US authorities arrest Ethereum developer
Publish: 2021-05-23 08:55:51
1.
Buterin, the founder of Ethereum, is a Russian
at the end of 2013, vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, released the first edition white paper of Ethereum and launched the project. From July 24, 2014, Ethereum has carried out a 42 day pre-sale of Ethereum coins. In early 2016, Ethereum's technology was recognized by the market, and its price began to soar, attracting a large number of people other than developers to enter Ethereum's world. Two of China's three major bitcoin exchanges, huocoin.com and okcoin.com, both officially launched Ethereum on May 31, 2017
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extended materials:
in 2011, butrin began to realize bitcoin under the influence of his father when he was 17 years old in high school. Butrin showed a strong interest in this new thing. In order to better understand this fully distributed currency, butrin began to read bitcoin forum and technical materials. He wrote bitcoin blog articles to earn bitcoin, although his hourly salary was only $2 an hour
when he made 20 BTCs, he took 8.5 to buy a shirt. But he realized at that time that if thousands of people from all over the world join the bitcoin community, an independent financial system can be created, and the application of blockchain is not limited to cryptocurrency, but applicable to all walks of life. Since then, Butlin has been working in this direction
in late 2011, butrin graally became famous in the community. A man from Romania invited him to co-founder bitcoin magazine and serve as the chief writer
2. Ethereum blockchain has exposed three major problems, and its founder vitalik buterin has been unable to interpret them for a long time. The first is the low performance and TPS of Ethereum blockchain as a whole; The second is that resources are not isolated. The event of cryptokitties virtual cat once occupied 20% of the traffic of the whole Ethereum, which directly caused Ethereum network users unable to carry out timely transactions, which is the biggest pain point of resources not isolated; The third problem lies in the embodiment of Ethereum's governance structure. As a decentralized distributed ledger, the founder team of Ethereum has dominated its network development in the past. The over centralized governance mode has led to the bifurcation of eth, etc and ETF in Ethereum, and the Ethereum community is now in a state of fragmented governance. In the view of Ma Haobo, founder and CEO of "aelf", all kinds of disadvantages of Ethereum are unacceptable. Therefore, the positioning of "aelf" is born for the next generation of decentralized underlying computing platform of Ethereum, which focuses on solving the problems of insufficient performance, non isolation of resources and governance structure of Ethereum.
3.
1. Bitcoin
the concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto in 2009. According to Nakamoto's ideas, open source software was designed and released, and the P2P network was built on it. Bitcoin is a kind of P2P digital currency. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment system
2, Ethereum
Ethereum (ETH) is a kind of digital token of Ethereum, which is regarded as "bitcoin version 2.0". It adopts the blockchain technology "Ethereum", which is different from bitcoin. Developers need to pay for eth to support the operation of the application. Like other digital currencies, they can be traded on trading platforms
3. Litecoin
litecoin It is a kind of network currency based on "peer-to-peer" technology. It is also an open source software project under MIT / X11 license. It can help users make instant payments to anyone in the world
lightcoin is inspired by bitcoin (BTC) and has the same implementation principle in technology. The creation and transfer of lightcoin is based on an open source encryption protocol and is not managed by any central organization
Dogcoin, which is called dogcoin / dogcoin by some people, was born on December 8, 2013. Based on the crypt algorithm, dogcoin is the second largest virtual currency in the world after bitcoin in terms of the number of usersdigital currency is a global common currency initiated by non-governmental organizations. It does not belong to a certain country, but belongs to all mankind. It has the advantages of fast global transfer. For example, it can remit money from China to the United States in a few seconds, and the cost is low, and the total amount will not be increased at will like legal money, so the total amount is relatively stable
Yuanbao coin is a virtual digital currency similar to bitcoin. The founder of yuanbaocoin is a group of bitcoin enthusiasts and the earliest supporters. However, after seeing the problem of bitcoin, he decided to do his best to develop an electronic currency suitable for Chinese people with the latest technology Ppcoin was pre released by sunny king on August 11, 2012 and officially released on August 19, 2012. Ppcoin's biggest innovation is that its mining method combines POW workload proof and POS equity proof. POS mining method only needs ordinary computers and clients to process transactions and maintain network security, so as to achieve the purpose of energy saving and security Katecoin (KTC) is a virtual P2P digital currency that can be used all over the world. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment systemin businesses that support Kat coin consumption, you can directly use Kat coin for consumption payment
8, quark money
based on six encryption algorithms (black, BMW, groestl, JH, keccak, skein), nine rounds of super secure hash operation of virtual money, three rounds of application of random hash function, quark money has unique technical specifications
9, infinity coin
infinity coin (IFC) is a new digital currency, which has more circulation advantages than bitcoin, and fills the short board of bitcoin in the field of commercial circulation and promoting commercial operation
one transaction of infinite coin needs three confirmations, each confirmation takes 30 seconds, and the transaction confirmation speed is very fast. Because bitcoin transaction needs 6 confirmations, which takes about 1 hour, and lightcoin transaction takes 15 minutes, infinite coin is used in daily common transactions, which is more practical
Common coin, English name popular coin, or POC, was born on March 7, 2014. The total POC is close to the world population (7.057 billion)POC is a super secure hash operation based on nine rounds of six encryption algorithms (Blake, BMW, groestl, JH, keccak, skein), which is suitable for CPU mining. It generates a block every 15 seconds, with a total of 7.057 billion (close to the world population)
extended data
virtual currency refers to non real currency. Well known virtual currency, such as network company's network currency, Tencent company's Q currency, Q point, Shanda company's voucher, Sina's Micro currency (used for micro games, Sina reading, etc.), chivalrous Yuanbao (used for chivalrous road game), silver pattern (used for bixue Qingtian game)
