Buterin Ethereum white paper
Buterin, the founder of Ethereum, is a Russian
at the end of 2013, vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, released the first edition white paper of Ethereum and launched the project. From July 24, 2014, Ethereum has carried out a 42 day pre-sale of Ethereum coins. In early 2016, Ethereum's technology was recognized by the market, and its price began to soar, attracting a large number of people other than developers to enter Ethereum's world. Two of China's three major bitcoin exchanges, huocoin.com and okcoin.com, both officially launched Ethereum on May 31, 2017
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in 2011, butrin began to realize bitcoin under the influence of his father when he was 17 years old in high school. Butrin showed a strong interest in this new thing. In order to better understand this fully distributed currency, butrin began to read bitcoin forum and technical materials. He wrote bitcoin blog articles to earn bitcoin, although his hourly salary was only $2 an hour
when he made 20 BTCs, he took 8.5 to buy a shirt. But he realized at that time that if thousands of people from all over the world join the bitcoin community, an independent financial system can be created, and the application of blockchain is not limited to cryptocurrency, but applicable to all walks of life. Since then, Butlin has been working in this direction
in late 2011, butrin graally became famous in the community. A man from Romania invited him to co-founder bitcoin magazine and serve as the chief writer
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Ethereum energy coin is not MLM
Ethereum is an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract function. Ethereum provides decentralized virtual machine (Ethereum virtual machine) to process point-to-point contract through its special cryptocurrency Ethereum
in 2013, vitalik buterin, 19, first mentioned the idea of Ethereum in a book entitled "Ethereum white paper: next generation intelligent connection and decentralized application platform". Then, in 2014, the algorithm and protocol of Ethernet coin were officially implemented, and $150 million was raised. The system itself was finally completed on July 30, 2015
as the representative of blockchain 2.0, the mainstream currency Ethernet is regarded as the wind vane of crypto digital currency market. However, over the past week, the price of ether currency has continued to fall. On August 14, 2018, the ethereal currency plummeted by 20%, reaching a record low of $257 this year. Compared with this year's peak of $1295, the price of Ethernet currency has shrunk by more than 80%. Affected by this, on August 15, 2018, none of the top ten mainstream currencies in the digital money market was spared, falling across the board, with a number of single day declines exceeding 10%
extended data
Ethereum started planning almost in 2013, and started to implement the project in 2015. Before that, there were many digital currencies imitating bitcoin in the market, and they made various modifications on the basis of bitcoin code. In this way, it is very difficult to develop a new blockchain application, to re deploy a new chain, and then to develop an application on this chain. Using a consensus mechanism of pow alone is a huge maintenance workload. It's like developing an app on a mobile phone and developing the Android system together
after Ethereum comes out, it is equivalent to the underlying operating system of the blockchain. On Ethereum, it is very convenient to develop various dapps without considering the underlying development, and it can also share the computing power and storage of Ethereum. For programmers, the threshold of blockchain development is lowered instantly. The emergence of Ethereum has played a very important role in the development and popularization of blockchain applications. That's why Ethereum is called blockchain 2.0
Blockchain 1.0 era usually refers to the development stage of blockchain application represented by bitcoin from 2009 to 2014. They are mainly committed to solving the problem of decentralization of currency and means of payment; After 2014, developers pay more and more attention to solve the technical and scalability problems of bitcoin. At the end of 2013, vitalik buterin released Ethereum white paper "Ethereum: next generation smart contract and decentralized application platform", which introced smart contract into blockchain and opened the application of blockchain outside the currency field, thus opening the era of blockchain 2.0< The so-called smart contract is actually a kind of computer contract that can be automatically executed based on prescribed trigger rules. It can also be regarded as a digital version of traditional contract. It was proposed by interdisciplinary legal scholar and cryptography researcher Nick Szabo more than 20 years ago. This technology was once not used in the actual instry because of the lack of programmable digital system and related technologies, until the emergence of blockchain technology and Ethereum provided a trusted execution environment for it
compared with bitcoin, Ethereum is a complete scripting language of Turing, which supports developers to create and publish arbitrary decentralized applications on the platform. Since its birth, there have been more than 200 decentralized applications based on Ethereum in the world
the chief researcher of bitwindow blockchain said: in the era of blockchain 2.0 represented by Ethereum, blockchain technology has graally expanded from the field of currency and payment to the field of finance. With the development of technology and the wider application of blockchain, the era of blockchain 3.0 beyond the monetary and financial fields will be around the corner. This article is excerpted from bitwindow. China's professional blockchain and digital currency instry analyzes the media, and adheres to a neutral, objective and dialectical attitude to understand and interpret the latest trends of blockchain and digital currency
