How to solve the problem of random number in Ethereum
after Ethereum is upgraded to version 2.0 POS mechanism, miners may switch mining machines to other networks
as Ethereum is finally ready to start its Ethereum 2.0 upgrade later this year, thus eliminating the long-term delay, the network will start to move towards the proof of rights model
therefore, the network will give up the workload proof consensus algorithm, so that eth miners have little choice. As their equipment will become obsolete, they will be forced to start mining counterfeit coins or re qualify as eth mortgagors. So, what is the current situation of Ethereum mining? With the coming transition, what will happen to the whole instry< At present, Ethereum consensus is based on POW system, which is similar to bitcoin (BTC). As a result, Ethereum's mining process is almost the same, as miners use their computing resources to earn rewards for each block they try to complete< However, there are still major differences between these processes. Although bitcoin mining has relied almost entirely on ASIC (large, loud machines designed specifically for cryptocurrency mining, most of which are concentrated in areas with low electricity prices), Ethereum's pow hash algorithm ethash is designed to support global chip manufacturers (such as NVIDIA and AMD). As Thomas Heller, global business director of cryptocurrency mining pool f2pool, explained in a conversation with cointegraph, GPU is much cheaper and easier to access than ASIC
"as ASIC is a very professional machine, when a new generation of procts is released, it is usually a huge technological leap. As a result, they have a much higher hash rate and are more energy efficient than the previous generation. This means that those manufacturers have spent a lot of money to research and develop it. Their machines are usually very expensive, and GPUs are much cheaper. "
Heller added that those who use GPU miners "have more flexibility to mine." For example, the popular NVIDIA geforce GTX 1080 Ti card can mine more than 15 different currencies, while ASIC units usually support only one currency
nevertheless, Ethereum is not completely immune to ASIC miners - at least in its current state. In April 2018, bitcontinent released antminer E3, an ASIC specially proced for mining Ethereum. Although widely praised for its hash rate of 180 megahashes per second and power consumption of 800 watts, it has received different responses from the Ethereum community. After the ASIC is inserted, a considerable number of GPU rig owners seem to suffer from loss of profits, and some are even forced to switch to other networks
"in the white paper, ETH must have ASIC resistance. I would like to say that the white paper stands for something "is one of the highest comments on the AR / ethermining topic about the topic discussed when antminer E3 was announced. Another reddit user argued that "the $800 only applies to 180mh."“ Split or die of a nation. "
some Ethereum users continue to suggest that bitmain's mining devices can lead to greater concentration, thus increasing the possibility of attack by 51%. Soon, a group of developers put forward "programmed workload proof" or progpow, which is an extension of the current Ethereum algorithm ethash, aiming to make GPU more competitive and promote decentralization
according to a paper published in March by Kristy Leigh Minehan, co-founder of progpow, about 40% of the hash rate of Ethereum is generated by bitmain ASIC. Alejandro de la Torre, the vice president of poolin, is the sixth largest pool of eth. He confirmed to cointegration that "GPU mining is still dominant" in Ethereum network, and added:
"at present, the profit of eth mining is not high, and the management threshold and cost of GPU equipment are higher than ASIC equipment. Compared with ASIC devices, GPU devices are more flexible, and you can use other algorithms to switch to other coins. "
progpow has not been integrated into Ethereum, and it is not clear when it will be finally implemented - in March, Ethereum core developers were debating whether progpow will really benefit the network in nearly two hours, and failed to reach a consensus. It is worth noting that a bitmain representative has previously told cointegraph that the mining hardware giant does not intend to extend the service life of antminer E3 to start operation after October 2020: "as far as we know, mining will end in October or some time after that."