the popular digital currencies in 2013 are bitcoin, Leyte coin, infinite coin, quark coin, zeta coin, BBQ coin, pennies (Internet), invisible gold bar, red coin and prime currency. At present, hundreds of digital currencies are issued all over the world. Popular in the circle & quot; The legend of "bitcoin, Wright silver, infinite copper, pennies aluminum"
4. Go full stack + blockchain course:
a total of 22 weeks, divided into five stages,
the first stage is 4 weeks, go language foundation and network concurrency, learning the introctory go language,
the second stage is 4 weeks, go language practical web development, crawler development, cryptography, consensus algorithm, realizing lightweight public chain, learning the website and crawler that can develop golang, Achieve lightweight blockchain
stage 3, 4-week Ethereum source code analysis and smart contract DAPP development, master Ethereum core and smart contract development, as well as blockchain,
stage 4, 4-week super ledger, bitcoin EOS, source code analysis and smart contract practice, master super ledger development, cat bitcoin, bifurcated EOS after learning, As well as DAPP development of smart contract
phase 5, 6-week project practice, five enterprise level projects, and one year of blockchain project experience after learning
from the characteristics of the language itself, go is a very efficient language, which highly supports concurrency. Go language itself pays more attention to distributed system, and concurrency processing is relatively good, such as advertising and search, That kind of high concurrency server
go language advantages:
excellent performance, can be directly compiled into machine code, does not rely on other libraries, go is extremely fast. Its performance is similar to Java or C + +
concurrency is supported at the language level, which is the biggest feature of go. It is born to support concurrency, and go is the concurrency supported in gene, which can make full use of multi-core and make it easy to use concurrency
the built-in runtime supports garbage collection, which is one of the features of dynamic language. Although GC is not perfect at present, it is enough to cope with most of the situations we can encounter, especially GC after go1.1
it's easy to learn. The authors of go language all have the gene of C, so go naturally has the gene of C. There are 25 go keywords, but the expressive ability is very strong. It almost supports most of the features you've seen in other languages: inheritance, overloading, object, etc
rich standard libraries, go has built a large number of libraries, especially the network library, which is also my favorite part< As like as two peas, br / > built-in powerful tools, Go language is built with many tools chain, the best should be gofmt tools, automatic formatting code, make team review become so simple, code format is exactly the same, it is very difficult to think differently.
cross platform compilation and fast compilation. Compared with the sluggish compilation speed of Java and C + +, the fast compilation time of go is a major efficiency advantage
disadvantages of go language:
package management: package management of go language is absolutely not perfect. By default, it has no way to make a specific version of the dependency library, nor can it create replicable builds. In contrast, python, node and Ruby all have better package management systems. However, with the right tools, the package management of go language can also perform well
lack of development framework: go language does not have a major framework, such as Ruby's rails framework, Python's Django framework or PHP's laravel. This is a heated discussion in the go language community, because many people think that we should not start with using frameworks. This is true in many cases, but if you just want to build a simple crud API, it's much easier to use Django / djrf, rails laravel, or Phoenix
exception handling: go language can help developers deal with compilation errors by simply returning errors (or call stack) through functions and expected calling codes. Although this method is effective, it is easy to lose the scope of the error, so it is difficult to provide meaningful error information to users. Error package can solve this problem by allowing us to add context and stack trace to return error
another problem is that we may forget to handle errors. Static analysis tools such as errcheck and megacheck can avoid these errors. Although these solutions are very effective, they may not be the right way.
a total of 22 weeks, divided into five stages,
the first stage is 4 weeks, go language foundation and network concurrency, learning the introctory go language,
the second stage is 4 weeks, go language practical web development, crawler development, cryptography, consensus algorithm, realizing lightweight public chain, learning the website and crawler that can develop golang, Achieve lightweight blockchain
stage 3, 4-week Ethereum source code analysis and smart contract DAPP development, master Ethereum core and smart contract development, as well as blockchain,
stage 4, 4-week super ledger, bitcoin EOS, source code analysis and smart contract practice, master super ledger development, cat bitcoin, bifurcated EOS after learning, As well as DAPP development of smart contract
phase 5, 6-week project practice, five enterprise level projects, and one year of blockchain project experience after learning
from the characteristics of the language itself, go is a very efficient language, which highly supports concurrency. Go language itself pays more attention to distributed system, and concurrency processing is relatively good, such as advertising and search, That kind of high concurrency server
go language advantages:
excellent performance, can be directly compiled into machine code, does not rely on other libraries, go is extremely fast. Its performance is similar to Java or C + +
concurrency is supported at the language level, which is the biggest feature of go. It is born to support concurrency, and go is the concurrency supported in gene, which can make full use of multi-core and make it easy to use concurrency
the built-in runtime supports garbage collection, which is one of the features of dynamic language. Although GC is not perfect at present, it is enough to cope with most of the situations we can encounter, especially GC after go1.1
it's easy to learn. The authors of go language all have the gene of C, so go naturally has the gene of C. There are 25 go keywords, but the expressive ability is very strong. It almost supports most of the features you've seen in other languages: inheritance, overloading, object, etc
rich standard libraries, go has built a large number of libraries, especially the network library, which is also my favorite part< As like as two peas, br / > built-in powerful tools, Go language is built with many tools chain, the best should be gofmt tools, automatic formatting code, make team review become so simple, code format is exactly the same, it is very difficult to think differently.
