What is the purpose of Ethereum
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There is an essential difference between Ethereum and bitcoin. What is the difference? Bitcoin defines a set of currency system, while Ethereum focuses on building a main chain (which can be understood as a road) to allow a large number of blockchain applications to run on this road
from this point of view, Ethereum's application scenarios are more extensive, which is why we say that Ethereum marks a simple monetary system in the era of blockchain
1.0, and a transformation to other instries and application scenarios in the era of blockchain 2.0
however, there is no perfect thing in the world. Although Ethereum has expanded the application scope of blockchain in all walks of life and improved the speed of transaction processing, it also has some disputes and doubts
first, the solution to the lack of scalability of Ethereum: slicing technology and lightning network
the bottom design of Ethereum, the biggest problem is that Ethereum has only one chain and no side chain, which means that all programs have to run on this chain equally, consuming resources and causing system congestion. Just like last year's very popular Ethereum game "encryption cat", when this game was very popular, it once caused Ethereum network paralysis
to improve the processing capacity, Ethereum proposes two ways: shard and lightning network. Let's introce these two technologies respectively
(1) fragmentation technology
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, believes that the reason why mainstream blockchain networks such as bitcoin process transactions very slowly is that every miner has to process every transaction in the whole network, which is actually very inefficient. The idea of fragmentation technology is: a transaction does not need to be processed by all nodes in the whole network, as long as some nodes (miners) in the network are allowed to process it. Therefore, Ethereum network is divided into many pieces. At the same time, each piece can handle different transactions. In this way, the network performance will be greatly improved
however, the slicing technology is also controversial. As we all know, the important idea of blockchain technology is decentralization. Only when the whole network witnesses (processes) the same transaction can it have the highest authority. The Ethereum slicing technology is similar to the group witness, not all nodes witness together. In this way, it will lose the absolute "decentralization" attribute, and can only achieve the purpose of high performance by sacrificing certain characteristics of decentralization
(2) lightning network
lightning network uses the way of transaction under the chain. What does that mean? It means: when the participants of lightning network transfer money to each other, they do not need to confirm the transaction through the main chain of Ethereum, but create a payment channel between the participants and complete it under the chain
however, lightning network is not separated from the main chain. Before establishing a payment channel, you need to use the assets on the main chain as collateral to generate a balance proof, which indicates that you can transfer the corresponding balance. In the case that both parties of the transaction hold the balance certificate, both parties can make unlimited number of transfers under the chain through the payment channel
only when the off chain transaction is completed and the assets need to be transferred back to the chain, the balance change information of the main chain account will be registered on the Ethereum main chain, and no matter how many transactions occur ring this period, there will be no record on the main chain
another real benefit of lightning network is that it can save the cost of miners for you. At present, when we trade on the main chain of Ethereum, we need to consume gas and pay for miners. Once we move the transaction to the lower chain, we can save this part of the cost
Of course, lightning network is not perfect. When using the lightning network, the assets on the main chain should be used as collateral; And this part of assets as collateral can not be used before the user completes the transaction under the chain. This also determines that lightning trading is only suitable for small transactionsthe above is the problem of insufficient scalability of Ethereum, as well as the two main solutions: fragmentation technology and lightning network
Second, there are loopholes in Ethereum's smart contract and the infamous Dao event
Ethereum's smart contract is very powerful, but there are loopholes in any code. The biggest controversy of Ethereum's smart contract lies in the so-called loopholes, that is, security issues. According to relevant research, 34200 (about 3%) of the nearly 1 million smart contracts based on Ethereum contain security vulnerabilities, which will allow hackers to steal eth, freeze assets or delete contracts, such as the infamous Dao incident
(1) what does Dao meanbefore introcing the Dao event, let's first introce what Dao is. Dao is the abbreviation of decentralized
autonomous organization, which can be understood as decentralized autonomous organization. From the perspective of Ethereum, Dao is a kind of contract or a combination of contracts on the blockchain, which is used to replace the government's review and complex intermediate proceres, so as to achieve an efficient and decentralized trust system. Therefore, Dao is not a specific organization, that is to say, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
(2) the infamous Dao event
however, when we talk about Dao now, we basically refer to the Dao event, that is, the infamous hacker attack event we just mentioned. As we know, the English word "the" refers to "the Dao event". The Dao event
refers to "the Dao event", because we just said that Dao is not a specific organization, there can be many Dao, all kinds of Dao
