Merkle tree of Ethereum
Publish: 2021-05-20 15:00:59
1. At the top of Ethereum is DAPP. It exchanges with the smart contract layer through Web3. JS. All smart contracts run on EVM (Ethereum virtual machine) and use RPC calls. Below EVM and RPC are the four core contents of Ethereum, including: blockchain, consensus algorithm, mining and network layer. Except DAPP, all other parts are in the Ethereum client. The most popular Ethereum client is geth (go Ethereum)
2. Blockchain is a technology, but it is not a single technology, but the result of the integration of a variety of technologies, including cryptography, mathematics, economics, network science and so on. You can think of it as a distributed shared accounting technology, or as a database, but the database is jointly maintained by all nodes in the chain, and each node has an account book. Because the account books of all nodes are consistent, different nodes can trust each other, and there is no doubt about the data, so we all say that the blockchain has realized trust technically. For detailed professional technology, you can consult some professional technology companies, such as Jinbo technology, which focuses on the development of blockchain related procts, professional R & D team and perfect after-sales service, and you can consult by telephone.
3.
top ten Ethereum mining software in 2020
in terms of market value, Ethereum is the second largest cryptocurrency, second only to bitcoin. Ethereum's popularity among the holders has increased rapidly because it can build the whole decentralized ecosystem and applications on top of its blockchain. As Ethereum is friendly to GPU mining, Ethereum is a good choice for PC users (especially those with AMD high-end graphics cards). However, 24ker should also warn readers that at this time point, Ethereum's price is $241, which means that even if you use radon VII (90mh / s), your weekly profit is less than $7, The annual profit is about $339. However, considering the potential value-added space of Ethereum, if the price can return to the healthy range of $500-600, it means that your radon will be back in one year
if you already have Ethereum mining hardware and an effective wallet, all you have to do is to find the best eth mining software, which will help you manage the mining work effectively
in this article, we will introce the features, advantages and compatible operating systems. But before we get there... Let's talk about the basics
why Ethereum
unlike traditional currencies, Ethernet operates on the public ledger system, which makes mining itself the core power of Ethereum network. When miners receive the transaction data sent by other members of the network, they assemble them into a structure called Merkle tree, and then try to find an acceptable hash value
only one hash will be returned for each dataset, and the hash value cannot be used to dece the original data. Its purpose is to effectively ensure that the block information is not tampered with. Moreover, if someone changes even one number in any long transaction string, the output hash value will be completely different, and false transaction or fraud will be eliminated
as you can see, if there is no Ethereum mining, Ethereum network will be paralyzed immediately. Therefore, participating in Ethereum mining is not only the mining revenue, but also the support for the operation and growth of Ethereum
what is mining software< In short, mining software is a program that uses a computer graphics card (GPU) as a resource to solve complex mathematical equations. Once the equation is solved, the data is added to the rest of the blockchain
the mining software will monitor the input and output of the hardware, and display statistical data to you, such as miner speed, fan speed, temperature and hash rate
the Ethereum mining software described in this article can be connected to many available Ethereum mining pools
Ethereum mine pool
Ethereum mine pool is a resource area that is equally distributed and shared among miners. Nowadays, it has become too difficult for a person to dig a mine, so it is necessary to use the way of mining pool to fight in groups
today, Ethereum is one of the most famous choice of Ethereum mines. The pool allows its users to remain anonymous and pay only a small 1% mining fee<
top ten Ethereum mining software:
1-ethminer (Ethereum Royal)
it can be seen from the name that ethminer is specially designed for mining Ethereum, and currently supports Linux, MAC and windows. Make sure to download the version corresponding to the device's operating system
in addition to Ethereum, you can also use ethminer to mine all tokens according to ethash algorithm, including expand, elaism, metaverse, musicoin, Pirl, Ethereum classic, etc< Ethminer is a command line software. This means that you can start it from the Linux console or the windows command prompt, or you can use the windows CMD / batch file or the Linux bash script to create a shortcut to the preset command line<
