with imtoken
you will receive 3800 act empty coins, and the current price of hot coins is about 0.5,

6: transfer 0.052 eth to this contract address with imtoken

you will receive 6200 SNTs, and the current price is about 0.4,

Seven: transfer 0.055 eth with imtoken to this contract address
you will receive 10000 MDS with the current price of about 0.25, and you will receive 10000 ZIL with the current price of about 0.35

2. With the upgrading of Ethereum to version 2.0 this year, the consensus mechanism will be converted to POS, which will have a huge impact on miners. There are two choices for miners. One is to sell mining equipment and buy eth to adapt to the stacking mechanism of POS; The second is to switch the miner to other networks supporting GPU miner. Nick foster, a representative of kabombacks, a US mining equipment distributor, said most eth miners would choose the latter

after Ethereum is upgraded to version 2.0 POS mechanism, miners may switch mining machines to other networks
as Ethereum is finally ready to start its Ethereum 2.0 upgrade later this year, thus eliminating the long-term delay, the network will start to move towards the proof of rights model

therefore, the network will give up the workload proof consensus algorithm, so that eth miners have little choice. As their equipment will become obsolete, they will be forced to start mining counterfeit coins or re qualify as eth mortgagors. So, what is the current situation of Ethereum mining? With the coming transition, what will happen to the whole instry< At present, Ethereum consensus is based on POW system, which is similar to bitcoin (BTC). As a result, Ethereum's mining process is almost the same, as miners use their computing resources to earn rewards for each block they try to complete< However, there are still major differences between these processes. Although bitcoin mining has relied almost entirely on ASIC (large, loud machines designed specifically for cryptocurrency mining, most of which are concentrated in areas with low electricity prices), Ethereum's pow hash algorithm ethash is designed to support global chip manufacturers (such as NVIDIA and AMD). As Thomas Heller, global business director of cryptocurrency mining pool f2pool, explained in a conversation with cointegraph, GPU is much cheaper and easier to access than ASIC

"as ASIC is a very professional machine, when a new generation of procts is released, it is usually a huge technological leap. As a result, they have a much higher hash rate and are more energy efficient than the previous generation. This means that those manufacturers have spent a lot of money to research and develop it. Their machines are usually very expensive, and GPUs are much cheaper. "

Heller added that those who use GPU miners "have more flexibility to mine." For example, the popular NVIDIA geforce GTX 1080 Ti card can mine more than 15 different currencies, while ASIC units usually support only one currency

nevertheless, Ethereum is not completely immune to ASIC miners - at least in its current state. In April 2018, bitcontinent released antminer E3, an ASIC specially proced for mining Ethereum. Although widely praised for its hash rate of 180 megahashes per second and power consumption of 800 watts, it has received different responses from the Ethereum community. After the ASIC is inserted, a considerable number of GPU rig owners seem to suffer from loss of profits, and some are even forced to switch to other networks

"in the white paper, ETH must have ASIC resistance. I would like to say that the white paper stands for something "is one of the highest comments on the AR / ethermining topic about the topic discussed when antminer E3 was announced. Another reddit user argued that "the $800 only applies to 180mh."“ Split or die of a nation. "

some Ethereum users continue to suggest that bitmain's mining devices can lead to greater concentration, thus increasing the possibility of attack by 51%. Soon, a group of developers put forward "programmed workload proof" or progpow, which is an extension of the current Ethereum algorithm ethash, aiming to make GPU more competitive and promote decentralization

according to a paper published in March by Kristy Leigh Minehan, co-founder of progpow, about 40% of the hash rate of Ethereum is generated by bitmain ASIC. Alejandro de la Torre, the vice president of poolin, is the sixth largest pool of eth. He confirmed to cointegration that "GPU mining is still dominant" in Ethereum network, and added:

"at present, the profit of eth mining is not high, and the management threshold and cost of GPU equipment are higher than ASIC equipment. Compared with ASIC devices, GPU devices are more flexible, and you can use other algorithms to switch to other coins. "

progpow has not been integrated into Ethereum, and it is not clear when it will be finally implemented - in March, Ethereum core developers were debating whether progpow will really benefit the network in nearly two hours, and failed to reach a consensus. It is worth noting that a bitmain representative has previously told cointegraph that the mining hardware giant does not intend to extend the service life of antminer E3 to start operation after October 2020: "as far as we know, mining will end in October or some time after that."