in 2016, slock.it, a German company focusing on "smart locks", launched the Dao project on Ethereum in order to realize decentralized physical exchange (such as apartments and ships). Since April 30, 2016, the financing window has been open for 28 days
unexpectedly, this Dao project is very popular. It raised more than US $100 million in just half a month. By the end of the whole financing period, it raised a total of US $150 million. Therefore, it has become the largest crowdfunding project in history. However, it didn't last long. In June, hackers took advantage of the loopholes in the smart contract to successfully transfer more than 3.6 million Ethernet coins and put them into a Dao sub organization, which has the same structure as the Dao. At that time, the price of Ethernet currency fell directly from more than $20 to less than $13
this event shows that there are loopholes in smart contracts, and once the loopholes are exploited by hackers, the consequences will be very serious. This is why many people criticize Ethereum and say that its smart contract is not smart
to solve this problem, many foreign companies begin to provide code audit services in order to solve the vulnerability problem of smart contract. From a technical point of view, some teams are currently testing smart contracts. Most of these teams are led by professors from Harvard, Stanford and Yale, and some of them have obtained investment from leading institutions
in addition to the problems of insufficient expansibility and loopholes in smart contracts, the controversy over Ethereum lies in the POS consensus mechanism it pursues, that is, the proof of equity mechanism. Under the proof of equity mechanism, if anyone holds more money and holds it for a longer time, he will get more "rights" (interests) and have the opportunity to get bookkeeping power, Bookkeeping can also be rewarded. In this way, it is easy to create the oligarchic advantage of "the stronger the stronger"
Another problem is the chaos of ICO. ICO is a common way to raise funds for blockchain projects, which we can understand as pre-sale. The outbreak of ICO projects on Ethereum has caused illegal activities such as fund allocation and money fraud under the banner of ICO, which has caused security risks to social and financial stabilitywhat is Ethereum:
Ethereum is an innovation based on the application of technologies and concepts in bitcoin to computers. Ethereum itself imitates a lot of bitcoin technology to maintain the computer platform. Blockchain technology is one of them
Ethereum platform can safely run any program users want
advantages of Ethereum over other competitive currencies before Ethereum appeared, some digital currencies imitated bitcoin. However, these projects have their own shortcomings, they can only support one or several specific applications at the same time< However, the reason why Ethereum can surpass the limitations of these projects in the past is because of the core idea of Ethereum
what Ethereum wants to implement is a blockchain protocol with built-in programming language. Since it supports programming language, in theory, any blockchain application can be defined with this language, and then run on Ethereum's blockchain protocol as an application
The design of Ethereum is very flexible and adaptable
Ethereum target sets the advantages of blockchain technology, in order to add the advantages of blockchain, such as decentralization, openness and security, to almost all computing fields
blockchain applications of Ethereum
Ethereum has many blockchain applications, such as digital applications of gold and stocks, financial derivatives applications, DNS and digital authentication, etc
Ethereum has achieved more than 100 blockchain applications by many start-ups
Ethereum has also been closely watched by some financial institutions, banking consortia (such as R3), as well as large companies like Samsung, Deloitte, RWE and IBM. As a result, a number of blockchain applications such as simplified and automated financial transactions, merchant loyalty index tracking, and gift cards designed to achieve decentralization of electronic transactions have emerged
the relationship between Ethereum and blockchain:
Ethereum is a programmable blockchain
Ethereum does not give users a series of preset operations (such as bitcoin transaction), but allows users to create complex operations according to their own wishes
in this way, Ethereum can be used as a platform for various types of decentralized blockchain applications, including but not limited to cryptocurrency
like other blockchains, Ethereum also has a peer-to-peer network protocol. Ethereum blockchain database is maintained and updated by many nodes connected to the network. Each network node runs the Ethereum simulator and executes the same instructions. Therefore, people sometimes call Ethereum "world computer"
Ethereum is an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract function. It provides decentralized virtual machine (Ethereum virtual machine) to process point-to-point contract through its special cryptocurrency ether (also known as "Ethereum")
The token on theblockchain is called ether, and the code is eth. It can be traded in many foreign exchange markets of cryptocurrency, and it is also the medium used to pay transaction fees and computing services on Ethereum
the concept of Ethereum was first proposed by vitalik buterin, a programmer, from 2013 to 2014, inspired by bitcoin, with the general meaning of "next generation cryptocurrency and decentralized application platform", and began to develop through ICO crowdfunding in 2014. As of February 2018, Ethernet is the second highest cryptocurrency in market value, second only to bitcoin
extended data:
Ethereum platform has no characteristics and value. Like programming languages, it's up to entrepreneurs and developers to decide what to use. However, it is clear that some application types benefit more from the functions of Ethereum than others. Ethereum is especially suitable for those applications that automatically interact directly between points or promote group coordination activities across networks
