What is the constant total volume of Ethereum
The total number of bitcoins is 21 million
in 2009, when bitcoin was born, block reward was 50 bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first 50 bitcoins were generated, and the total amount of money at this time is 50. Then bitcoin grew at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the block reward will be halved to 25
when the total amount reaches 15.75 million (5.25 million new output, i.e. 50% of 1050), the block reward will be further halved to 12.5. The monetary system used to have no more than 10.5 million in four years, after which the total number will be permanently limited to about 21 million
extended data
monetary characteristics
1. Decentralization: bitcoin is the first distributed virtual currency, and the whole network is composed of users without a central bank. Decentralization is the guarantee of bitcoin's security and freedom
2. Global circulation: bitcoin can be managed on any computer connected to the Internet. No matter where you are, anyone can dig, buy, sell or collect bitcoin
3. Exclusive ownership: private key is needed to control bitcoin, which can be stored in any storage medium in isolation. No one can get it except the user himself
4. Low transaction cost: bitcoin can be remitted free of charge, but a transaction fee of about 1 bitfen will be charged for each transaction to ensure faster transaction execution
5, no hidden cost: as a means of payment from a to B, bitcoin has no cumbersome limit of quota and proceres. If you know the other party's bitcoin address, you can pay
6. Cross platform Mining: users can explore the computing power of different hardware on many platforms
Ethereum is the next generation of cryptography ledger. It intends to support many advanced functions, including user issuing currency, intelligent protocol, decentralized transaction and what we think is the first fully decentralized autonomous organization (Daos) or decentralized autonomous company (DACS) application
Ethereum does not specifically support every single type of function as a feature. On the contrary, Ethereum includes a built-in Turing complete scripting language, which allows you to write code for the feature you want to implement through a mechanism called "contract". A contract is like an automatic agent. Every time a transaction is received, the contract will run a specific code, which can modify the data storage inside the contract or send the transaction. Advanced contracts can even modify their own code
Ethereum was launched on November 1, 2015, and launched on August 22, 2016 on bitcoin trading platform, a well-known domestic trading platform; 30-¥ About 60, current: ￥ 1259.97, the rise is amazing
ETH2_ XFR is only used when 200 is used as the client. If 200 is only used as the server, you only need to call eth2_ CTRL
Ethereum is a programmable blockchain. Unlike bitcoin, Ethereum does not provide users with a set of predefined operations (such as bitcoin transactions), but allows users to create their own operations, which can be arbitrarily complex. In this way, Ethereum has become a platform for many different types of decentralized blockchains, including but not limited to cryptography
EVM is Ethereum virtual machine. The bottom layer of Ethereum supports the execution and call of smart contract through EVM mole. When calling, it gets the code according to the address of the contract, generates the specific execution environment, and then loads the code into EVM virtual machine to run. Usually, the current high-level language for developing smart contracts is solid. After using solid to implement the logic of smart contracts, it is compiled into metadata (bytecode) by compiler and finally released to Yifang
EVM Architecture Overview
EVM is essentially a stack machine, and its most direct function is to execute smart contracts, The main design objectives of EVM are as follows:
< UL >simplicity
certainty
space saving
service for blockchain
security assurance
easy optimization
in view of the above points, we can understand the specific design idea and engineering practicability through reading the EVM source code
The bit width of EVM memory system is 256 bits, that is 32 bytes. The 256 bit machine word width is different from the mainstream 64 bit machine word width, which indicates that EVM design will consider its own instruction code about operation, data and logic control. At present, the data types supported by mainstream processors are: 8bits integer, 16bits integer, 32bits integer and 64bits integer. Generally, the calculation of wide byte will be faster, because it may contain more instructions to be loaded into the PC register at one time, accompanied by the rection of memory access times. At present, in the x86 architecture, 8bits computing is not fully supported (division and multiplication), but the basic mathematical operations can be completed in a few clock cycles. That is to say, the mainstream byte width is basically natively supported by the processor. Why should EVM adopt 256 bit word width. Mainly from the following two aspects: time, whether the smart contract can be executed fasterspace, whether the size of the overall bytecode will be reced
gas cost
time is mainly reflected in the efficiency of execution, we compare the specific operation time consumption by adding two integer numbers. 32bits add x86
assembly code
< EM > mov eax, DWORD [9876abcd] / / put the 32-bit data in address 9876abcd into eax data register < / EM >< EM > Add eax, DWORD [1234dcba] / / add the 1234dcba address to 32-bit and eax, and save the result in eax < / EM >
< EM > mov rax, Qword [123456789abcdef1] / / put the 64 bit data pointed to by the address into the 64 bit register < / EM >
< EM > Add rax, Qword [1020304050607080] / / calculate the added results and put them into the 64 bit register < / EM >
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