a safe but uncertain future

indeed, Ethereum will stay away from mining in the future. Ethereum 2.0, which is planned to be launched later in 2020, is a major network upgrade on the blockchain, aiming to transfer its current POW consensus algorithm to a virtual POS (known as "block verifier")

more specifically, users are randomly selected considering their wealth in the network or their "interests". In other words, the more coins a POS verifier chooses to put in, the more coins accumulated as a reward

according to vitalik buterin, the co-founder of Ethereum, e to the transition, the network will be more secure and the attack cost will be higher than the network of bitcoin, although the debate about the better consensus algorithm in the encryption community has lasted for many years. However, it is not clear when to start Ethereum 2.0, as many errors and management issues are reported to be delaying the process

another hypothetical benefit of POS system is that it has higher energy efficiency than pow blockchain. According to digiconomist, the cryptocurrency's total annual footprint is 59.31 terawatts per hour, which is comparable to the electricity consumption of Greece as a whole. However, since a report in July 2019 estimated that 74% of the exploitation of bitcoin was done using renewable energy, the environmental impact of bitcoin does not seem to be so serious

what will happen to the actual Ethereum miner? According to the documentation of Casper upgrade as part of Ethereum 2.0 roadmap, the network will initially support a hybrid model including both POW and POS, thus providing some space for block verifiers and GPU / ASIC miners. Jack O & 39, CEO of skale network; "There will definitely be a transition period when two networks are running at the same time," Holleran told cointegration The CEO of scale network (based on Ethereum's blockchain platform) gave a detailed description of this process:

"the transition from eth1 to eth2 takes time of course - it may be years rather than months. The good news about this slow transition is that dapps and defi platforms will be able to roam around based on survivability, security and real-world evidence of adoption. This is a positive impact on the Ethereum ecosystem. "

dig or not

once Ethereum is fully in the POS orbit, miners will have two options. One is to sell the equipment and use the money to accumulate more Eth and start mortgage. The other is the choice for GPU miners, which is simply switching to other ethash networks and mining counterfeit money. Nick foster, a representative of kabombacks, a US mining equipment dealer, told cointegration that most eth miners would choose the latter:

"what I want to say is that most of the miners have not really entered Ethereum or the mining of specific tokens. Yes, there is a certain amount of mineral deposits and holds, but I oppose the view that a large number of Shanzhai coin miners hold their coins at any time. "<

foster then described how he used 3gb GPU units to mine ethash's point-to-point blockchain asset ravencoin (RVN). Once it was unable to mine eth, he said, "this is the reason for mining crows. I immediately sold stability to BTC, and then sold it to US dollars to pay for my rights. I would say that a lot of people are adopting this strategy. "

as foster concludes, he wants eth miners to jump out of the network, and new players - those who don't invest in power infrastructure or drilling rigs - will take a stake in eth. He described the following:

"I can't imagine if I found a five-year lease with $0.04 of electricity and I was mining eth, I decided to sell everything and then continue to pay the rent so that I could hold eth as a share. Substitute. "

Marc fresa, founder of asic.to, a mining firmware company, agreed in a conversation with cointegraph: "if you invest in mining, you won't bet because you have enough room to grow."

one of the main counterfeit coins that may benefit from POW miners leaving Ethereum is Ethereum classic (etc), which is a more conservative version of the blockchain. It is reported that there is no POS related plan. As it also runs on the ethash algorithm, the startup of Ethereum 2.0 may lead to the migration of miners, so its hash rate may have a significant peak

eth's larger pools have similar options. When asked about the company's plans for Ethereum after pow, Heller told cointegraph that after the announcement of Ethereum's POS upgrade, f2pool launched a sister company called story.fish in early 2018. Story.fish has started to provide mortgage services for other POS and delegated POS projects, such as tezos (xtz), Cosmos (atom) and Cardano (ADA), e to numerous handover delays. For prin, e to the transition to POS, it "may temporarily give up supporting eth mining," de la Torre told cointegraph

other top eth pools, namely nanopool, ethermine, pool center, sparkpool and spiderpool, did not respond to requests for comment from cointegraph.

3. First of all, what ADA does is the concept of smart contract. I think you should be familiar with smart contract, but for some new people, I still want to explain. The so-called smart contract is to write a contract that the computer can understand through the programming language, because there is no need for a third party, and the executor of the contract is a selfless computer, so it solves the problem of trust between people. For details, please refer to GitHub smart contract
Ethereum is a blockchain smart contract. Now Ethereum ranks 2-3 in the market value ranking, with a market value of 25% of bitcoin. However, Ethereum also has some problems, such as slow trading, high fuel costs and the mining mechanism that has been criticized repeatedly. Familiar? All of bitcoin's problems are with Ethereum. Some time ago, the Ethereum cloud cat game developed on Ethereum went online in the first week, directly blocking Ethereum's trading network. I tried to pay a high gas fee of nearly 100 yuan, but I still couldn't transfer it successfully. This can't help but lower my expectation of Ethereum. Ethereum is a great idea of V God, but after all, it is a pioneer, and there is a long way to go from perfection.