cross platform compilation and fast compilation. Compared with the sluggish compilation speed of Java and C + +, the fast compilation time of go is a major efficiency advantage
disadvantages of go language:
package management: package management of go language is absolutely not perfect. By default, it has no way to make a specific version of the dependency library, nor can it create replicable builds. In contrast, python, node and Ruby all have better package management systems. However, with the right tools, the package management of go language can also perform well
lack of development framework: go language does not have a major framework, such as Ruby's rails framework, Python's Django framework or PHP's laravel. This is a heated discussion in the go language community, because many people think that we should not start with using frameworks. This is true in many cases, but if you just want to build a simple crud API, it's much easier to use Django / djrf, rails laravel, or Phoenix
exception handling: go language can help developers deal with compilation errors by simply returning errors (or call stack) through functions and expected calling codes. Although this method is effective, it is easy to lose the scope of the error, so it is difficult to provide meaningful error information to users. Error package can solve this problem by allowing us to add context and stack trace to return error
another problem is that we may forget to handle errors. Static analysis tools such as errcheck and megacheck can avoid these errors. Although these solutions are very effective, they may not be the right way.
5. Ethereum is not a kind of currency, but a decentralized intelligent protocol. It can be understood as a huge global account book. The logic of this intelligent protocol does not need a specific server to support its daily operation. Instead, it is the protocol terms given by the executors before entering among the scattered users. This is an application evolved from decentralization
compared with bitcoin, we can find that Ethereum is more difficult to develop a new encryption technology than bitcoin. This breakthrough has greatly reced the development cost and time for developers who apply blockchain technology. The emergence of Ethereum once again reiterated the need to split the center, as well as the feasibility and advantages of decentralized distributed applications, to the existing economic market, the financial sector a new direction of development and throw to the society a new entrepreneurial ideas and opportunities.
compared with bitcoin, we can find that Ethereum is more difficult to develop a new encryption technology than bitcoin. This breakthrough has greatly reced the development cost and time for developers who apply blockchain technology. The emergence of Ethereum once again reiterated the need to split the center, as well as the feasibility and advantages of decentralized distributed applications, to the existing economic market, the financial sector a new direction of development and throw to the society a new entrepreneurial ideas and opportunities.
6. With the upgrading of Ethereum to version 2.0 this year, the consensus mechanism will be converted to POS, which will have a huge impact on miners. There are two choices for miners. One is to sell mining equipment and buy eth to adapt to the stacking mechanism of POS; The second is to switch the miner to other networks supporting GPU miner. Nick foster, a representative of kabombacks, a US mining equipment distributor, said most eth miners would choose the latter
after Ethereum is upgraded to version 2.0 POS mechanism, miners may switch mining machines to other networks
as Ethereum is finally ready to start its Ethereum 2.0 upgrade later this year, thus eliminating the long-term delay, the network will start to move towards the proof of rights model
therefore, the network will give up the workload proof consensus algorithm, so that eth miners have little choice. As their equipment will become obsolete, they will be forced to start mining counterfeit coins or re qualify as eth mortgagors. So, what is the current situation of Ethereum mining? With the coming transition, what will happen to the whole instry< At present, Ethereum consensus is based on POW system, which is similar to bitcoin (BTC). As a result, Ethereum's mining process is almost the same, as miners use their computing resources to earn rewards for each block they try to complete< However, there are still major differences between these processes. Although bitcoin mining has relied almost entirely on ASIC (large, loud machines designed specifically for cryptocurrency mining, most of which are concentrated in areas with low electricity prices), Ethereum's pow hash algorithm ethash is designed to support global chip manufacturers (such as NVIDIA and AMD). As Thomas Heller, global business director of cryptocurrency mining pool f2pool, explained in a conversation with cointegraph, GPU is much cheaper and easier to access than ASIC
"as ASIC is a very professional machine, when a new generation of procts is released, it is usually a huge technological leap. As a result, they have a much higher hash rate and are more energy efficient than the previous generation. This means that those manufacturers have spent a lot of money to research and develop it. Their machines are usually very expensive, and GPUs are much cheaper. "
Heller added that those who use GPU miners "have more flexibility to mine." For example, the popular NVIDIA geforce GTX 1080 Ti card can mine more than 15 different currencies, while ASIC units usually support only one currency
nevertheless, Ethereum is not completely immune to ASIC miners - at least in its current state. In April 2018, bitcontinent released antminer E3, an ASIC specially proced for mining Ethereum. Although widely praised for its hash rate of 180 megahashes per second and power consumption of 800 watts, it has received different responses from the Ethereum community. After the ASIC is inserted, a considerable number of GPU rig owners seem to suffer from loss of profits, and some are even forced to switch to other networks
"in the white paper, ETH must have ASIC resistance. I would like to say that the white paper stands for something "is one of the highest comments on the AR / ethermining topic about the topic discussed when antminer E3 was announced. Another reddit user argued that "the $800 only applies to 180mh."“ Split or die of a nation. "
some Ethereum users continue to suggest that bitmain's mining devices can lead to greater concentration, thus increasing the possibility of attack by 51%. Soon, a group of developers put forward "programmed workload proof" or progpow, which is an extension of the current Ethereum algorithm ethash, aiming to make GPU more competitive and promote decentralization
according to a paper published in March by Kristy Leigh Minehan, co-founder of progpow, about 40% of the hash rate of Ethereum is generated by bitmain ASIC. Alejandro de la Torre, the vice president of poolin, is the sixth largest pool of eth. He confirmed to cointegration that "GPU mining is still dominant" in Ethereum network, and added:
"at present, the profit of eth mining is not high, and the management threshold and cost of GPU equipment are higher than ASIC equipment. Compared with ASIC devices, GPU devices are more flexible, and you can use other algorithms to switch to other coins. "
progpow has not been integrated into Ethereum, and it is not clear when it will be finally implemented - in March, Ethereum core developers were debating whether progpow will really benefit the network in nearly two hours, and failed to reach a consensus. It is worth noting that a bitmain representative has previously told cointegraph that the mining hardware giant does not intend to extend the service life of antminer E3 to start operation after October 2020: "as far as we know, mining will end in October or some time after that."
