Ethereum founder died in a car accident

1.

Buterin, the founder of Ethereum, is a Russian

at the end of 2013, vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, released the first edition white paper of Ethereum and launched the project. From July 24, 2014, Ethereum has carried out a 42 day pre-sale of Ethereum coins. In early 2016, Ethereum's technology was recognized by the market, and its price began to soar, attracting a large number of people other than developers to enter Ethereum's world. Two of China's three major bitcoin exchanges, huocoin.com and okcoin.com, both officially launched Ethereum on May 31, 2017

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extended materials:

in 2011, butrin began to realize bitcoin under the influence of his father when he was 17 years old in high school. Butrin showed a strong interest in this new thing. In order to better understand this fully distributed currency, butrin began to read bitcoin forum and technical materials. He wrote bitcoin blog articles to earn bitcoin, although his hourly salary was only $2 an hour

when he made 20 BTCs, he took 8.5 to buy a shirt. But he realized at that time that if thousands of people from all over the world join the bitcoin community, an independent financial system can be created, and the application of blockchain is not limited to cryptocurrency, but applicable to all walks of life. Since then, Butlin has been working in this direction

in late 2011, butrin graally became famous in the community. A man from Romania invited him to co-founder bitcoin magazine and serve as the chief writer

2. Vitalik buterin, the founder of Ethereum and the younger brother of the post-90s generation, is known as "V God" in the Jianghu
bitcoin is a digital currency designed by Nakamoto in 2009. The identity of its founder "Nakamoto" has always been a mystery. Rumors about "father of bitcoin" involve from the US National Security Agency to financial experts, and also give bitcoin a mysterious aura. Matcha exchange can find out more about Ethereum bitcoin

3.

There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road

from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain

1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0

however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts

first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network

the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis

to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively

(1) fragmentation technology

vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved

however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization

(2) lightning network

lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain

however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel

only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain

another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost

Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactions

the above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network

Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event

Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident

(1) what does Dao mean

before introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized

autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

(2) the infamous Dao event

however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event

refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao

in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days

unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13

this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart

to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions

in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"

Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stability

4.

On October 10, it was reported that Russian President Vladimir Putin was ringing the alarm bell for cryptocurrency, suggesting that Russia may soon introce measures to crack down on the expanding cryptocurrency market

But in recent days, Russia's attitude has suddenly changed 180 degrees. Sergei shvetsov, the first deputy governor of the Russian central bank, said on Tuesday that the Russian government plans to block trading websites for cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin. According to the news, the price of bitcoin fell slightly for a time, but soon recovered to the previous level, because Russia's share in the bitcoin market is extremely limited

5. On October 22, 2013, Qiao from Dongyang searched GBL company, a bitcoin trading platform, on the Internet, and recharged 90000 yuan to buy and sell bitcoin through a third-party payment. On October 26, Qiao found that the staff of the network trading platform were not online, and some normal trading proceres could not be implemented, and then reported the case to Dongyang Public Security Bureau
Dongyang Public Security Bureau of Zhejiang Province immediately started the investigation and found that Qiao was not the only one who suffered losses. Through efforts, the police of the special task force determined the identity of the manager of the GBL trading platform and implemented the pursuit in time. The first case of fraud on bitcoin trading platform in China was solved
lawyer analysis:
Zhang Yanlai, senior special researcher of China e-commerce research center and lawyer of Zhejiang Jin law firm, believes that virtual currency is not a new concept. Q-coin and online game currency have long been known by people. However, the emergence of bitcoin once again makes people realize the power of virtual currency. Compared with the traditional q-coin, the biggest feature of bitcoin is that it does not have a unified issuing agency. The generation of bitcoin completely depends on computer algorithms, and anyone can participate in the issuance of bitcoin
this makes it difficult to trace the source of bitcoin, which makes it a real virtual currency. The anonymity, cross-border and other Internet genes of bitcoin make people see a new form of currency that may circulate in the future society, so the pursuit and use of bitcoin also continued to rise in 2013. Some foreign governments have recognized the legal status of bitcoin. In China, some online stores have begun to use bitcoin for trading. Restaurants that accept "bitcoin" consumption have appeared in Beijing. The first "bitcoin" investment fund in China is also being raised. After the Ya'an earthquake, one foundation has received a total of 65 bitcoin donations, with a market price of about 50000 yuan
of course, money laundering, fraud, gambling and so on will follow. This case is a typical case of fraud under the banner of bitcoin trading. As the first case of bitcoin fraud in China, the public security organs have also concted in-depth study and understanding of the professional knowledge related to bitcoin, and finally cracked the case. On December 5, 2013, the people's Bank of China, the Ministry of instry and information technology and other five ministries and commissions issued the notice on prevention of bitcoin risk, which first made it clear that bitcoin does not have the status of legal tender, and required financial institutions and Payment institutions not to price procts or services with bitcoin. The central bank believes that there are three risks in bitcoin Trading: high speculative risk; High risk of money laundering and being used by criminals or organizations. In the future, the future of bitcoin is not clear, especially in sovereign countries, which will take a prudent and conservative attitude towards currency, which involves financial order and national security. Therefore, the public should also raise enough risk awareness.

6. Mutual promotion of cryptocurrency development

7. Beck chain uses two ways to effectively fight against centralization and prevent joint evils among nodes:

first, expand the scope of integrity candidate nodes to 5% of all nodes, and randomly select consensus and accounting nodes from the candidate pool according to the time task. The larger the scope of nodes involved in the consensus, the less likely it is to commit joint crimes< Second, select nodes based on bit-r reputation value. Bit-r reputation value is the behavior portrait and historical transaction record of each user and node, which cannot be merged and transferred like token, so the feasibility of joint evil between nodes is small.

8. This paper uses the classic general economics model, namely vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, to analyze and demonstrate the bus general economics model according to the Fisher Equation optimized by blockchain economics.

9. Watch maintenance in summer
the climate is hot and humid in summer. When people sweat in hot weather, the watch may leave green or black marks on the wrist when it encounters sweat. Due to the different pH value in sweat, the degree of clock erosion is also different. Therefore, it is an important issue for watch lovers to take the initiative to maintain their watches
watch maintenance in summer
the reason why the watch turns green with sweat is that the watch factory adopts gold-plated copper-clad plating which is easy and beautiful in color, but if the gold-plated technology is not handled properly, it will cause the watch oxidation. Nowadays, PVD stainless steel plating technique is widely used in gold plating of watches and clocks, so it is rarely found. Therefore, it is recommended to buy stainless steel or K-gold materials. As for the problem of wrist blackening when wearing a watch, it is directly related to poor air quality and st stuck in the watch strap for a long time. In this case, it's best to give it to a professional watch shop for cleaning. You should also pay attention to the cleaning of the watch when you wear it on weekdays.