Bitcoin has opened the era of blockchain 1.0, which is characterized by providing a different way of thinking for value transfer, that is, value transfer no longer depends on centralized institutions such as banks. During this period, as more and more people were familiar with bitcoin, many people began to learn from the idea of bitcoin, so a large number of counterfeit coins appeared
the reason why these counterfeit coins are called "counterfeit coins" is that their source code is similar to that of bitcoin, and there is no substantive breakthrough. They also have the shortcomings of bitcoin, and there is no breakthrough improvement. However, people do not have the problem of bitcoin. Many people in the bitcoin community hope to solve these problems through a variety of technical means, so as to make the bitcoin system perfect
Among them, there is a Russian teenager named vitalik buterin, who is also eager to make up for the shortcomings of bitcoin system as soon as possiblefirst, you play games in a lively way, while others play games as gatekeepers
when he was 13 years old, he was a typical Internet addict, addicted to world of Warcraft. One day, the game company of world of Warcraft suddenly cancelled his favorite warlock "life siphon" skill. He was very angry and contacted the company many times to restore the skill. However, the game company did not agree
as a result, Butlin began to reflect that in Internet games, players, as participants, are actually very weak. The strong ones are game developers, who are the center of a game. Has the final say that the game player has no say what the developers want to do, and can only choose to accept or leave passively. p>
Butlin realized the disadvantages of centralization through "world of Warcraft", so he began to look for ways to break the centralization. Butlin realized bitcoin from his father, a programmer, and became so interested that he decided to give up the aura of a famous university and drop out of the University of Waterloo to travel around the world to exchange and learn with blockchain enthusiasts all over the world
at that time, bitcoin enthusiasts were going all out to add more functionality to bitcoin and build bitcoin 2.0. But Butlin believes that the establishment of a new programming language is bitcoin's top priority. So, at the age of 19, Butlin wrote a new white paper, which is the rudiment of Ethereum white paper. Butlin mentioned in the white paper
: he hopes to create a variety of applications based on the common programming language, such as social networking, trading, games... These ideas have been strongly echoed by the bitcoin community, and more and more people have joined in the design of Ethereum. Finally, this project was named "Ethereum" by Butlin, because "Ethereum" is a kind of material that has not been confirmed under scientific theory, implying Butlin's expectation for the project
in June 2015, Ethereum officially released
in the next two years, Ethereum's cryptocurrency "Ethereum" became the most popular digital asset after bitcoin. The price of Ethereum increased 85 times in 2017, and more than 20 global top financial institutions and technology companies, such as JPMorgan Chase, Chicago Board of exchange, Microsoft, Intel and Accenture, established the enterprise Ethereum alliance, Butlin has become a blockchain God "V God" from a young boy
2. The great potential of Ethereum to activate blockchain
the emergence of Ethereum has activated the great potential behind blockchain. Why do you say that
the breakthrough of Ethereum is that it not only upgrades the blockchain to an operating system, so that you can develop an application chain on this basis, but also allows you to publish your own tokens in a very simple way
different from bitcoin's preset trading system operation, Ethereum is a programmable blockchain:
Ethereum allows users to create their own operations that meet their needs and have different degrees of complexity. In this sense, Ethereum is a platform. This "platform" has built a relatively complete "system", which is a bit similar to Android and apple. Application developers can develop various applications on this system
this setting makes Ethereum break through the single "monetary function" of bitcoin, and expand the application scenarios of blockchain technology to all aspects. Now, for example, we can do a lot of things through mobile app: paying fees, ordering meals, taking a taxi, shopping and so on. Similarly, developers can develop DAPP (blockchain application) on Ethereum. In the future, you can use DAPP to replace app, paying fees, ordering meals, taking a taxi, shopping and so on. Ethereum gives us these beautiful visions
Thirdly, the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is different from that of bitcoin. As we mentioned earlier, bitcoin decides its bookkeeping rights through the consensus mechanism of pow. Although the security index of pow is high, the energy consumption and cost of mining are huge, and the transaction processing speed is still very slow. Therefore, Ethereum further enriched the technology of bitcoin and proposed a new mining mechanism, namely, proof of interest (POS) The "proof of equity" proposed by Ethereum is similar to the shareholder mechanism. The more shares people have, the easier they are to obtain the bookkeeping right. It is a system of interest distribution according to the amount and time of holding money. The core logic of POS mechanism is: who holds the currency, who has the control of the network. It should be noted that in the POS mechanism, there is still computing power mining, which needs to solve a mathematical problem. However, the difficulty of the mathematical problem is related to the "age" of the coin holder. The longer the coin holder holds the coin, the easier the difficulty will be, and the greater the probability of digging the coin Fourthly, the controversial ICOEthereum is an open source system, similar to the current Android and apple systems. Developers can develop various applications on it. Most of the ICO projects are based on Ethereum. If developers want to develop blockchain applications (DAPP) on Ethereum, they need to raise certain funds through ICO as operation and maintenance costs