a safe but uncertain future
indeed, Ethereum will stay away from mining in the future. Ethereum 2.0, which is planned to be launched later in 2020, is a major network upgrade on the blockchain, aiming to transfer its current POW consensus algorithm to a virtual POS (known as "block verifier")
more specifically, users are randomly selected considering their wealth in the network or their "interests". In other words, the more coins a POS verifier chooses to put in, the more coins accumulated as a reward
according to vitalik buterin, the co-founder of Ethereum, e to the transition, the network will be more secure and the attack cost will be higher than the network of bitcoin, although the debate about the better consensus algorithm in the encryption community has lasted for many years. However, it is not clear when to start Ethereum 2.0, as many errors and management issues are reported to be delaying the process
another hypothetical benefit of POS system is that it has higher energy efficiency than pow blockchain. According to digiconomist, the cryptocurrency's total annual footprint is 59.31 terawatts per hour, which is comparable to the electricity consumption of Greece as a whole. However, since a report in July 2019 estimated that 74% of the exploitation of bitcoin was done using renewable energy, the environmental impact of bitcoin does not seem to be so serious
what will happen to the actual Ethereum miner? According to the documentation of Casper upgrade as part of Ethereum 2.0 roadmap, the network will initially support a hybrid model including both POW and POS, thus providing some space for block verifiers and GPU / ASIC miners. Jack O & 39, CEO of skale network; "There will definitely be a transition period when two networks are running at the same time," Holleran told cointegration The CEO of scale network (based on Ethereum's blockchain platform) gave a detailed description of this process:
"the transition from eth1 to eth2 takes time of course - it may be years rather than months. The good news about this slow transition is that dapps and defi platforms will be able to roam around based on survivability, security and real-world evidence of adoption. This is a positive impact on the Ethereum ecosystem. "
dig or not
once Ethereum is fully in the POS orbit, miners will have two options. One is to sell the equipment and use the money to accumulate more Eth and start mortgage. The other is the choice for GPU miners, which is simply switching to other ethash networks and mining counterfeit money. Nick foster, a representative of kabombacks, a US mining equipment dealer, told cointegration that most eth miners would choose the latter:
"what I want to say is that most of the miners have not really entered Ethereum or the mining of specific tokens. Yes, there is a certain amount of mineral deposits and holds, but I oppose the view that a large number of Shanzhai coin miners hold their coins at any time. "<
foster then described how he used 3gb GPU units to mine ethash's point-to-point blockchain asset ravencoin (RVN). Once it was unable to mine eth, he said, "this is the reason for mining crows. I immediately sold stability to BTC, and then sold it to US dollars to pay for my rights. I would say that a lot of people are adopting this strategy. "
as foster concludes, he wants eth miners to jump out of the network, and new players - those who don't invest in power infrastructure or drilling rigs - will take a stake in eth. He described the following:
"I can't imagine if I found a five-year lease with $0.04 of electricity and I was mining eth, I decided to sell everything and then continue to pay the rent so that I could hold eth as a share. Substitute. "
Marc fresa, founder of asic.to, a mining firmware company, agreed in a conversation with cointegraph: "if you invest in mining, you won't bet because you have enough room to grow."
one of the main counterfeit coins that may benefit from POW miners leaving Ethereum is Ethereum classic (etc), which is a more conservative version of the blockchain. It is reported that there is no POS related plan. As it also runs on the ethash algorithm, the startup of Ethereum 2.0 may lead to the migration of miners, so its hash rate may have a significant peak
eth's larger pools have similar options. When asked about the company's plans for Ethereum after pow, Heller told cointegraph that after the announcement of Ethereum's POS upgrade, f2pool launched a sister company called story.fish in early 2018. Story.fish has started to provide mortgage services for other POS and delegated POS projects, such as tezos (xtz), Cosmos (atom) and Cardano (ADA), e to numerous handover delays. For prin, e to the transition to POS, it "may temporarily give up supporting eth mining," de la Torre told cointegraph
other top eth pools, namely nanopool, ethermine, pool center, sparkpool and spiderpool, did not respond to requests for comment from cointegraph.
