Ethereum 2019 vulnerability

1. Some institutions have predicted that Ethereum will rise to $2500 by the end of the year, but it seems unlikely in the current market. Domain Kingdom's latest Ethereum price is $166, down 16% from yesterday
although the price of Ethereum continues to decline, there are still many investment opportunities. Nowadays, many people invest in Ethereum through virtual currency trading in the realm Kingdom, which is not affected by the rise and fall of prices, but also can invest less money in the shortest time to obtain more income.

2.

There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road

from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain

1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0

however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts

first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network

the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis

to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively

(1) fragmentation technology

vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved

however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization

(2) lightning network

lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain

however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel

only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain

another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost

Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactions

the above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network

Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event

Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident

(1) what does Dao mean

before introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized

autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

(2) the infamous Dao event

however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event

refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days

unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13

this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart

to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions

in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"

Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stability

3. Ethereum blockchain has exposed three major problems, and its founder vitalik buterin has been unable to interpret them for a long time. The first is the low performance and TPS of Ethereum blockchain as a whole; The second is that resources are not isolated. The event of cryptokitties virtual cat once occupied 20% of the traffic of the whole Ethereum, which directly caused Ethereum network users unable to carry out timely transactions, which is the biggest pain point of resources not isolated; The third problem lies in the embodiment of Ethereum's governance structure. As a decentralized distributed ledger, the founder team of Ethereum has dominated its network development in the past. The over centralized governance mode has led to the bifurcation of eth, etc and ETF in Ethereum, and the Ethereum community is now in a state of fragmented governance. In the view of Ma Haobo, founder and CEO of "aelf", all kinds of disadvantages of Ethereum are unacceptable. Therefore, the positioning of "aelf" is born for the next generation of decentralized underlying computing platform of Ethereum, which focuses on solving the problems of insufficient performance, non isolation of resources and governance structure of Ethereum.

4. Stock software which can query the specific details

5. Pyramid selling refers to the illegal act of organizers' development personnel to obtain wealth by developing personnel or requiring the personnel to be developed to pay a certain fee to obtain the qualification to join. The essence of MLM is "Ponzi scheme", that is to say, the money of later comers is distributed to the income of former comers
new type of MLM: no restrictions on personal freedom, no ID cards and mobile phones, no collective classes, but to use capital operation as a banner to pull people to cheat money, drive luxury cars, wear gold and silver, etc., attract your relatives and friends with money, and finally make you lose your money
you should be careful when paying dividends at all levels, 100% of them are
Q, someone has analyzed you.