for example, coordinate the application of point-to-point market, or the automation of complex financial contracts. Bitcoin enables indivials to exchange money without the help of financial institutions, banks or governments. The impact of Ethereum may be more profound
in theory, any complex financial activities or transactions can be automatically and reliably carried out on Ethereum with coding. In addition to financial applications, any application scenario with high requirements for trust, security and persistence, such as asset registration, voting, management and Internet of things, will be affected by Ethereum platform on a large scale
although bitcoin and Ethernet are both digital currencies, unlike bitcoin, the main purpose of Ethernet is not to build itself as a payment substitute, but to facilitate and monetize the operation of Ethereum, so that developers can build and run distributed applications
In fact, Ethernet is an electronic virtual currency, which is regarded as "bitcoin version 2.0". The blockchain technology "Ethereum", which is different from bitcoin, is the real reason to win Putin's favor
Ethereum is an open-source public blockchain platform with smart contract function. It mainly provides decentralized virtual machine to process point-to-point contracts through its special encrypted currency Ethereum, which is fast and unlimited in quantity. In other words, it is a monetary payment system, but their functions and purposes are different
if bitcoin is considered to be a shared global book that securely records all bitcoin bills. Then Ethereum is to maintain a shared computing platform, which can flexibly and safely run any program users want. Because of this, many countries and enterprises are developing how to use Ethereum technology in the real world
the latest price of eth on btctrade platform of bitcoin trading network is ￥ 2430! The increase is amazing
blockchain Ethereum is widely used
at present, the application of Ethereum technology in Russia is still relatively positive. For example, veb, the state-owned Development Bank of Russia, began to apply Ethereum technology to some administrative functions last week, and Russian steel giants are also testing the application of Ethereum in the safe transfer of international letters of credit. Therefore, Putin believes that this virtual currency can help Russia diversify its economy and support the paving of the way by blockchain technology and the establishment of new businesses
not only Russia, JPMorgan Chase, Microsoft, Intel and others are optimistic about Ethereum technology. At the same time, Ethereum has also been paid close attention by some financial institutions, banking consortia, Samsung, IBM and other large companies, resulting in the simplification and automation of financial transactions, merchant loyalty index tracking, customer satisfaction index tracking, customer satisfaction index tracking, etc Blockchain applications such as gift cards are designed to achieve decentralization of electronic transactions. That's why the etheric currency is rising
the future of ether coin
of course, different from Ethernet, there are 670 bitcoin ATMs in the world, and thousands of outlets support bitcoin payment, but Ethernet has not yet emerged in the field of electronic payment. Mainly used to support the Ethereum network to run the program. Therefore, whether bitcoin will be recognized in the future is still unknown, but what Russian President Vladimir Putin has done may not be a signal
we have said before: it is still difficult to define bitcoin as currency, but it must be an asset, and I think Ethereum must be an asset. Although the application of blockchain technology is not yet mature, in a sense, it will be used sooner or later. After all, in the future era of big data, blockchain technology can better protect the efficiency and privacy of our information
this is why digital currency Ethereum is so popular
hope to adopt
what is stable currency
stable currency, as its name suggests, is a cryptocurrency with stable value, and its exchange ratio with legal currency remains relatively stable. Because the exchange ratio between legal currency and goods and services is relatively stable, the ultimate anchor of stable currency is goods and services, that is, the actual purchasing power
stable currency originated from usdt (benchmarked US dollar) issued by 2014 bitfinex established tether limited. The opportunity for the birth of cryptocurrency is that the mainstream currency accounts for the vast majority of the market value, but the price fluctuates violently, which makes the liquidity of cryptocurrency market decline. In this case, in order to protect their assets, investors need to find a better way to store value, so the stable currency market arises at the historic moment
the essence of stable currency is a kind of accounting voucher
modern banking system is based on the central bank at the bottom, commercial banks at the top and financial technology companies at the top. Their basic prototype mainly comes from the double entry bookkeeping which was born 500 years ago. Even after so many years, the banking system is constantly developing and changing, but its core is the centralized account system, which depends on the central bank. When we transfer money from one account to another, we are actually making account changes through the bank. When using stable currency for transfer and remittance, it completely transfers from its own account book to another account book. The essence of stable currency is a kind of bookkeeping voucher
some people would say, isn't Alipay also using block chaining technology? On this basis, Alipay upgraded and upgraded the account book, which is two different schemes based on the stable currency issued by block chain technology. You see that money is transferred from a Alipay account to another Alipay account, but it is still operated in the central bank's account system.