after Ethereum is upgraded to version 2.0 POS mechanism, miners may switch mining machines to other networks
as Ethereum is finally ready to start its Ethereum 2.0 upgrade later this year, thus eliminating the long-term delay, the network will start to move towards the proof of rights model
therefore, the network will give up the workload proof consensus algorithm, so that eth miners have little choice. As their equipment will become obsolete, they will be forced to start mining counterfeit coins or re qualify as eth mortgagors. So, what is the current situation of Ethereum mining? With the coming transition, what will happen to the whole instry< At present, Ethereum consensus is based on POW system, which is similar to bitcoin (BTC). As a result, Ethereum's mining process is almost the same, as miners use their computing resources to earn rewards for each block they try to complete< However, there are still major differences between these processes. Although bitcoin mining has relied almost entirely on ASIC (large, loud machines designed specifically for cryptocurrency mining, most of which are concentrated in areas with low electricity prices), Ethereum's pow hash algorithm ethash is designed to support global chip manufacturers (such as NVIDIA and AMD). As Thomas Heller, global business director of cryptocurrency mining pool f2pool, explained in a conversation with cointegraph, GPU is much cheaper and easier to access than ASIC
"as ASIC is a very professional machine, when a new generation of procts is released, it is usually a huge technological leap. As a result, they have a much higher hash rate and are more energy efficient than the previous generation. This means that those manufacturers have spent a lot of money to research and develop it. Their machines are usually very expensive, and GPUs are much cheaper. "
Heller added that those who use GPU miners "have more flexibility to mine." For example, the popular NVIDIA geforce GTX 1080 Ti card can mine more than 15 different currencies, while ASIC units usually support only one currency
nevertheless, Ethereum is not completely immune to ASIC miners - at least in its current state. In April 2018, bitcontinent released antminer E3, an ASIC specially proced for mining Ethereum. Although widely praised for its hash rate of 180 megahashes per second and power consumption of 800 watts, it has received different responses from the Ethereum community. After the ASIC is inserted, a considerable number of GPU rig owners seem to suffer from loss of profits, and some are even forced to switch to other networks
"in the white paper, ETH must have ASIC resistance. I would like to say that the white paper stands for something "is one of the highest comments on the AR / ethermining topic about the topic discussed when antminer E3 was announced. Another reddit user argued that "the $800 only applies to 180mh."“ Split or die of a nation. "
some Ethereum users continue to suggest that bitmain's mining devices can lead to greater concentration, thus increasing the possibility of attack by 51%. Soon, a group of developers put forward "programmed workload proof" or progpow, which is an extension of the current Ethereum algorithm ethash, aiming to make GPU more competitive and promote decentralization
according to a paper published in March by Kristy Leigh Minehan, co-founder of progpow, about 40% of the hash rate of Ethereum is generated by bitmain ASIC. Alejandro de la Torre, the vice president of poolin, is the sixth largest pool of eth. He confirmed to cointegration that "GPU mining is still dominant" in Ethereum network, and added:
"at present, the profit of eth mining is not high, and the management threshold and cost of GPU equipment are higher than ASIC equipment. Compared with ASIC devices, GPU devices are more flexible, and you can use other algorithms to switch to other coins. "
progpow has not been integrated into Ethereum, and it is not clear when it will be finally implemented - in March, Ethereum core developers were debating whether progpow will really benefit the network in nearly two hours, and failed to reach a consensus. It is worth noting that a bitmain representative has previously told cointegraph that the mining hardware giant does not intend to extend the service life of antminer E3 to start operation after October 2020: "as far as we know, mining will end in October or some time after that."