a safe but uncertain future
indeed, Ethereum will stay away from mining in the future. Ethereum 2.0, which is planned to be launched later in 2020, is a major network upgrade on the blockchain, aiming to transfer its current POW consensus algorithm to a virtual POS (known as "block verifier")
more specifically, users are randomly selected considering their wealth in the network or their "interests". In other words, the more coins a POS verifier chooses to put in, the more coins accumulated as a reward
according to vitalik buterin, the co-founder of Ethereum, e to the transition, the network will be more secure and the attack cost will be higher than the network of bitcoin, although the debate about the better consensus algorithm in the encryption community has lasted for many years. However, it is not clear when to start Ethereum 2.0, as many errors and management issues are reported to be delaying the process
another hypothetical benefit of POS system is that it has higher energy efficiency than pow blockchain. According to digiconomist, the cryptocurrency's total annual footprint is 59.31 terawatts per hour, which is comparable to the electricity consumption of Greece as a whole. However, since a report in July 2019 estimated that 74% of the exploitation of bitcoin was done using renewable energy, the environmental impact of bitcoin does not seem to be so serious
what will happen to the actual Ethereum miner? According to the documentation of Casper upgrade as part of Ethereum 2.0 roadmap, the network will initially support a hybrid model including both POW and POS, thus providing some space for block verifiers and GPU / ASIC miners. Jack O & 39, CEO of skale network; "There will definitely be a transition period when two networks are running at the same time," Holleran told cointegration The CEO of scale network (based on Ethereum's blockchain platform) gave a detailed description of this process:
"the transition from eth1 to eth2 takes time of course - it may be years rather than months. The good news about this slow transition is that dapps and defi platforms will be able to roam around based on survivability, security and real-world evidence of adoption. This is a positive impact on the Ethereum ecosystem. "
dig or not
once Ethereum is fully in the POS orbit, miners will have two options. One is to sell the equipment and use the money to accumulate more Eth and start mortgage. The other is the choice for GPU miners, which is simply switching to other ethash networks and mining counterfeit money. Nick foster, a representative of kabombacks, a US mining equipment dealer, told cointegration that most eth miners would choose the latter:
"what I want to say is that most of the miners have not really entered Ethereum or the mining of specific tokens. Yes, there is a certain amount of mineral deposits and holds, but I oppose the view that a large number of Shanzhai coin miners hold their coins at any time. "<
foster then described how he used 3gb GPU units to mine ethash's point-to-point blockchain asset ravencoin (RVN). Once it was unable to mine eth, he said, "this is the reason for mining crows. I immediately sold stability to BTC, and then sold it to US dollars to pay for my rights. I would say that a lot of people are adopting this strategy. "
as foster concludes, he wants eth miners to jump out of the network, and new players - those who don't invest in power infrastructure or drilling rigs - will take a stake in eth. He described the following:
"I can't imagine if I found a five-year lease with $0.04 of electricity and I was mining eth, I decided to sell everything and then continue to pay the rent so that I could hold eth as a share. Substitute. "
Marc fresa, founder of asic.to, a mining firmware company, agreed in a conversation with cointegraph: "if you invest in mining, you won't bet because you have enough room to grow."
one of the main counterfeit coins that may benefit from POW miners leaving Ethereum is Ethereum classic (etc), which is a more conservative version of the blockchain. It is reported that there is no POS related plan. As it also runs on the ethash algorithm, the startup of Ethereum 2.0 may lead to the migration of miners, so its hash rate may have a significant peak
eth's larger pools have similar options. When asked about the company's plans for Ethereum after pow, Heller told cointegraph that after the announcement of Ethereum's POS upgrade, f2pool launched a sister company called story.fish in early 2018. Story.fish has started to provide mortgage services for other POS and delegated POS projects, such as tezos (xtz), Cosmos (atom) and Cardano (ADA), e to numerous handover delays. For prin, e to the transition to POS, it "may temporarily give up supporting eth mining," de la Torre told cointegraph
other top eth pools, namely nanopool, ethermine, pool center, sparkpool and spiderpool, did not respond to requests for comment from cointegraph.
