Serenity Ethereum
Publish: 2021-05-27 11:52:10
1. When it comes to money, mining is indispensable. In ethereum network, if you want to get Ethereum, you also need to mine it. When it comes to mining, there must be a consensus mechanism
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
2. The bifurcation of Ethereum Constantinople is about to begin. Many people are curious about this bifurcation and are not sure whether they need to be prepared in advance
to put it simply: if you are only the holder of eth, you don't need to make any preparation for this upgrade.
to put it simply: if you are only the holder of eth, you don't need to make any preparation for this upgrade.
3. Hello, I'm glad to answer this question
the so-called digital currency financial license generally refers to the license to operate digital currency related business in a certain country or region. Having a digital currency finance license means that the institution can conct business and derivative services related to digital currency in the place where it is issued. Such as the establishment of digital currency exchange, payment, digital currency financial derivatives and so on. Swiss digital currency license is the most advantageous license with strict supervision over digital currency in the world< br />
first, Switzerland's financial supervision has its unique advantages: 1. Deep culture, confidentiality and legal certainty of privacy protection; 2
2. In the past 40 years, Switzerland's self regulatory system in the financial sector has made it one of the world's top quality financial centers
3. Generally speaking, Swiss regulators are in the leading position in global innovation, becoming the first country to issue regulations on financial technology, accept bitcoins and support the development of blockchain technology
4. The Swiss government maintains a liberal attitude towards digital currency, and the regulation of digital currency is more to prohibit its use for money laundering. Therefore, the digital currency used in the transfer instry is the focus of supervision< (2) business scope of Swiss digital currency company:
1. The company can provide digital currency transaction, digital currency bank and digital wallet services; Secondly, it can provide the following other services:
2. Conct credit transactions (related to consumer loans or mortgage loans, factoring business, commercial financing or financial leasing)
3. Provide services related to payment transactions, conct electronic transfer in the name of others, or issue or manage payment methods, such as credit cards and traveler's checks
4. Trading in the customer's own name, or in the form of currency, money market instruments, foreign exchange, precious metals, commodities, securities (stocks, stocks, value rights) and derivatives
5. Asset management
6. Holding or managing securities
7. Provide investment advice
8. Holding or managing securities
3: the conditions for the establishment of a Swiss digital currency dealer company:
1. The establishment of a Swiss legal person company with the registration category of SA / Ag / PLC
2. Swiss companies should have two Swiss residents as registered directors
3. Provide the asset security of 100000 Swiss francs, including 50000 Swiss francs, which need to be frozen when the company is registered, and then unfreeze after the company is registered. The company needs to keep a minimum deposit of CHF 100000 in its account
4
5. In addition to the directors, we need to employ about 2 employees
6. Open the corporate account of the company< Four: detailed rules for the registration of Swiss digital currency license:
establish a Swiss company, open a Swiss corporate account, rent a Swiss office, employ Swiss employees to submit the license application materials after renting the office:
after preparing the basic conditions for the establishment of the company, submit all the pre-trial materials to the Swiss monetary authority FINMA for review. This time is about 3-5 months
in total, the total processing time of Swiss digital currency is 7-10 months
in 2017, the Swiss government formulated a legal framework for fintech, including digital goods dealers and blockchain technology providers. The new regulation was passed on July 5, 2017 and came into effect in August. In the plan that has been launched, the Swiss government has set up a "sandbox" for digital currency supervision, aiming to create a more relaxed environment for bitcoin start-ups. Under the plan, companies with less than 1 million Swiss francs (about $1 million) will be "exempt from authorization" and their customer funds will not be included in the country's deposit protection regulations< br />
the so-called digital currency financial license generally refers to the license to operate digital currency related business in a certain country or region. Having a digital currency finance license means that the institution can conct business and derivative services related to digital currency in the place where it is issued. Such as the establishment of digital currency exchange, payment, digital currency financial derivatives and so on. Swiss digital currency license is the most advantageous license with strict supervision over digital currency in the world< br />
first, Switzerland's financial supervision has its unique advantages: 1. Deep culture, confidentiality and legal certainty of privacy protection; 2
2. In the past 40 years, Switzerland's self regulatory system in the financial sector has made it one of the world's top quality financial centers
3. Generally speaking, Swiss regulators are in the leading position in global innovation, becoming the first country to issue regulations on financial technology, accept bitcoins and support the development of blockchain technology
4. The Swiss government maintains a liberal attitude towards digital currency, and the regulation of digital currency is more to prohibit its use for money laundering. Therefore, the digital currency used in the transfer instry is the focus of supervision< (2) business scope of Swiss digital currency company:
1. The company can provide digital currency transaction, digital currency bank and digital wallet services; Secondly, it can provide the following other services:
2. Conct credit transactions (related to consumer loans or mortgage loans, factoring business, commercial financing or financial leasing)
3. Provide services related to payment transactions, conct electronic transfer in the name of others, or issue or manage payment methods, such as credit cards and traveler's checks
4. Trading in the customer's own name, or in the form of currency, money market instruments, foreign exchange, precious metals, commodities, securities (stocks, stocks, value rights) and derivatives
5. Asset management
6. Holding or managing securities
7. Provide investment advice
8. Holding or managing securities
3: the conditions for the establishment of a Swiss digital currency dealer company:
1. The establishment of a Swiss legal person company with the registration category of SA / Ag / PLC
2. Swiss companies should have two Swiss residents as registered directors
3. Provide the asset security of 100000 Swiss francs, including 50000 Swiss francs, which need to be frozen when the company is registered, and then unfreeze after the company is registered. The company needs to keep a minimum deposit of CHF 100000 in its account
4
5. In addition to the directors, we need to employ about 2 employees
6. Open the corporate account of the company< Four: detailed rules for the registration of Swiss digital currency license:
establish a Swiss company, open a Swiss corporate account, rent a Swiss office, employ Swiss employees to submit the license application materials after renting the office:
after preparing the basic conditions for the establishment of the company, submit all the pre-trial materials to the Swiss monetary authority FINMA for review. This time is about 3-5 months
in total, the total processing time of Swiss digital currency is 7-10 months
in 2017, the Swiss government formulated a legal framework for fintech, including digital goods dealers and blockchain technology providers. The new regulation was passed on July 5, 2017 and came into effect in August. In the plan that has been launched, the Swiss government has set up a "sandbox" for digital currency supervision, aiming to create a more relaxed environment for bitcoin start-ups. Under the plan, companies with less than 1 million Swiss francs (about $1 million) will be "exempt from authorization" and their customer funds will not be included in the country's deposit protection regulations< br />
4. Hello, I'm glad to answer this question
Switzerland's financial policy follows a decentralized, bottom-up approach. For digital currency dealers, Switzerland's regulatory environment is the most suitable for such bottom-up driven innovative financial technology and blockchain technology companies to establish and operate in Switzerland. The advantages of operating financial instry in Switzerland include:
1. Deep culture of privacy protection, confidentiality and legal certainty
2. Low tax and friendly regulatory environment
3. Friendly and relaxed government business environment
4. Supporting the economic environment of start-ups and having the world's top service enterprises
5. Its per capita GDP has always been in the forefront of the world, and it is one of the most stable economies in the world
6. Perfect infrastructure and ecation are the world's leading research institutions
7. Visionary enterprises and pioneers of digital currency and blockchain in the world
8. Deep capital pool and world-class engineering talents
business scope of Swiss digital currency company:
1. The company can provide digital currency transaction, digital currency bank and digital wallet services; Secondly, it can provide the following other services:
2. Conct credit transactions (related to consumer loans or mortgage loans, factoring business, commercial financing or financial leasing)
3. Provide services related to payment transactions, conct electronic transfer in the name of others, or issue or manage payment methods, such as credit cards and traveler's checks
4. Trading in the customer's own name, or in the form of currency, money market instruments, foreign exchange, precious metals, commodities, securities (stocks, stocks, value rights) and derivatives
5. Asset management
6. Holding or managing securities
7. Provide investment advice
8. Holding or managing securities< br /> < First, about the financial technology license
FINMA is the government department responsible for financial supervision in Switzerland. It supervises banks, insurance companies, stock exchanges, securities dealers and other financial intermediaries (including foreign exchange dealers)
FINMA will issue new financial technology licenses to blockchain companies
the system modifies the original law to allow the licensee to receive public funds of up to 100 million Swiss francs, as long as the licensee does not invest the funds or pay interest on them. Companies with financial technology authorization can also keep and hold customers' asset-based tokens without additional application for FINMA authorization as securities dealers or securities companies< br /> < 2. About Swiss VQF license plate
established in 1998, VQF is the oldest and largest self regulatory organization (SRO) in Switzerland, an international financial center. Headquartered in chug, Switzerland, VQF was initially established as a quality assurance organization of chug financial center. Since its establishment, VQF has been acting as an official self regulatory organization (SRO) recognized by FINMA in accordance with the Swiss anti money laundering Act (amla). VQF has always played an important role in protecting and strengthening the interests of financial intermediaries and their investors
most members of VQF come from private financial intermediaries, such as independent asset management companies, trustees, lawyers, trust companies, providers of collective capital investment plans, etc. For licensed members, VQF will conct regular audits, train on matters related to the anti money laundering law, and represent their interests in the legislative and political fields