why is stable currency the future of blockchain
at present, stable currency is mainly used to provide channels for legal currency to enter the cryptocurrency world, help currency people avoid risks in transactions, and provide payment services for blockchain application projects. Although the current digital currency market is not too optimistic, but the cryptocurrency project is in constant development. The number of stable currencies on the market has already exceeded 50, and is still on the rise. 2019 is bound to be the year of stable currency outbreak. How did stable currency break through in the wave of digital currency? Why is stable currency the future of blockchain? This involves how stable currency affects the blockchain instry
tickets for users to enter the market
after "94" in 2017, China banned the market circulation of cryptocurrency, restricted banks and other financial institutions as payment platforms or channels, and many countries also restricted the circulation of cryptocurrency. But there are still a lot of users who want to enter the market, they will choose over-the-counter trading and trade through the community. But because of the uncertainty, opacity, small scale and other problems, OTC has some trading risks. Usdt, a stable currency anchored to the US dollar at a ratio of 1:1, has become a supplementary scheme for some new funds
the insurance medium of user assets
in the weak market, the price of token fluctuates greatly, and traders do not want to take risks or leave the market. In the case that the trading platform does not support legal currency trading pairs, it is almost the only choice to use "stable currency trading pairs" to exchange for stable currency
the emergence of stable currency is the proct of a special historical stage e to the contradiction between the rapidly developing demand for token investment and the restriction of legal currency admission by regulation. The more serious the price fluctuation of mainstream currency is, the more valuable the existence of stable currency is
"trade as settlement" is an efficient payment and settlement tool
blockchain technology has great value in the field of payment and settlement. With the emergence of JPMorgan JMP, many banks around the world have begun to explore how to use blockchain technology to issue stable currency. The "stable currency" issued by these banking giants is essentially using a convenient and efficient settlement network based on blockchain technology. The more financial institutions and customer groups join the network, the greater the value of the settlement network
as JPMorgan Chase, IBM and Facebook have revealed that they want to issue currency, stable currency has once again set off an upsurge. After the strong fluctuation of usdt in the second half of 2018, it was derided as "unstable stable currency" by many people, so Pax, tusd, GUSD, etc. followed closely. Seizing the market quota of stable currency is very fierce for a time, but the fierce market competition means that there is not much space left in the market, and no matter how much stable currency there is, it seems meaningless. Then the major exchanges began to launch their own platform currency. JPMorgan Chase, IBM and Facebook also entered the market. The situation of stable currency also changed greatly. Facebook and JPMorgan have both broad user base and far-reaching economic impact, and issuing currency will certainly have inherent advantages. Beijing Digital capital technology, which is deeply engaged in the study of the significance of stable currency, has made practical application of stable currency in postal, supply chain finance, lottery and other fields. It is understood that the world's first African blockchain lottery will also be released in the near future. In this way, we can certainly expect to stabilize the currency market.
The first real milestone should be a local election, and the ultimate goal is a national election
At a time when people's trust in government agencies in western countries is declining at an alarming rate, the Russian government under Putin is taking measures to strengthen people's trust in its system Russia's democratic system has a long history, but the corruption left by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the plunder by the western world in Yeltsin's reign are still a big problemRussia's launch of this system coincides with the time when "us special prosecutor Mueller formally filed a lawsuit against 13 Russians and three Russian entities for interfering in the 2016 US presidential election, causing a global sensation". For the anti democratic forces, the incident makes Mueller look more like an available fool
while Washington's bigwigs are still dissatisfied and complaining about the election results they don't like, Russia is taking action to ensure that one of Joseph Stalin's most frequently quoted maxims - "the voter decides nothing, the teller decides everything" does not apply to Russia