Solar photovoltaic power generation is not a scam
Photovoltaic power generation is based on the principle of photovoltaic effect, using solar cells to directly convert solar energy into electrical energy The photovoltaic power generation system is mainly composed of solar panels (moles), controllers and inverters, which are mainly composed of electronic components, but not mechanical components In theory, photovoltaic power generation technology can be used in any situation where power supply is needed, from spacecraft to household power supply, from megawatt power station to toys China's photovoltaic instry started in the 1970s and entered a period of steady development in the mid-1990s., The output of solar cells and moles increased steadily year by year After more than 30 years of efforts, China has ushered in a new stage of rapid development. Driven by national projects such as "bright project" pilot project and "power transmission to rural areas" project and the world photovoltaic market, China's photovoltaic power generation instry has developed rapidly 
extended information
development status
1. In recent years, photovoltaic power generation has developed rapidly in the world, and more than 10 MW photovoltaic power generation systems and 6 MW interconnected photovoltaic power stations have been built in the world
The United States is the first country to formulate the development plan of photovoltaic power generation, and put forward the "million roof" plan in 19973. Japan launched the new sunshine project in 1992. By 2003, Japan's PV mole proction accounted for 50% of the world's total. Four of the world's top 10 manufacturers were in Japan
However, the new renewable energy law of Germany stipulates the grid price of photovoltaic power generation, which greatly promotes the development of photovoltaic market and instry, making Germany the fastest developing country of photovoltaic power generation in the world after Japan5. Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain, Finland and other countries have also formulated photovoltaic development plans and invested heavily in technology development and accelerated instrialization
Yu'ebao was previously linked to the yu'ebao monetary fund of Tianhong fund, and now it has joined a new monetary fund. You deposit your money in yu'ebao, which is actually equivalent to buying a monetary fund. Before you bought a monetary fund of Tianhong Fund Management Co., Ltd., now you can also buy a monetary fund of Boshi Fund Management Co., Ltd
starting from May 4, 2018, yu'ebao will be officially upgraded, the limit of yu'ebao will be lifted, and new access will be made to two monetary fund procts of Boshi and China Europe Fund Company, namely "Boshi cash income currency a" and "China Europe roll money currency a"
open Alipay APP, in the balance treasure column, there will be Tianhong balance treasure, Bo time cash income currency A, China Europe coin money A three monetary fund, these three funds are from Celestica fund, to equity investment ability of the China Europe Fund and Bo Shi fund.
extended data
yu'ebao is a balance value-added service and current fund management service proct of ant financial services, which was launched in June 2013
on May 3, 2018, yu'ebao new access to Boshi and China Europe Fund's "Boshi cash income currency a" and "China Europe roll money treasure currency a" two monetary fund procts
Boshi cash income currency a is the proct of Boshi Fund Management Co., Ltd., which is one of the first five fund management companies established in mainland China. With a registered capital of 250 million yuan, the company is headquartered in Shenzhen and has branches in Beijing and Shanghai. At present, Boshi cash income currency a and Tianhong zenglibao monetary fund of yu'ebao are similar procts, which are more reliable
according to the types of funds, Boshi's cash income currency a belongs to money market fund procts, and its risk rating is low-risk
reference materials
Network - yu'ebao
Phoenix Network - Financial rolling news
first, saving money. Compared to the higher cost of diesel power, coupled with high freight, solar power can undoubtedly save more costs
Second, safety and no risk. Solar power is safer than transporting flammable and explosive fuels by truck or plane
thirdly, it has a long service life, and the solar power generation device will not wear, which is much longer than the life cycle of diesel generator
Fourth, it can store energy for special needs
fifthly, solar power can build a strong community.