The concept of ICO was very popular in 2017, which was once considered as the main reason for the bull market in 2017 What's the matter with ICO? ICO (initial coin offering) is a way to raise funds for digital currency / blockchain projects. Because the token has market value, it can be converted into legal currency. In this way, it can be used as the development cost of the project. And early participants can get the initial issue of digital currency in returngenerally speaking, if a blockchain game company announces: we are going to issue money for private placement (ICO)! If you are particularly optimistic about this project, if you want to participate, you need to buy a certain number of Ethereum and call the wallet address of the blockchain game project party, which is equivalent to that you have participated in the crowdfunding (ICO) of the blockchain game project party. When the currency of this blockchain game company can be traded on the exchange, then they will pay you back according to certain rules
it seems that ICO in blockchain field is similar to IPO in stock field, isn't it? you 're right! In fact, ICO in the blockchain field is very similar to IPO in the stock field. Let's take a look at their general explanation:
IPO refers to an enterprise or company (limited company) selling its shares to the public for the first time
ICO refers to an enterprise or company (mostly blockchain start-ups) selling its token to the public for the first time
however, normally speaking, it is very difficult for an enterprise or company to go through the IPO process. It is very difficult to go through "BP seed round Angel round a round B round C round D pre IPO IPO IPO" without five to eight years. However, ICO in the field of blockchain can only be realized in three to eight months by "white paper - cornerstone investment - Private Placement -
- ICO - Stock Exchange"
This is also the reason why ICO is controversial. At present, many countries define ICO as an illegal act. It is not unreasonable to ban ICO, because at present, the state has no relevant supervision on this aspect, so it is very easy for the project party to illegally raise funds and circle money, which not only causes great losses to investors, but also disrupts the normal financial order Fifthly, the most important feature of Ethereum is the introction of "smart contract". What does smart contract mean? Smart contract is to define a set of trading rules in the form of code. In our daily life, we usually sign paper contracts, and the implementation of paper contracts needs centralized institutions, that is, the court to supervise. The "smart contract" proposed by Ethereum is to realize decentralized automatic execution through programthe account called "smart contract account" will only be executed according to the code. This technology has a wide range of applications, including insurance, equity, trust and so on. It can be said that this technology can be applied to all activities that need trust
Sixth, the significance of Ethereum: it represents the blockchain 2.0 era. After the glorious period of 2017, now, in the face of bear market, some ICO projects are worried about being tired by the bear market and cash out one after another, leading to a sharp drop in the price of Ethereum. V God, the founder of Ethereum, is also deeply involved in all kinds of rumors. There are often rumors that he is going to quit Ethereum and he is running away However, Ethereum is indeed a leap forward in blockchain technology, which represents the era of blockchain2.0. If bitcoin represents the era of blockchain 1.0, it provides new ideas and new methods for value transfer; Then, the blockchain 2.0 era represented by Ethereum makes the commercial application of blockchain possible
apart from BCH and BSV, most of the other bifurcated currencies have declined. BTC, BCH and BSV represent the exploration of three different directions respectively. BTC is the most conservative and cautious, BSV is the most radical, and BCH is relatively mild and graal. At present, BTC enjoys the name of bitcoin in fact and has the largest market value< br />
< At the end of 2013, vitalik buterin (V God), a gifted programmer born in 1994, published a white paper on Ethereum, proposing the idea of adding various smart contracts to cryptocurrency, which can be used in social networking, trading, games and other fields. The market value of Ethereum has soared all the way, and it will soon be second only to bitcoin, Ethereum with smart contracts is also known as blockchain 2.0
in 2016, Ethereum encountered a serious hacker coin theft incident (DAO), and God V decided to delete the coin theft record by using rollback method. However, some people who insisted that the blockchain should not be tampered with opposed rollback, so Ethereum also split. Unlike bitcoin, the original Ethereum chain has become a minority, known as the Ethereum classic (etc), and the new chain that has been rolled back has become a majority, the de facto Ethereum (ETH)
stable currency system
stable currency is generally anchored legal currency, which can be used to exchange legal currency 1:1 to the issuer. The currency value is relatively stable, but sometimes there will be a small amount of premium in transactions, which is widely used in cryptocurrency transactions. Now the most common stable currency is the usdt issued by tether company, 1 usdt = 1 dollar. Stable currency is generally issued on other cryptocurrency networks, such as bitcoin Omni protocol, Ethereum erc20 protocol, etc< br />