having this license means that the company can engage in digital asset related transactions, which is of great significance for developing European business and enriching global layout< br /> < br />
the process of applying for a Swiss financial license
to set up a Swiss company: prepare the information required for processing the list
opening a Swiss corporate account: after registering a Swiss company, the company needs to open a Swiss bank account
renting Swiss offices: you can start renting Swiss offices while handling Swiss bank accounts
employment of Swiss employees: an important step in applying for digital currency license is to employ qualified Swiss employees and recruit them immediately
submission of application materials: after preparing the basic conditions for the establishment of the company, all the materials for the preliminary examination shall be submitted to FINMA and reviewed by FINMA
it takes six months or more to apply for a license in Switzerland, depending on the specific situation of the license. If the European market is to be developed, the project party that needs to apply for the Swiss license should make plans in advance;
Switzerland's financial policy follows a decentralized, bottom-up approach. For digital currency dealers, Switzerland's regulatory environment is the most suitable for such bottom-up driven innovative financial technology and blockchain technology companies to establish and operate in Switzerland. The advantages of operating financial instry in Switzerland include:
1. Deep culture of privacy protection, confidentiality and legal certainty
2. Low tax and friendly regulatory environment
3. Friendly and relaxed government business environment
4. Supporting the economic environment of start-ups and having the world's top service enterprises
5. Its per capita GDP has always been in the forefront of the world, and it is one of the most stable economies in the world
6. Perfect infrastructure and ecation are the world's leading research institutions
7. Visionary enterprises and pioneers of digital currency and blockchain in the world
8. Deep capital pool and world-class engineering talents
business scope of Swiss digital currency company:
1. The company can provide digital currency transaction, digital currency bank and digital wallet services; Secondly, it can provide the following other services:
2. Conct credit transactions (related to consumer loans or mortgage loans, factoring business, commercial financing or financial leasing)
3. Provide services related to payment transactions, conct electronic transfer in the name of others, or issue or manage payment methods, such as credit cards and traveler's checks
4. Trading in the customer's own name, or in the form of currency, money market instruments, foreign exchange, precious metals, commodities, securities (stocks, stocks, value rights) and derivatives
5. Asset management
6. Holding or managing securities
7. Provide investment advice
8. Holding or managing securities< br /> < First, about the financial technology license
FINMA is the government department responsible for financial supervision in Switzerland. It supervises banks, insurance companies, stock exchanges, securities dealers and other financial intermediaries (including foreign exchange dealers)
FINMA will issue new financial technology licenses to blockchain companies
the system modifies the original law to allow the licensee to receive public funds of up to 100 million Swiss francs, as long as the licensee does not invest the funds or pay interest on them. Companies with financial technology authorization can also keep and hold customers' asset-based tokens without additional application for FINMA authorization as securities dealers or securities companies< br /> < 2. About Swiss VQF license plate
established in 1998, VQF is the oldest and largest self regulatory organization (SRO) in Switzerland, an international financial center. Headquartered in chug, Switzerland, VQF was initially established as a quality assurance organization of chug financial center. Since its establishment, VQF has been acting as an official self regulatory organization (SRO) recognized by FINMA in accordance with the Swiss anti money laundering Act (amla). VQF has always played an important role in protecting and strengthening the interests of financial intermediaries and their investors
most members of VQF come from private financial intermediaries, such as independent asset management companies, trustees, lawyers, trust companies, providers of collective capital investment plans, etc. For licensed members, VQF will conct regular audits, train on matters related to the anti money laundering law, and represent their interests in the legislative and political fields
having this license means that the company can engage in digital asset related transactions, which is of great significance for developing European business and enriching global layout< br /> < br />
the process of applying for a Swiss financial license
to set up a Swiss company: prepare the information required for processing the list
opening a Swiss corporate account: after registering a Swiss company, the company needs to open a Swiss bank account
renting Swiss offices: you can start renting Swiss offices while handling Swiss bank accounts
employment of Swiss employees: an important step in applying for digital currency license is to employ qualified Swiss employees and recruit them immediately
submission of application materials: after preparing the basic conditions for the establishment of the company, all the materials for the preliminary examination shall be submitted to FINMA and reviewed by FINMA
it takes six months or more to apply for a license in Switzerland, depending on the specific situation of the license. If the European market is to be developed, the project party that needs to apply for the Swiss license should make plans in advance;
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