Ethereum Constantinople February

1. When it comes to money, mining is indispensable. In ethereum network, if you want to get Ethereum, you also need to mine it. When it comes to mining, there must be a consensus mechanism
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.

2. The network will be upgraded to Constantinople & Petersburg at block height of 7280000. L, Z, b show that it will be upgraded on March 1, 2019 Beijing time. I don't know if the upgrade is successful

3.

The idea of Ethereum was born in 2013. Vitalik buterin ˙ When he was a programmer in the bitcoin community, he suggested to the core developers of bitcoin to develop a language for application developers to facilitate the development of various applications. Bitcoin core developers disagree. So God V decided to develop a new platform for this purpose

V God wrote the white paper of etheric currency in 2013, in which he explained the goal of building a decentralized program. In 2014, we got development funds through crowdfunding, so we developed the Ethernet system< (better digital currency trading platform "currency exchange")

since its birth, it has carried out four hard bifurcations so far

for the first time, in order to adjust the difficulty

released a stable version of "homeland" for the second time

for the fourth time, in order to prevent DDoS and rece weight

there is only the third hard fork, because of the hacker attack, and forced to fork. This is the Dao event

On July 30, 2015, v-god and Ethereum Foundation created the first smart contract platform and designed the Dao Ethereum contract

on April 30, 2016, the Dao smart contract was officially deployed, and the world's largest crowdfunding was completed, reaching an amazing $150 million As an aside, the biggest crowdfunding event in time is EOS crowdfunding, which has reached an even more amazing $5 billion!)

on June 17, 2016, the Dao was attacked by hackers, who stole about 50 million US dollars of Ethernet currency, and the price also plummeted from US $20 to US $15, causing great harm to Ethereum. In order to recover the loss of investors, the community finally decided to hard fork

therefore, on July 20, 2016, at the block height of 1920000, the hard branching was successful, and the new chain is called Ethereum eth, while the original chain is now Ethereum classic etc

4.

Let me tell you the answer first: No

or don't invest all of bitcoin. Let me give you a brief analysis

first of all, let's talk about 100000 yuan. If the 100000 yuan is a windfall, we suggest that you allin invest in bitcoin, which may be several times more when you take it out at the end of this year. There will be another windfall

if the 100000 yuan is a year-end bonus, you can consider investing half of it in blockchain and bitcoin

if the 100000 yuan deposit is your hard-earned money, you must be cautious in your investment, so first of all, you are not recommended to invest in blockchain

in fact, your question tells me two basic facts: 1. You are Xiao of blockchain / currency circle; 2. You have a little deposit and want to manage money, or you need to make some money

so from my point of view, I don't recommend you to buy bitcoin or make any other blockchain investment, because there is a saying that a person can't make money beyond his cognition, and the blockchain world is beyond your cognition for you, and the coin circle is basically an extension or part of the financial system. And the financial system is the most cruel and ruthless world. When you want to make money, you should also think that there are hundreds of thousands of people, millions of people who have the same ideas as you, so as to drive them into this bloody and merciless market. So you ask yourself, can you make sure you make money

first pour a basin of cold water on you, and then answer your questions seriously. Let's take a look at the historical trend of bitcoin

I feel optimistic that the recovery may come slowly, the Federal Reserve's move may be the beginning of financial release, and the capital market may recover slowly. As a small part of the financial market, the blockchain world may also recover

from the perspective of investment, bitcoin in the blockchain world is not only the genesis currency, but also the mainstream currency that accounts for the vast majority of the total market value at present. Therefore, if you really want to invest in the blockchain world, bitcoin is the best choice

however, please note that from the perspective of professional investment advice, risks should always be shared. Exclusive bitcoin will be taken off by a currency, and it will also fall miserably. So please consider holding other mainstream currencies, such as BoChang coin, which is known as "the last good heart of the blockchain", which is also the most powerful counter trend growth currency in the bear market of the currency circle. For a long time, when the mother of other currencies, including bitcoin, didn't know each other, BoChang was the only currency that was growing slightly, which was a miracle

another example is Ethereum. Although Ethereum's hard fork has been delayed for a long time, the arrival of Constantinople's hard fork upgrade will make Ethereum the most eye-catching star in a short time. At this time, the investment can be regarded as low-level market entry, and you can make a profit by waiting for high-level investment

finally, back to my answer, if you don't even know wave field, bitcoin, Constantinople hard fork and other words, how can you determine whether you can make a sum of money in the world of currency. So this in itself is a very high risk thing

a strange capital market will swallow up all your savings. Although some people get rich overnight, they are a few people after all. If you are sure to invest in the blockchain world, bitcoin can be invested. However, from the perspective of risk sharing, please buy some other mainstream currencies to minimize the risk. Finally, I wish you a happy investment and a big fortune in the year of the pig. Please be cautious in your investment

is to read more about the various currencies or project's white paper. I pay attention to my WeChat official account: "Nanjing block chain" can get thousands of white papers free of charge, so that you will have a better understanding of the chain world. p>

5. The bifurcation of Ethereum Constantinople is about to begin. Many people are curious about this bifurcation and are not sure whether they need to be prepared in advance
to put it simply: if you are only the holder of eth, you don't need to make any preparation for this upgrade.