4. Miner is composed of high-end graphics card, a miner to use a lot of high-end graphics card composition. There are a lot of loaders, so the price of graphics card will rise naturally. It's all taken to the loader.

5. Bitcoin, Ethereum, ecell and Ida are my favorite. I have some of them in my hand. I hold them separately and don't put eggs in the same basket.

6. There are three types of intermolecular forces: orientation force, inction force and dispersion force

1. Orientation force

the covalent bond formed between two atoms of the same element is non-polar bond, and the covalent bond formed between atoms of different elements is polar bond. In polar bonds, the shared electron pairs are biased towards the more electronegative atoms, so the more electronegative atoms are partially negatively charged δ-)， Atoms with less electronegativity are partially charged δ+) The greater the electronegativity difference, the greater the polarity of the bond. The polarity of polyatomic molecules is not only related to the polarity of each bond, but also determined by the molecular space configuration. If the molecular symmetry is so high that the polarity of each bond offsets each other, the molecule will have no polarity. For example, C-O is a polar bond, but CO2 is a linear symmetric molecule, and the polarity of the two bonds is nonpolar. H-O in H2O is a polar bond, which is a V-shaped structure. The polarity of the bond can not be offset. Therefore, H2O molecule has polarity and is a polar molecule

a polar molecule can be regarded as a dipole, and its polarity is determined by the dipole moment μ= QD, that is, the proct of positive or negative charge quantity (q) and charge center distance D. μ Generally in the order of 10-30 C · M. μ= 0 is nonpolar, μ The larger the molecule, the greater the polarity. Determination of molecular dipole moment is an experimental method to determine molecular structure. P.j.w. Debye (Holland) won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for creating this method

when the polar molecules are close to each other, because the intrinsic dipoles of the molecules repel each other and attract each other, the molecules are arranged in a certain orientation in space, making the system in a more stable state. The intrinsic force between dipoles is orientation force, and its essence is electrostatic force

2. Inction force

when polar molecules meet with nonpolar molecules, the electric field force generated by the intrinsic dipole of polar molecules deforms the electron cloud of nonpolar molecules and inces the formation of dipoles. The intrinsic dipole further interacts with the inced dipole to make the system stable. This force is inced. This force also exists between polar molecules and increases the intrinsic dipole moment

3. Dispersive force

e to the continuous movement of electrons and nuclei in molecules, the distribution of electron cloud of nonpolar molecules presents a state of rise and fall, which makes the instantaneous relative displacement between them and nuclei, resulting in the instantaneous dipole and the deformation of molecules. The more the number of electrons, the more the number of atoms and the larger the radius of atoms, the easier the molecule is to deform. The instantaneous dipole can make another nonpolar molecule adjacent to it proce instantaneous inced dipole, and the two instantaneous dipoles always take the opposite pole adjacent state. The force between the instantaneous dipoles of molecules generated at any time is the dispersive force (named because its energy expression is similar to the dispersive formula of light). Although the instantaneous dipoles exist for a short time, the adjacent states of different poles are constantly repeated, so there is always a dispersion force between molecules. There is no doubt that the dispersive force exists not only between nonpolar molecules, but also between polar molecules and between polar and nonpolar molecules< These three intermolecular forces are called van der Waals forces. It is put forward when people study the deviation of real gas from ideal gas. The intermolecular force has the following characteristics: (1) the intermolecular force is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the intermolecular distance. Therefore, the intermolecular force decreases suddenly when the molecules are slightly away from each other. Their operating distance is about 300-500 PM. When there is a certain contact distance between molecules and there is no overlap of electron clouds, the half of the nuclear distance between the two atoms in contact with each other in two adjacent molecules is called the van der Waals radius of atoms. The van der Waals radius of chlorine atom is 180 PM, which is much larger than its covalent radius of 99 PM. ② The intermolecular force has no directivity and saturation. ③ The intermolecular interaction energy is generally in the range of 2-20 kJ · mol-1, which is about 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the chemical bond energy (100-600 kJ · mol-1)