in anonymous currency
on bitcoin, every transaction is clear and searchable, although we don't know who the person behind the address is. Some people think that the privacy of bitcoin is not enough, so some anonymous coins, such as XmR, dash and zcash, which can cover up user information, have emerged. Monroe coin uses ring signature technology, dasey coin adopts mixed coin technology, and big zero coin uses zero knowledge proof, which can play an anonymous effect in different degrees
platform currency system
some digital currency trading platforms often release their own platform currency, and there are certain discounts for trading with platform currency, such as okb of okex, HT of fire currency, BNB of coin security, etc<
some other mainstream currencies
lightcoin (LTC) has copied the code of bitcoin, replaced the consensus algorithm, and shortened the block out time. When bitcoin wants to upgrade, it often does experiments on bitcoin first. Lightcoin is known as "bitcoin, lightsilver"
XRP is currently the third largest currency in market value. It is an Internet transaction protocol, allowing users to transfer money around the world quickly and cheaply
grapefruit coin (EOS), known as blockchain 3.0 and Ethereum upgrade, attempts to introce more functions and application expansion on it
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"bitkangaroo" is the first digital currency financial service platform in the world that allocates theoretical revenue from its own mines and machines without power failure. The platform is mainly based on cloud computing procts, and the theoretical revenue is allocated by "1tash" of Wanyou computing power's professional mine, a strategic partner, on a regular basis every day, integrating high-yield, security, liquidity, transparency and professionalism
High Yield: the platform aims at "increasing users' assets", and customers can choose a variety of derivatives to prevent systemic risks
Security: the team stores the standby digital assets in the cold multi signature wallet, and in case of any accident, the reserve fund will be used to distribute revenue to customers
Liquidity: the platform allocates income every day, and can withdraw as soon as it reaches the minimum currency withdrawal standard
transparency: mine data and mine logs are open and transparent, and users can monitor the actual computing power of the mine at any time through the data center monitoring system
Professional: the mine is operated and managed by professional personnel who have been engaged in deep mining for many years. Each unit is isolated by professional network interruption to prevent virus invasion. Multiple standby networks are used in the computer room to eliminate non systematic risks in an all-round way
V God refers to V God in happy male voice
is elected by the majority of netizens, who hold the power to blackmail other judges
V God should not only have a high popularity, but also directly veto the judgment of one of the judges, directly affect the competition results, and be the VIP of the judges
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the characters represented by V God:
I. in myth,
V God is a Xuanwu people in Beiping. It was born in the autumn of 1987. When he was young, he was gifted. He was often appointed a date by a university in Beijing. He was famous for his expeditions, which can be said to be noisy. Waiting for V God crown, because from the tribe is a graceful station, elegant manner, closed on shy flowers, sunken fish wild goose beauty you
Second, in the game DOTA,
V God has played an immeasurable role in the process of VP winning mym7. God V's gank power is unmatched. Even if God V starts badly. In recent games, he led the team through the suffocating gank to destroy opponents. God V can be competent for any hero, such as the moon arrow, the fearless bounty hunter, and even the witch doctor. There is no doubt that vigoss will continue to rule the DOTA community< Third, in the water king, vshen is a member of the 5th phase of the 3rd unit of arma3 armed assault of saga, a famous domestic game team. Now he has become a regular member and one of the soul figures of the unit
Third, in the economy, vitalik buterin is the founder of Ethereum. Vitalik buterin, inspired by bitcoin, put forward the idea of "next generation cryptocurrency and decentralized application platform", which began to develop through ICO crowdfunding in 2014
at the end of 2013, vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, released the first edition white paper of Ethereum and launched the project. From July 24, 2014, Ethereum has carried out a 42 day pre-sale of Ethereum coins
buy in the mall or get in the activity, 20 can be exchanged for a fairy
the climate is hot and humid in summer. When people sweat in hot weather, the watch may leave green or black marks on the wrist when it encounters sweat. Due to the different pH value in sweat, the degree of clock erosion is also different. Therefore, it is an important issue for watch lovers to take the initiative to maintain their watches
watch maintenance in summer
the reason why the watch turns green with sweat is that the watch factory adopts gold-plated copper-clad plating which is easy and beautiful in color, but if the gold-plated technology is not handled properly, it will cause the watch oxidation. Nowadays, PVD stainless steel plating technique is widely used in gold plating of watches and clocks, so it is rarely found. Therefore, it is recommended to buy stainless steel or K-gold materials. As for the problem of wrist blackening when wearing a watch, it is directly related to poor air quality and st stuck in the watch strap for a long time. In this case, it's best to give it to a professional watch shop for cleaning. You should also pay attention to the cleaning of the watch when you wear it on weekdays.