(2-cgminer)
this program was released in 2011. Because it is compatible with three different mining hardware (ASIC, FPGA and GPU), it is still one of the most popular mining software options. CG miner is an open source Ethereum miner written in C language, and provides support and binary files for openwrt router, RPI, etc
the advantages of cgminer include the ability to match your hash rate with zero latency extension, remote interface function and advanced detection of new blocks. The software can be used for Mac, Linux and windows
3 - Claymore (maximum efficiency)
if you are looking for the most efficient Ethereum mining software, please consider using Claymore's al Ethereum mining machine, which can speed up to any hash rate without sacrificing the mining speed
Claymore recently released v12.0 upgrade, which reces the equipment cost of al mining mode from 2% to 1%. The upgrade also offers 3gb and 2GB cards with zero development costs. However, Claymore al miner can't run on Mac. At present, it can only run on Linux and windows. But it supports both NVIDIA and AMD cards
other coins you can mine with this program include siacoin, lbry, decred and Pascal< If you are not familiar with cryptocurrency mining and are looking for the simplest Ethereum mining software, please check wineth
the software is based on the ethminer that we have just evaluated, but wineth provides users with a more simple and easy to understand GUI, combined with "intelligent" algorithm, which will provide the configuration that can ensure the best performance on the new user's hardware
as can be seen from the name, wineth is only compatible with windows devices, and you can find it in the windows 10 app store.
top ten Ethereum mining software in 2020
in terms of market value, Ethereum is the second largest cryptocurrency, second only to bitcoin. Ethereum's popularity among the holders has increased rapidly because it can build the whole decentralized ecosystem and applications on top of its blockchain. As Ethereum is friendly to GPU mining, Ethereum is a good choice for PC users (especially those with AMD high-end graphics cards). However, 24ker should also warn readers that at this time point, Ethereum's price is $241, which means that even if you use radon VII (90mh / s), your weekly profit is less than $7, The annual profit is about $339. However, considering the potential value-added space of Ethereum, if the price can return to the healthy range of $500-600, it means that your radon will be back in one year
if you already have Ethereum mining hardware and an effective wallet, all you have to do is to find the best eth mining software, which will help you manage the mining work effectively
in this article, we will introce the features, advantages and compatible operating systems. But before we get there... Let's talk about the basics
why Ethereum
unlike traditional currencies, Ethernet operates on the public ledger system, which makes mining itself the core power of Ethereum network. When miners receive the transaction data sent by other members of the network, they assemble them into a structure called Merkle tree, and then try to find an acceptable hash value
only one hash will be returned for each dataset, and the hash value cannot be used to dece the original data. Its purpose is to effectively ensure that the block information is not tampered with. Moreover, if someone changes even one number in any long transaction string, the output hash value will be completely different, and false transaction or fraud will be eliminated
as you can see, if there is no Ethereum mining, Ethereum network will be paralyzed immediately. Therefore, participating in Ethereum mining is not only the mining revenue, but also the support for the operation and growth of Ethereum
what is mining software< In short, mining software is a program that uses a computer graphics card (GPU) as a resource to solve complex mathematical equations. Once the equation is solved, the data is added to the rest of the blockchain
the mining software will monitor the input and output of the hardware, and display statistical data to you, such as miner speed, fan speed, temperature and hash rate
the Ethereum mining software described in this article can be connected to many available Ethereum mining pools
Ethereum mine pool
Ethereum mine pool is a resource area that is equally distributed and shared among miners. Nowadays, it has become too difficult for a person to dig a mine, so it is necessary to use the way of mining pool to fight in groups
today, Ethereum is one of the most famous choice of Ethereum mines. The pool allows its users to remain anonymous and pay only a small 1% mining fee<
top ten Ethereum mining software:
1-ethminer (Ethereum Royal)
it can be seen from the name that ethminer is specially designed for mining Ethereum, and currently supports Linux, MAC and windows. Make sure to download the version corresponding to the device's operating system