a safe but uncertain future
indeed, Ethereum will stay away from mining in the future. Ethereum 2.0, which is planned to be launched later in 2020, is a major network upgrade on the blockchain, aiming to transfer its current POW consensus algorithm to a virtual POS (known as "block verifier")
more specifically, users are randomly selected considering their wealth in the network or their "interests". In other words, the more coins a POS verifier chooses to put in, the more coins accumulated as a reward
according to vitalik buterin, the co-founder of Ethereum, e to the transition, the network will be more secure and the attack cost will be higher than the network of bitcoin, although the debate about the better consensus algorithm in the encryption community has lasted for many years. However, it is not clear when to start Ethereum 2.0, as many errors and management issues are reported to be delaying the process
another hypothetical benefit of POS system is that it has higher energy efficiency than pow blockchain. According to digiconomist, the cryptocurrency's total annual footprint is 59.31 terawatts per hour, which is comparable to the electricity consumption of Greece as a whole. However, since a report in July 2019 estimated that 74% of the exploitation of bitcoin was done using renewable energy, the environmental impact of bitcoin does not seem to be so serious
what will happen to the actual Ethereum miner? According to the documentation of Casper upgrade as part of Ethereum 2.0 roadmap, the network will initially support a hybrid model including both POW and POS, thus providing some space for block verifiers and GPU / ASIC miners. Jack O & 39, CEO of skale network; "There will definitely be a transition period when two networks are running at the same time," Holleran told cointegration The CEO of scale network (based on Ethereum's blockchain platform) gave a detailed description of this process:
"the transition from eth1 to eth2 takes time of course - it may be years rather than months. The good news about this slow transition is that dapps and defi platforms will be able to roam around based on survivability, security and real-world evidence of adoption. This is a positive impact on the Ethereum ecosystem. "
dig or not
once Ethereum is fully in the POS orbit, miners will have two options. One is to sell the equipment and use the money to accumulate more Eth and start mortgage. The other is the choice for GPU miners, which is simply switching to other ethash networks and mining counterfeit money. Nick foster, a representative of kabombacks, a US mining equipment dealer, told cointegration that most eth miners would choose the latter:
"what I want to say is that most of the miners have not really entered Ethereum or the mining of specific tokens. Yes, there is a certain amount of mineral deposits and holds, but I oppose the view that a large number of Shanzhai coin miners hold their coins at any time. "<
foster then described how he used 3gb GPU units to mine ethash's point-to-point blockchain asset ravencoin (RVN). Once it was unable to mine eth, he said, "this is the reason for mining crows. I immediately sold stability to BTC, and then sold it to US dollars to pay for my rights. I would say that a lot of people are adopting this strategy. "
as foster concludes, he wants eth miners to jump out of the network, and new players - those who don't invest in power infrastructure or drilling rigs - will take a stake in eth. He described the following:
"I can't imagine if I found a five-year lease with $0.04 of electricity and I was mining eth, I decided to sell everything and then continue to pay the rent so that I could hold eth as a share. Substitute. "
Marc fresa, founder of asic.to, a mining firmware company, agreed in a conversation with cointegraph: "if you invest in mining, you won't bet because you have enough room to grow."
one of the main counterfeit coins that may benefit from POW miners leaving Ethereum is Ethereum classic (etc), which is a more conservative version of the blockchain. It is reported that there is no POS related plan. As it also runs on the ethash algorithm, the startup of Ethereum 2.0 may lead to the migration of miners, so its hash rate may have a significant peak
eth's larger pools have similar options. When asked about the company's plans for Ethereum after pow, Heller told cointegraph that after the announcement of Ethereum's POS upgrade, f2pool launched a sister company called story.fish in early 2018. Story.fish has started to provide mortgage services for other POS and delegated POS projects, such as tezos (xtz), Cosmos (atom) and Cardano (ADA), e to numerous handover delays. For prin, e to the transition to POS, it "may temporarily give up supporting eth mining," de la Torre told cointegraph
other top eth pools, namely nanopool, ethermine, pool center, sparkpool and spiderpool, did not respond to requests for comment from cointegraph.
7. It's very cool that Nicholas Tse was so cool at that time http://58.61.39.221/down?cid=&t=13&fmt=flv
8. That is not MLM are entrusted to it, each account to answer a question
when the state announced the development of blockchain, it had already guessed that pyramid schemes based on mining would spring up in all parts of the country, and the middle-aged and elderly people would be the first victims. If they don't understand blockchain technology, swindlers will lie that investors don't need computers and don't need to know too much about it. They just need to invest in the so-called company's main server or cloud miner to carry out "generation mining". The money g out can be transferred to investors, and investors can sell it for money. They can also develop the so-called team to mine together. Isn't this the so-called MLM mode that you don't need to understand anything, can use mobile phones, can pay money, and can develop offline so that you can make money
sometimes people can only see what they are willing to believe, which is the deep-rooted reason of MLM. When you see the people around you really make money with this CGA cloud protection coin (probably the rate is the hook scattered upstream, don't you see that the lottery prize is really won, playing a role of fishing for a long time), even if everyone is pulling you behind, you will jump into the pit desperately. When you are possessed, pull your relatives and friends to jump together.
when the state announced the development of blockchain, it had already guessed that pyramid schemes based on mining would spring up in all parts of the country, and the middle-aged and elderly people would be the first victims. If they don't understand blockchain technology, swindlers will lie that investors don't need computers and don't need to know too much about it. They just need to invest in the so-called company's main server or cloud miner to carry out "generation mining". The money g out can be transferred to investors, and investors can sell it for money. They can also develop the so-called team to mine together. Isn't this the so-called MLM mode that you don't need to understand anything, can use mobile phones, can pay money, and can develop offline so that you can make money
sometimes people can only see what they are willing to believe, which is the deep-rooted reason of MLM. When you see the people around you really make money with this CGA cloud protection coin (probably the rate is the hook scattered upstream, don't you see that the lottery prize is really won, playing a role of fishing for a long time), even if everyone is pulling you behind, you will jump into the pit desperately. When you are possessed, pull your relatives and friends to jump together.
9. According to you. It should be affiliated with the company. This is suitable for lesbians. Lesbians can retire at the age of 50. Another good aspect is that the money of the medical insurance card will always belong to you.
