Ethereum main network ID
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what is Ethereum:
Ethereum is an innovation based on the application of technologies and concepts in bitcoin to computers. Ethereum itself imitates a lot of bitcoin technology to maintain the computer platform. Blockchain technology is one of them
Ethereum platform can safely run any program users want
advantages of Ethereum over other competitive currencies before Ethereum appeared, some digital currencies imitated bitcoin. However, these projects have their own shortcomings, they can only support one or several specific applications at the same time< However, the reason why Ethereum can surpass the limitations of these projects in the past is because of the core idea of Ethereum
what Ethereum wants to implement is a blockchain protocol with built-in programming language. Since it supports programming language, in theory, any blockchain application can be defined with this language, and then run on Ethereum's blockchain protocol as an application
The design of Ethereum is very flexible and adaptable
Ethereum target sets the advantages of blockchain technology, in order to add the advantages of blockchain, such as decentralization, openness and security, to almost all computing fields
blockchain applications of Ethereum
Ethereum has many blockchain applications, such as digital applications of gold and stocks, financial derivatives applications, DNS and digital authentication, etc
Ethereum has achieved more than 100 blockchain applications by many start-ups
Ethereum has also been closely watched by some financial institutions, banking consortia (such as R3), as well as large companies like Samsung, Deloitte, RWE and IBM. As a result, a number of blockchain applications such as simplified and automated financial transactions, merchant loyalty index tracking, and gift cards designed to achieve decentralization of electronic transactions have emerged
the relationship between Ethereum and blockchain:
Ethereum is a programmable blockchain
Ethereum does not give users a series of preset operations (such as bitcoin transaction), but allows users to create complex operations according to their own wishes
in this way, Ethereum can be used as a platform for various types of decentralized blockchain applications, including but not limited to cryptocurrency
like other blockchains, Ethereum also has a peer-to-peer network protocol. Ethereum blockchain database is maintained and updated by many nodes connected to the network. Each network node runs the Ethereum simulator and executes the same instructions. Therefore, people sometimes call Ethereum "world computer"
Ethereum is an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract function. It provides decentralized virtual machine (Ethereum virtual machine) to process point-to-point contract through its special cryptocurrency ether (also known as "Ethereum")
The token on theblockchain is called ether, and the code is eth. It can be traded in many foreign exchange markets of cryptocurrency, and it is also the medium used to pay transaction fees and computing services on Ethereum
the concept of Ethereum was first proposed by vitalik buterin, a programmer, from 2013 to 2014, inspired by bitcoin, with the general meaning of "next generation cryptocurrency and decentralized application platform", and began to develop through ICO crowdfunding in 2014. As of February 2018, Ethernet is the second highest cryptocurrency in market value, second only to bitcoin
extended data:
Ethereum platform has no characteristics and value. Like programming languages, it's up to entrepreneurs and developers to decide what to use. However, it is clear that some application types benefit more from the functions of Ethereum than others. Ethereum is especially suitable for those applications that automatically interact directly between points or promote group coordination activities across networks
for example, coordinate the application of point-to-point market, or the automation of complex financial contracts. Bitcoin enables indivials to exchange money without the help of financial institutions, banks or governments. The impact of Ethereum may be more profound
in theory, any complex financial activities or transactions can be automatically and reliably carried out on Ethereum with coding. In addition to financial applications, any application scenario with high requirements for trust, security and persistence, such as asset registration, voting, management and Internet of things, will be affected by Ethereum platform on a large scale
Ethereum is an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract function, which provides decentralized virtual machine (Ethereum virtual machine) to process point-to-point contract through its special cryptocurrency Ethereum. The concept of Ethereum was first inspired by bitcoin by vitalik buterin, a programmer, between 2013 and 2014, and now it's 2.0. Ethereum 2.0 is also something that the whole coin circle is waiting for. In order to celebrate the birth of the genesis block of eth2.0 on December 1, chinacoin officially supports the exchange of eth2.0 verification nodes at 17:00 Hong Kong time on November 20, 2020. It will invest its own eth in the verification node mining and exchange qeth to obtain liquidity. It will participate in the mining as soon as the exchange is received. Now it will give back to the user's welfare. The top 1000 eth enjoy the over exchange of qeth according to the ratio of 1:1.02. Compared with eth2.0, qeth has too many advantages: liquidity is guaranteed, users do not need to bear the technical cost, the threshold of participation does not need 32 eth, as low as 0.1eth, nodes are maintained by the platform, and the revenue is distributed according to eth2.0< br /> < br /> < br />