the physical properties of halogen molecules can be easily explained qualitatively by intermolecular force: F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2 are all nonpolar molecules. With the increase of molecular weight, atomic radius and electrons, the dispersion force, molecular deformability and intermolecular force increase. Therefore, the melting and boiling points of halogen molecules increase rapidly. At room temperature, F2 and Cl2 are gases, Br2 is liquid, and I2 is solid. However, the molecular weight of HF, H2O and NH3 hydrides is obviously smaller than that of the corresponding congeneric hydrides, but their melting and boiling points are abnormally high, which is e to the existence of hydrogen bonds between these molecules

as for calculation, the attraction is proportional to the - 6th power of R; The repulsion force is proportional to the - 12th power of R.
another newly found data
v. intermolecular force and molecular crystal (weak bond)

molecules have many forms: from simple hydrogen molecule H2 and water molecule H2O to quite complex organic molecules, such as benzene ring, to very complex polymers and biomolecules, such as insulin molecule. Generally speaking, strong bonds (mainly covalent bonds) are used for intramolecular bonding cooperation, and the interactions between molecules can be collectively referred to as weak bonds.

if the molecules are nonpolar, that is, they do not have electric dipole moment, then van der Waals force is at work. Take the simplest monatomic molecules (such as inert element molecules) as an example. The shell of this kind of atom is just full. The electron has spherical symmetry, so there is no dipole moment. However, e to the continuous motion of electrons, many moments deviate from the spherically symmetric distribution. In this way, the interaction between these instantaneous electric dipoles constitutes the physical basis of van der Waals attraction. If the two atoms are very close, the repulsive force caused by Coulomb force and Pauli's incompatibility principle will prevail. Therefore, it can be described by empirical potential function:

Φ r) = - A / R6 + B / R12

is called Lennard Jones potential. We can compare the minimum potential energy between two H atoms and two He atoms. The former is -4.6ev, while the latter is only -0.0008ev (1eV = 1.602) × This shows that the van der Waals interaction is indeed much weaker than the covalent bond

as for the interaction between polar molecules, in addition to the van der Waals force interaction, there is also the interaction between electric dipoles. In particular, hydrogen bonds may exist between molecules. Consider the molecule composed of H atom and some non-metallic elements on the right side of the periodic table, such as F, O, N atoms. In this way, the electron pairs of covalent bonds will deviate from H and be closer to other atoms. As a result, the molecule has strong polarity, h is positively charged, and the other protons are negatively charged. Taking HF and H2O as an example (see Figure 1-14), it can be seen that h in one molecule forms a hydrogen bond with f or O atoms in another molecule, which is represented by a dotted line. It can be said that hydrogen bond is the stronger one in weak bond, but it is one order of magnitude smaller than covalent bond. A single hydrogen bond may not be very impressive, but the collective effect of large groups of hydrogen bonds will be impressive. Hydrogen bonds lead to the association of molecules in molecular liquids. Some abnormal properties of water (such as boiling point up to 373k and density above the melting point) are related to hydrogen bonds, which play an important role in the structure of biological molecules. For example, the spiral structure of DNA and protein is connected by a series of hydrogen bonds

according to the different causes, intermolecular forces are generally divided into three basic components: orientation force, inction force and dispersion force

the force (energy) between electric dipoles e to the directional arrangement of positive and negative electrodes is called orientation force (energy). Obviously, the larger the dipole moment, the greater the orientation force (energy); The shorter the distance between dipoles, the greater the orientation force (energy). Theoretical studies show that the orientation energy (EK) is related to the dipole moment μ It is directly proportional to the fourth power of the dipole and inversely proportional to the sixth power of the distance between the dipoles (d).

7. The average impulse on the area is calculated by dividing the force on the area by the area

8. Code for design of concrete structures, calculated as flexural members. As said above, according to the length width ratio and supporting conditions to determine the type of floor, and then can get its stress form, and then calculate according to the bending component< The bearing capacity of reinforced concrete can be divided into:
1) bending bearing capacity. This is relatively simple, under the huge section: M = afbx (h0-x / 2) - FYAs
2) shear capacity of inclined section
3) shear capacity of twisted section (also divided into tension bending, compression bending, bending torsion shear, bending torsion shear compression capacity)
4) punching shear capacity
5) local compression capacity
about so many
what is your member's stress situation, The bearing capacity of different members is different.

9. This question is not clear ~ ~
if the ultimate bearing capacity is equal to the pure calculation of steel bar, the concrete has been out of work for a long time, according to the normal stress and shear stress···