6.

Let me tell you the answer first: No

or don't invest all of bitcoin. Let me give you a brief analysis

first of all, if your principal is a windfall, I suggest you allin invest in bitcoin, which may be several times more when you take it out at the end of this year. There will be another windfall

if your principal is a year-end bonus, you can consider investing half in blockchain and bitcoin

if your principal is your hard-earned money, you must be cautious in your investment, so first of all, it is not recommended that you invest in blockchain

in fact, your question tells me two basic facts: 1. You are Xiao of blockchain / currency circle; 2. You have a little deposit and want to manage money, or you need to make some money

so from my point of view, I don't recommend you to buy bitcoin or make any other blockchain investment, because there is a saying that a person can't make money beyond his cognition, and the blockchain world is beyond your cognition for you, and the coin circle is basically an extension or part of the financial system. And the financial system is the most cruel and ruthless world. When you want to make money, you should also think that there are hundreds of thousands of people, millions of people who have the same ideas as you, so as to drive them into this bloody and merciless market. So you ask yourself, can you make sure you make money

first pour a basin of cold water on you, and then answer your questions seriously. Let's take a look at the historical trend of bitcoin

I feel optimistic that the recovery may come slowly, the Federal Reserve's move may be the beginning of financial release, and the capital market may recover slowly. As a small part of the financial market, the blockchain world may also recover

from the perspective of investment, bitcoin in the blockchain world is not only the genesis currency, but also the mainstream currency that accounts for the vast majority of the total market value at present. Therefore, if you really want to invest in the blockchain world, bitcoin is the best choice

however, please note that from the perspective of professional investment advice, risks should always be shared. Exclusive bitcoin will be taken off by a currency, and it will also fall miserably. So please consider holding other mainstream currencies, such as BoChang coin, which is known as "the last good heart of the blockchain", which is also the most powerful counter trend growth currency in the bear market of the currency circle. For a long time, when the mother of other currencies, including bitcoin, didn't know each other, BoChang was the only currency that was growing slightly, which was a miracle

another example is Ethereum. Although Ethereum's hard fork has been delayed for a long time, the arrival of Constantinople's hard fork upgrade will make Ethereum the most eye-catching star in a short time. At this time, the investment can be regarded as low-level market entry, and you can make a profit by waiting for high-level investment

finally, back to my answer, if you don't even know wave field, bitcoin, Constantinople hard fork and other words, how can you determine whether you can make a sum of money in the world of currency. So this in itself is a very high risk thing

a strange capital market will swallow up all your savings. Although some people get rich overnight, they are a few people after all. If you are sure to invest in the blockchain world, bitcoin can be invested. However, from the perspective of risk sharing, please buy some other mainstream currencies to minimize the risk. Finally, I wish you a happy investment and a big fortune in the year of the pig. Please be cautious in your investment

is to read more about the various currencies or project's white paper. I pay attention to my WeChat official account: "Nanjing block chain" can get thousands of white papers free of charge, so that you will have a better understanding of the chain world. p>

7.

The

Ethereum mining

Berlin hard fork will mark the end of the metropolitan era. This is a key stage in Ethereum's history, which is divided into two stages (Byzantine and Constantinople), including several branches, including Atlantis, Istanbul, and finally reached its peak in Berlin

8. This number is not fixed, because the price of bitcoin is constantly changing. The highest price of bitcoin is more than $19000. At present, the price of bitcoin is around $4000. You can log in to the bitcoin exchange to view the bitcoin market in real time.

9. Life is like a pool of ckweed, green and green, with a little bit of water color. When there is no wind, it is like a piece of cloth on the surface of the pool, without any wrinkles. It is also like a natural bronze mirror floating in the pool. Among them, there are also several branches that go straight across the surface of the pool. The surface of the ckweed is slightly broken, but it can't be completely cut, which shows its vitality. Weeds and Kingfisher also disturb the surface of ckweed from time to time, and the ripples of fish are inevitable, which makes ckweed more crowded and tense. Strong wind, wrinkled is ckweed; It is weeds that bend their heads; It is Kingfisher that has disappeared for a long time. The wrinkle is only for a moment. When the wind is a little small, Ping's face returns to its original state. After that, it was wrinkled and floating. Sometimes there are fish "visits.". Wind is the devil, weeds are bacteria, but they can't destroy it. After the wind, the surface is still intact - except for a few sundries. This reminds me of Wen Tianxiang's poem "life experience is ups and downs, the rain hits Ping". Yes, life is not like ckweed. There are always disturbances in a quiet life; And the wind and waves contain a peaceful life. The twists and turns of life, it is not the wind ckweed survival, ckweed is to take root in the water, and people are to survive in the world. Bumpy, long life, sighing to the sky, sighing the past life; Praise the Yellow River, praise the Yellow River majestic; Weeping at the grass, weeping grass nobody knows; Standing on the high mountain singing, singing the power of the high mountain; If there is only the tranquility of ckweed and no strong wind in life, then life is a cup of fresh water and tasteless; If there is only Xiaohe's selfishness, the world is frozen everywhere; If there is only the arrogance of Dashan, there is no selfless love in the world... Your own life and your own road are under your own feet and controlled by yourself. life! Duckweed!

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