etc (Ethereum Classic) is a bifurcated currency that Ethereum hard bifurcates after 1920000 blocks, and its function is very similar to Ethereum. Etc adheres to the concept of decentralization and supports the consensus mechanism of blockchain guarantee. Etc firmly believes that once the blockchain starts to run, its development direction will not be controlled by any central team, but will be determined by the consensus of the people participating in the whole network and the consensus of the computing power of the whole network
the Ethereum blockchain hard branching in July 2016 aims to transfer the Dao funds stolen by hackers to an account controlled by investors, and let the old transaction records be forgotten by history. Most Ethereum developers are involved in the reversal, as are exchanges, startups and other members of the ecosystem. A few days later, the project returned to normal. But not everyone wants to forget the old record. As a result, a small number of miners continued to use the original blockchain as a protest. They described the hard fork as a capital withdrawal for the abandoned project of the Dao. So Ethereum classic (etc) was born
2. Detailed parameters
Chinese Name: Ethereum classic English Name: Ethereum classic English abbreviation: etc
developer: Ethereum Classic team core algorithm: ethash consensus proof: POW
release date: 2016 / 7 / 20 block time: About 15-17 seconds / block
total currency: fixed at 210 million, up to 230 million, Every 5 million blocks decelerate by 20%, and the first proction rection is expected to be in December 2017
main features: independent cryptocurrency
The postcode of Hefei city is 230000
the new administrative and cultural zone of Hefei is located in the southwest of the main urban area of Hefei, the provincial capital, with Jinzhai Road Viact in the East, Hefei high tech Instrial Development Zone in the West and Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone in the south. With a planning area of 12.67 square kilometers, it is an important part of the main urban area in Hefei's "141" urban space development strategy. It is also a new political and economic center and commercial and cultural center of Hefei, the provincial capital, integrating the functions of administrative office, culture, ecation and sports, Finance and trade, tourism and vacation, residence and leisure
The common information of Hefei administrative district is as follows:1. Area: About 6km southwest of the old city center
2. Area code: (+ 86) 0551
3. Administrative division code: 340100
4. License plate code: Wan a
extended information:
located in the main direction and heart of Hefei urban development sector, the new administrative and cultural zone is the only way to connect the main urban area, economic and Technological Development zone and university town. It is 20 minutes' drive from Hefei railway station, close to Hefei West Railway Station, and adjacent to Hefei Nanjing, Hefei Xuzhou, Hefei Wuhu expressways, It's only 10 minutes' drive from Hefei Luogang airport, and the airport and station are within the "living circle" of 20 minutes. It is not only the throat of the main urban area's westward and southward expansion, but also a beautiful window to reflect the image of modern Hefei City in the demonstration area of Wanjiang city belt's undertaking instrial transfer
China's postal code adopts a four level six digit structure. The first two digits indicate the province (municipality directly under the central government or autonomous region); The first three digits indicate the postal area; The first four digits represent counties (cities); The last two digits indicate the delivery office. Postcode is to realize the implementation of automatic mail sorting scheme, because the computer can not recognize Chinese, but can recognize numbers. Code each area, can quickly use the computer sorting, to write the more detailed the better
一般购买的服务器都有4个网卡，这个时候在安装好服务器后，配置IP的时候就郁闷了
如是一个浪潮8560M2服务器安装Redhat后的网卡显示：
[root@DBSERVER51 ~]# ifconfig -a
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:E0:ED:2D:0F:58
inet addr:192.168.4.10 Bcast:192.168.4.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:40428 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:392 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:3413500 (3.2 MiB) TX bytes:44521 (43.4 KiB)
Memory:faee0000-faf00000
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:E0:ED:2D:0F:59
BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
Memory:fae60000-fae80000
eth2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:25:90:5A:15:B6
BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
Memory:fafe0000-fb000000
eth3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:25:90:5A:15:B7
BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
Memory:faf60000-faf80000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:10 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:10 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:660 (660.0 b) TX bytes:660 (660.0 b)
从一个机房搬下来时，忘记标记了这个时候还是想修改eth0作为通信口但是一个一个插拔比较麻烦，于是就想能不能有个好办法，毕竟Linux不像Windows那样直观，打开网络连接就可以看到这个时候就要用到ethtool这样一个命令，命令详解如下：
命令描述：
ethtool 是用于查询及设置网卡参数的命令
ethX是以太网卡的名称，Linux系统将检测到的第一块以太网卡命名为eth0, 第二块为eth1,…….