in addition, Ms indicates that it has not been circulated and is close to the factory status, with a corresponding score of 60-70 points; Au indicates that it is nearly unused and belongs to American procts, with corresponding scores of 50, 53, 55 and 58; VF means general circulation procts, with corresponding scores of 25, 30 and 35
warm tips: the above information is for reference only, without any suggestions
response time: April 9, 2021. Please refer to the official website of Ping An Bank for the latest business changes
[Ping An Bank I know] want to know more? Come and see "Ping An Bank I know" ~
https://b.pingan.com.cn/paim/iknow/index.html
Some people around me wanted to do these things a few days ago. They asked me to look for information on the Internet. I tried my best to find out what project was so attractive. Here is my experience to share with you: first, the website of agriculture and forestry satellite TV was established last year. There are few investment information left on the website, most of which are videos or project introctions, I think it's a hodgepodge, so I doubt its ability; Second, there are two solar energy companies in Beijing and Wuhan, but according to my observation: w City is the place with the largest number of commercial fraudsters in China, especially some companies with rich and entrepreneurial information. Badeng city is a fraudster. Moreover, there is something wrong with the ICP registered on the company's website. I think it's different from ordinary regular websites, which is a doubtful point, Later, I went to the patent inquiry website to inquire about its patent, but I couldn't find it. If you observe the photos on the website, you will find that they are PS, because one picture may be used by several fraud companies; Third, solar energy is a new energy. The state strongly supports it, but it does not mean that the State encourages everyone to do it on their own. If an indivial can do solar energy, what should Huangming and sijimuge do? Solar hot water, can also generate electricity, but also purify water, such an efficient technology, is absolutely the national Spark plan, because it solves the world's problems! From a technical point of view, I think there is such a doubt in this matter; Fourth, if you plan to join the company, it is estimated that the company will ask you to visit the headquarters. As long as you agree, you may enter the first step of the scam. Where you go, all the people in the photos will appear, the manufacturing workshops you see may really exist, and the high-tech technologies that are displayed in front of you after several packaging may also be true, Because people always say that seeing is believing, and what they see is basically certain. But have you ever thought of a more sensational trap in the contract you signed or the technology you taught: Generally speaking, it's under the guise of technology transfer. If you have more money or more passion, he says that he will cooperate with you to build a factory, I don't think such an efficient technology can be worth only ten thousand yuan? Fifthly, nowadays, money is hard to earn, but there are many people who want to change the status quo as soon as possible, and the media publicity provides a stage for these unscrupulous businessmen. Farmers themselves have a weak sense of prevention, coupled with the blocking of information, many people are caught unconscious, and there is not much money to be cheated each time. Even if you find out, you can sue them, It seems that the money rarely makes you feel brave. In the end, it becomes a kind of advertisement, waiting to collect money at home. The TV station is even more irritating. It doesn't consider the authenticity of the project at all, and blindly pursues efficiency. Therefore, when you want to make money, you see the project you want to make money. In the end, you are on the road of no return. I can't go down to write about this. Many honest farmers, with their dreams of becoming rich, are led in the opposite direction by cheaters. I urge you to remember when looking for projects: there is no pie in the sky, sometimes it may be a trap. Don't dream of becoming rich overnight, making hundreds of thousands a year with less than 10000 investments, The result of pure numerical dection can't stand scrutiny. If you do it, you will find that this time, it's not pie. It's all contract frauds
solar power generation is generally divided into two technologies: photothermal power generation and photovoltaic power generation
in terms of advantages and disadvantages, there are also several perspectives. From the perspective of environmental protection and economic benefits, the conclusions are different
in my opinion, the advantages and disadvantages of solar power generation can not be simply measured
the current debate is actually focused on "low cost performance of solar power generation"
first of all, the principle of photothermal power generation technology is
, the sunlight is gathered to the solar energy collection device through the reflector, the heat transfer medium (liquid or gas) in the collection device is heated by the solar energy, and then the water is heated to form steam to drive or directly drive the generator to generate electricity
thermal power generation uses the heat energy generated by coal combustion to heat water to form steam and drive the generator to generate electricity
compared with thermal power generation, the thermal energy source of photothermal power generation is sunlight, and the thermal energy source of thermal power generation is fuel. That's the difference
however, the disadvantage of solar thermal power generation is that it has a large one-time investment and is limited by serious geographical and climatic conditions, so it can not be promoted in the whole region
photovoltaic power generation
photovoltaic power generation is to use the photoelectric characteristics of silicon materials, and the solar light irradiates silicon materials to cause electronic transition and form current. This is the most promising technology
in theory, there are many application scenarios of photovoltaic power generation technology, which can be everywhere
however, the cost of photovoltaic power generation components is high, and it is easy to wear and tear, and the maintenance cost is high. At present, it is facing the technical bottleneck of low power generation efficiency
although there is a lot of imagination, the "cost performance" is not high
in addition, whether it is photovoltaic power generation or photothermal power generation, the power generation voltage is not stable enough, and the current storage technology is insufficient, so it can not be integrated into the grid as the main body of power generation.