10. [capture of rare elves]
1. Bean sprouts (grass)
you can catch bean sprouts in the marsh of the cross star. Bean sprouts usually appear in the middle of the marsh above or a little below the left of the marsh below. They appear once every 10-30 minutes. You need patience to wait. Preparation: Fairy capsule (I have 9 bean sprouts, which are easy to catch. They are all done at one time. If you don't have confidence, you can bring more), one Bibo (or boker) with 16 or more. When the bean sprouts are finished, don't hurry. If you can't get to the cactus, don't wait for the cactus. When you enter the battle, you should be merciful. The bean sprouts should be able to use acupuncture (or curl tightly). You should always be merciful until the bean sprouts have more than one strength. Then use the intermediate capsule. If you can't, use the ordinary capsule. Anyway, it won't run away. Use the two capsules alternately, Put it into the elf bag from the grass in the elf warehouse to recover your strength, OK
2. Moby (ground system)
you can meet Moby on the ground layer of the cloud star. It usually appears on the penultimate step of the Cloud Star's gas pool, once every 30 minutes, and you have to be patient to come out. Preparation: a lot of fairy capsules (many people think it's better to take more capsules, in fact, it's OK to take 3-5 capsules, if you don't have confidence, you can take more), a Bibo (or boker) with more than 16. When Moby is behind, don't hurry. You need to be more accurate. Don't touch Maomao. When you enter the battle, show mercy first. Moby's physical strength should be more than 1. Moby can use impact, and then use ordinary capsules. If you can't use ordinary capsules again, you'd better give intermediate ones. That way, the success rate will be higher. After capturing successfully, put them into the elf bag from the ground system of the elf warehouse, Recover your strength, OK
3, Lili (electrical system)
4. Link (ice system)
link is usually in the upper left corner of the cold ice cave (that is, in the pile of broken ice). He can practice the Bibo to above level 16, and then he can catch it with some ordinary capsules and intermediate capsules (note: put on the cold proof clothes, if you walk too slowly, it will disappear. The cold proof clothes walk fast). First of all, he has to be merciful until he has 1 spare energy, With an ordinary capsule, an intermediate capsule, and then an ordinary capsule, an intermediate capsule, continuous circulation should be able to catch. After successful capture, put it into the elf bag from the ice system of the elf warehouse, and then restore your physical strength, OK
5. Green (ground system)
appears randomly in layers 1, 2 and 3 of the volcanic star. After green comes out, Dr. green will send you a letter. Click on Dr. green to tell you that green has come out. The time is not certain. Preparation: one Bibo above level 16 (the higher the level, the better), three ordinary capsules, three intermediate capsules, water spray. It has one characteristic: after five rounds or if it fails to catch it for three times, it will run away. We have to wait patiently for the doctor's letter. When we go to volcanic star later, people will be very crowded. One layer doesn't go to the second layer, and the second layer doesn't go to the third layer. (if he is in Rios, he will use a water spray suit). Find green in the stream of people, point it, and then show mercy to make it more than 1, Generally need two rounds, quickly with an ordinary capsule, an intermediate capsule, and then an ordinary capsule, generally will catch. If I'm not lucky, I can't help it! After the capture is successful, put it into the elf bag from the ground system of the elf warehouse to restore physical strength, OK
6. Neil (super power system)
it's best to catch Neil as a toothed fish. He likes to become a toothed fish most (it's possible to meet other elves). He's at level 16, and he'll show up at the beginning, and he'll also run away. Preparation: for a Bibo above level 16 (the higher the level, the better) first show mercy and let him have 1 more physical strength. It usually takes two rounds, then two ordinary capsules, and then an intermediate one. In this way, he has a 75% chance to catch him. Neil will run away after about 8 rounds. From the super power department of the spirit warehouse, put it into the spirit bag to restore physical strength, OK
7. Yiyi (grass)
on the left side of the cross forest, it is at level 15. Like green, it will escape if it fails to capture in 5 rounds. Preparation: flamethrower: for those who are above level 16 (the higher the level, the better) first use your hand to spare 1 of their physical strength, and then use ordinary capsules. In this way, there is an 80% chance to catch them. Put them in the spirit bag from the grass in the spirit warehouse to recover their physical strength, OK
8. Youyou (common system) has three kinds of evolution attributes: electric system (Sheila), flying system (BAT DI) and ice system (Kelan). Each sel can only have one
youyou is a brand new common system spirit. Click the hot spring of Gemini alpha, and youyou will appear. Oh, youyou's evolution is your own choice. Preparation: Bibo or boker (be merciful, the higher the level, the better). In addition, we need more than n elf capsules (at least 20, I said 21 capsules to catch them at the beginning ~ ~) but we won't run away. When he appears, we need to catch him quickly, otherwise it may disappear. If you're lucky enough to catch it (it's not sure how many capsules it will take), then you can recover your strength, and then you're OK ~
9, jelly ck (water system, a sel can only catch one)
in the spirit square of Helka star, level 15. Preparation: Bibo or bokker, electromagnetic rod
as soon as you go in, turn on the light first, and footprints will appear. If you shoot footprints with an electromagnetic stick, the jelly ck will appear. When you enter a battle, use your hand to spare its physical strength by 1. It usually takes two rounds, and then use the primary capsule and intermediate capsule in exchange. In this way, you have a 75% chance to catch it and run away in five rounds. From the water system of the spirit warehouse, put it into the spirit bag to recover your strength, OK! Choose me!!!!