使用概要：
ethtool ethx //查询ethx网口基本设置，其中 x 是对应网卡的编号，如eth0、eth1等等
ethtool –h //显示ethtool的命令帮助(help)
ethtool –i ethX //查询ethX网口的相关信息
ethtool –d ethX //查询ethX网口注册性信息
ethtool –r ethX //重置ethX网口到自适应模式
ethtool –S ethX //查询ethX网口收发包统计
ethtool –s ethX [speed 10|100|1000] [plex half|full] [autoneg on|off] //设置网口速率10/100/1000M、设置网口半/全双工、设置网口是否自协商
ethtool [ -a | -c | -g | -i | -d | -k | -r | -S |] ethX
ethtool [-A] ethX [autoneg on|off] [rx on|off] [tx on|off]
ethtool [-C] ethX [adaptive-rx on|off] [adaptive-tx on|off] [rx-usecs N] [rx-frames N] [rx-usecs-irq N] [rx-frames-irq N] [tx-usecs N] [tx-frames N] [tx-usecs-irq N] [tx-frames-irq N] [stats-block-usecs N][pkt-rate-low N][rx-usecs-low N] [rx-frames-low N] [tx-usecs-low N] [tx-frames-lowN] [pkt-rate-high N] [rx-usecs-high N] [rx-frames-high N] [tx-usecs-high N] [tx-frames-high N] [sample-interval N]
ethtool [-G] ethX [rx N] [rx-mini N] [rx-jumbo N] [tx N]
ethtool [-e] ethX [raw on|off] [offset N] [length N]
ethtool [-E] ethX [magic N] [offset N] [value N]
ethtool [-K] ethX [rx on|off] [tx on|off] [sg on|off] [tso on|off]
ethtool [-p] ethX [N]
ethtool [-t] ethX [offline|online]
ethtool [-s] ethX [speed 10|100|1000] [plex half|full] [autoneg on|off] [port tp|aui|bnc|mii] [phyad N] [xcvr internal|external]
[wol p|u|m|b|a|g|s|d...] [sopass xx:yy:zz:aa:bb:cc] [msglvl N]
标志
-a 查看网卡中 接收模块RX、发送模块TX和Autonegotiate模块的状态：启动on 或 停用off
-A 修改网卡中 接收模块RX、发送模块TX和Autonegotiate模块的状态：启动on 或 停用off
-c display the Coalesce information of the specified ethernet card
-C Change the Coalesce setting of the specified ethernet card
-g Display the rx/tx ring parameter information of the specified ethernet card
-G change the rx/tx ring setting of the specified ethernet card
-i 显示网卡驱动的信息，如驱动的名称、版本等
-d 显示register mp信息, 部分网卡驱动不支持该选项
-e 显示EEPROM mp信息，部分网卡驱动不支持该选项
-E 修改网卡EEPROM byte
-k 显示网卡Offload参数的状态：on 或 off，包括rx-checksumming、tx-checksumming等
-K 修改网卡Offload参数的状态
-p 用于区别不同ethX对应网卡的物理位置，常用的方法是使网卡port上的led不断的闪N指示了网卡闪的持续时间，以秒为单位
-r 如果auto-negotiation模块的状态为on，则restarts auto-negotiation
-S 显示NIC- and driver-specific 的统计参数，如网卡接收/发送的字节数、接收/发送的广播包个数等
-t 让网卡执行自我检测，有两种模式：offline or online
-s 修改网卡的部分配置，包括网卡速度、单工/全双工模式、mac地址等
Transaction
the behavior of blockchain transaction follows different rule sets
< UL >e to the distributed and unlicensed nature of public blockchain, anyone can sign the transaction and broadcast it to the network
according to different blockchains, traders will be charged a certain transaction fee, which depends on the needs of users rather than the value of assets in the transaction
blockchain transactions do not require any central authority verification. It only needs to use the digital signature algorithm (DSA) corresponding to its blockchain to sign it with the private key
once a transaction is signed, broadcast to the network and mined into a successful block in the network, the transaction cannot be recovered
Ethereum transaction structure
Ethereum transaction data structure: transaction 0.1 eth
{& 39; nonce':&# 39; 0x00', // Decimal: 0
& 39; gasLimit': &# 39; 0x5208', // Decimal system: 21000
& 39; gasPrice': &# 39; 0x3b9aca00', // Decimal system: 10000000000
& 39; to': &# 39;&# 39; ，// Sending address
& 39; value': &# 39; 0x16345785d8a0000',// 100000000000000000 ，10^17
' data': &# 39; 0x', // Decimal representation of null data; chainId': 1 / / blockchain network ID
}
these data have nothing to do with the transaction content, but have something to do with the execution mode of the transaction. This is because when you send a transaction in Ethereum, you must define some other parameters to tell miners how to handle your transaction. Transaction data structure has two attribute designs & quot; gas": & quot; gasPrice",& quot; gasLimit"
" gasPrice": The unit is Gwei, which is 1 / 1000 eth, indicating the transaction cost
& quot; gasLimit": The maximum gas charge allowed for the transaction
these two values are usually filled in automatically by the wallet provider
in addition, you need to specify which Ethereum network to execute the transaction (chainid): 1 represents the Ethereum main network
ring development, tests are usually carried out locally and on the test network, and transactions are carried out through the test eth issued by the test network to avoid economic losses. After the test, enter the main network transaction
in addition, if you need to submit some other data, you can use & quot; data" And & quot; nonce" Attach as part of a transaction
a nonce (number used only once) is the value used by Ethereum to track transactions, which helps to avoid double spending and replay attacks in the network
Ethereum transaction signature
Ethereum transaction involves ECDSA algorithm. Taking JavaScript code as an example, the popular ethers.js is used to call ECDSA algorithm for transaction signature
you can use the online application composer to deliver signed transactions to Ethereum. This is known as "offline signature.". Offline signatures are particularly useful for applications such as status channels, which are smart contracts that track the balance between two accounts and transfer funds after a signed transaction is submitted. Offline signature is also a common practice in dexes
you can also use online wallet to create signature verification and broadcast through Ethereum account
with Portis, you can sign a transaction to interact with the gas station network (GSN)
< / UL >
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