6. It's only a matter of time before companies use monetary incentive software, judging from the issue of virtual currency released by Facebook. Enterprise managers will graally accept new things in this process
from the traditional monetary incentive is through the current salary incentive, which is effective for short-term incentive, but in the long run, such monetary incentive has no effect. If the currency is changed into a kind of deferred cash currency, this contradiction can be well solved
the cash currency account is an internal recognized cash account opened by the enterprise for each employee on the teamtoken platform. The corresponding relationship between cash currency and RMB is 1:1. The enterprise can use the unlimited wealth of the enterprise in the future to help the current rapid development and use the unlimited power of the future to ensure the current steady rise by issuing cash currency to employees
for example, if an employee's salary is 10000 yuan, the enterprise can pay 2000 yuan in cash to the employee every month, and a will withdraw or purchase material benefits at a certain time point in the future (set by the enterprise), so as to achieve the effect of internal and external incentives on the employee without immediately increasing the current cost of the enterprise. This is the innovative monetary incentive for employees
the creator of teamtoken employee wallet is the enterprise management software cloud (SaaS) with incentive as the core. The core value is to provide each employee with an employee wallet, so that each employee has his own integral account, cash currency account, virtual stock account, option account, enterprise annuity account, etc, It also provides an application ecology with incentive as the core, including team collaboration software, performance management software, CRM software, etc. these software are also the data source of employees' wallets, so that collaboration, performance, sales and other work can reflect the recognition of employees' work in real time, and reward corresponding points, cash, stocks or options, etc, Make management more incentive effect. The navigation and authority settings are clear, multi-functional and in-depth, suitable for large, medium and small enterprises. Open port, which can be embedded in nailing and enterprise wechat. It mainly helps enterprises to motivate employees from the following aspects:
1. Let every employee have three accounts that dynamically store incentive value
1. Integral account (quantitative process, recognition feedback) integral account, recognition feedback
quantitative process, recognition of incentives, points obtained through behavior, task, report, performance, etc., points can be used as the basis for reward, user-defined points standards meet the needs of enterprise personalized points reward, multidimensional points statistics, 360 degree comprehensive analysis
2. Cash account (reward achievement, medium and short-term incentive)
enterprises issue digital currency (token) to motivate employees, and cash currency can withdraw cash, purchase benefits, subscribe virtual shares, etc. in the future. It can be applied to performance bonus, Commission Award, special award, year-end award and other scenarios. Cash currency is issued with enterprise credit as endorsement. Enterprises use future funds to motivate current employees<
consumption right
employees purchase welfare goods through "consumption right + cash currency" or "consumption right + points", and the consumption right is obtained through rewards
consumption right is like the "food ticket" in the era of planned economy, which is the key for enterprises to release welfare in a planned way
withdrawal right
generally speaking, employees can apply for withdrawal faster with withdrawal right, The enterprise controls the timing, amount and group of cash cash by issuing the right of withdrawal. The management of the right of withdrawal has a great relationship with the cash flow of the enterprise, and it is issued by the enterprise according to its own situation
subscription right
only employees holding the subscription right can subscribe for the virtual equity issued by the company. Enterprises control the group, quantity and opportunity of holding the virtual equity by issuing the subscription right. Employees holding the virtual equity are the key training objects. Generally speaking, only employees with long-term incentive can be issued the subscription right
3. Stock account (talent retention, long-term incentive)
the purpose of virtual stock is to retain talent (long-term incentive), and the virtual stock corresponds to the dividend right. Employees obtain the virtual equity of the enterprise through enterprise reward or their own subscription of virtual stock, and enjoy the right of weighted dividend every year. Virtual stock can also be used as the pre holding mode of restricted stock of core executives and co founders
4. Work application tools: get through cash coins and points, and quantify and reward work achievements in time
task collaboration: task management, quantitative scoring of task quantity, task difficulty and completion quality with comprehensive points
performance management: get through performance and cash reward
CRM (to be launched soon): quantify customer management and sales management with points, and reward work performance with cash reward
blockchain +, Store employee's digital assets in the enterprise
the enterprise issues cash coins for employee incentive, cash currency account book, record employee's cash coin transfer record and equity registration, which are used as the company's equity register
welfare mall
thousands of welfare goods are put on the shelves with one click, and employees purchase benefits through points and cash currency
it will be a trend for enterprises to use monetary incentive.

7. Virtual currency is the concept corresponding to physical currency. Physical currency is the paper money and coins we pay for vegetables in our life, the deposits in the bank, etc. virtual currency is the "currency" that can be used to circulate and exchange virtual goods equivalently in the virtual world, such as the game currency in the game, etc

as for futures, it's a completely different concept. Futures is one of the financial derivatives. It's a standardized contract for trading in the futures exchange. It needs to pay margin. It can do long or short trading

thank you, please accept

8. The cowhide wallet made by Zhang Zhenyue is very good. I want to make my own handiwork at home. If I don't pay attention to it, I'll buy 0.6cm thick cow leather, directly use ordinary large needles, and just wear more money to sew it

9. Domain Kingdom, fire currency, okex, bitfinex and bitMom are all the top exchanges in the world, and they can trade ether currency. Moreover, in addition to Ethernet currency, there are also mainstream currencies such as
bitcoin
,
lightcoin
in the realm Kingdom, with more choices.

10. Olympic Sports Center in January 2020, concert tickets are at 200 yuan a piece.