1. Bean sprouts (grass)
you can catch bean sprouts in the marsh of the cross star. Bean sprouts usually appear in the middle of the marsh above or a little below the left of the marsh below. They appear once every 10-30 minutes. You need patience to wait. Preparation: Fairy capsule (I have 9 bean sprouts, which are easy to catch. They are all done at one time. If you don't have confidence, you can bring more), one Bibo (or boker) with 16 or more. When the bean sprouts are finished, don't hurry. If you can't get to the cactus, don't wait for the cactus. When you enter the battle, you should be merciful. The bean sprouts should be able to use acupuncture (or curl tightly). You should always be merciful until the bean sprouts have more than one strength. Then use the intermediate capsule. If you can't, use the ordinary capsule. Anyway, it won't run away. Use the two capsules alternately, Put it into the elf bag from the grass in the elf warehouse to recover your strength, OK
2. Moby (ground system)
you can meet Moby on the ground layer of the cloud star. It usually appears on the penultimate step of the Cloud Star's gas pool, once every 30 minutes, and you have to be patient to come out. Preparation: a lot of fairy capsules (many people think it's better to take more capsules, in fact, it's OK to take 3-5 capsules, if you don't have confidence, you can take more), a Bibo (or boker) with more than 16. When Moby is behind, don't hurry. You need to be more accurate. Don't touch Maomao. When you enter the battle, show mercy first. Moby's physical strength should be more than 1. Moby can use impact, and then use ordinary capsules. If you can't use ordinary capsules again, you'd better give intermediate ones. That way, the success rate will be higher. After capturing successfully, put them into the elf bag from the ground system of the elf warehouse, Recover your strength, OK
3, Lili (electrical system)
4. Link (ice system)
link is usually in the upper left corner of the cold ice cave (that is, in the pile of broken ice). He can practice the Bibo to above level 16, and then he can catch it with some ordinary capsules and intermediate capsules (note: put on the cold proof clothes, if you walk too slowly, it will disappear. The cold proof clothes walk fast). First of all, he has to be merciful until he has 1 spare energy, With an ordinary capsule, an intermediate capsule, and then an ordinary capsule, an intermediate capsule, continuous circulation should be able to catch. After successful capture, put it into the elf bag from the ice system of the elf warehouse, and then restore your physical strength, OK
5. Green (ground system)
appears randomly in layers 1, 2 and 3 of the volcanic star. After green comes out, Dr. green will send you a letter. Click on Dr. green to tell you that green has come out. The time is not certain. Preparation: one Bibo above level 16 (the higher the level, the better), three ordinary capsules, three intermediate capsules, water spray. It has one characteristic: after five rounds or if it fails to catch it for three times, it will run away. We have to wait patiently for the doctor's letter. When we go to volcanic star later, people will be very crowded. One layer doesn't go to the second layer, and the second layer doesn't go to the third layer. (if he is in Rios, he will use a water spray suit). Find green in the stream of people, point it, and then show mercy to make it more than 1, Generally need two rounds, quickly with an ordinary capsule, an intermediate capsule, and then an ordinary capsule, generally will catch. If I'm not lucky, I can't help it! After the capture is successful, put it into the elf bag from the ground system of the elf warehouse to restore physical strength, OK
6. Neil (super power system)
it's best to catch Neil as a toothed fish. He likes to become a toothed fish most (it's possible to meet other elves). He's at level 16, and he'll show up at the beginning, and he'll also run away. Preparation: for a Bibo above level 16 (the higher the level, the better) first show mercy and let him have 1 more physical strength. It usually takes two rounds, then two ordinary capsules, and then an intermediate one. In this way, he has a 75% chance to catch him. Neil will run away after about 8 rounds. From the super power department of the spirit warehouse, put it into the spirit bag to restore physical strength, OK
7. Yiyi (grass)
on the left side of the cross forest, it is at level 15. Like green, it will escape if it fails to capture in 5 rounds. Preparation: flamethrower: for those who are above level 16 (the higher the level, the better) first use your hand to spare 1 of their physical strength, and then use ordinary capsules. In this way, there is an 80% chance to catch them. Put them in the spirit bag from the grass in the spirit warehouse to recover their physical strength, OK
8. Youyou (common system) has three kinds of evolution attributes: electric system (Sheila), flying system (BAT DI) and ice system (Kelan). Each sel can only have one
youyou is a brand new common system spirit. Click the hot spring of Gemini alpha, and youyou will appear. Oh, youyou's evolution is your own choice. Preparation: Bibo or boker (be merciful, the higher the level, the better). In addition, we need more than n elf capsules (at least 20, I said 21 capsules to catch them at the beginning ~ ~) but we won't run away. When he appears, we need to catch him quickly, otherwise it may disappear. If you're lucky enough to catch it (it's not sure how many capsules it will take), then you can recover your strength, and then you're OK ~
9, jelly ck (water system, a sel can only catch one)
in the spirit square of Helka star, level 15. Preparation: Bibo or bokker, electromagnetic rod
as soon as you go in, turn on the light first, and footprints will appear. If you shoot footprints with an electromagnetic stick, the jelly ck will appear. When you enter a battle, use your hand to spare its physical strength by 1. It usually takes two rounds, and then use the primary capsule and intermediate capsule in exchange. In this way, you have a 75% chance to catch it and run away in five rounds. From the water system of the spirit warehouse, put it into the spirit bag to recover your strength, OK! Choose me!!!!
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