in addition to Ethereum, you can also use ethminer to mine all tokens according to ethash algorithm, including expand, elaism, metaverse, musicoin, Pirl, Ethereum classic, etc< Ethminer is a command line software. This means that you can start it from the Linux console or the windows command prompt, or you can use the windows CMD / batch file or the Linux bash script to create a shortcut to the preset command line<
(2-cgminer)
this program was released in 2011. Because it is compatible with three different mining hardware (ASIC, FPGA and GPU), it is still one of the most popular mining software options. CG miner is an open source Ethereum miner written in C language, and provides support and binary files for openwrt router, RPI, etc
the advantages of cgminer include the ability to match your hash rate with zero latency extension, remote interface function and advanced detection of new blocks. The software can be used for Mac, Linux and windows
3 - Claymore (maximum efficiency)
if you are looking for the most efficient Ethereum mining software, please consider using Claymore's al Ethereum mining machine, which can speed up to any hash rate without sacrificing the mining speed
Claymore recently released v12.0 upgrade, which reces the equipment cost of al mining mode from 2% to 1%. The upgrade also offers 3gb and 2GB cards with zero development costs. However, Claymore al miner can't run on Mac. At present, it can only run on Linux and windows. But it supports both NVIDIA and AMD cards
other coins you can mine with this program include siacoin, lbry, decred and Pascal< If you are not familiar with cryptocurrency mining and are looking for the simplest Ethereum mining software, please check wineth
the software is based on the ethminer that we have just evaluated, but wineth provides users with a more simple and easy to understand GUI, combined with "intelligent" algorithm, which will provide the configuration that can ensure the best performance on the new user's hardware
as can be seen from the name, wineth is only compatible with windows devices, and you can find it in the windows 10 app store.
4. Merkle trees are the basic components of blockchain. Theoretically speaking, it is possible to build a blockchain without a Merkel tree. You only need to create a huge block header that directly contains every transaction. However, this will undoubtedly bring scalability challenges. In the long run, only the most powerful computers will be available, To run these untrusted blockchains. It is because of the Merkel tree that Ethereum nodes can be built and run on all computers, laptops, smart phones, and even those IOT devices proced by slock.it. So, how do Merkel trees work, and what value can they provide, now and in the future< First of all, let's talk about some basic knowledge. Generally speaking, Merkel tree is a way to hash a large number of "chunks" of data. It depends on splitting these data "chunks" into data chunks with smaller units (buckets). Each bucket block contains only a few data "chunks", and then takes each bucket unit data chunk for hashing again to repeat the same process, Until the remaining total number of hashes is only 1: root hash.
5. There are SPV, SPV node and SPV wallet. Which one do you mean
SPV refers to "payment verification", not "transaction verification"
SPV node: supports the use of Bloom filter to quickly retrieve and return relevant data
or thin client? Central business figures?
SPV refers to "payment verification", not "transaction verification"
SPV node: supports the use of Bloom filter to quickly retrieve and return relevant data
or thin client? Central business figures?
6. The current mainstream blockchain architecture includes six layers: network layer, data layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. The positions of data layer and network layer are exchanged in the figure, and the main uses will be described in the next section
network layer: blockchain network is essentially a P2P (peer-to-peer) network. The resources and services in the network are distributed on all nodes, and the information transmission and service implementation are directly carried out between nodes, without the intervention of intermediate links and servers. Each node not only receives information, but also generates information. Nodes synchronize information by maintaining a common blockchain. When a node creates a new block, it notifies other nodes in the form of broadcast. After receiving the information, other nodes verify the block and create a new block on the basis of the block, So as to achieve the role of the whole network to jointly maintain a bottom ledger. Therefore, the network layer will involve the design of P2P network, propagation mechanism and verification mechanism. Obviously, these designs can affect the confirmation speed of block information. The network layer can be used as a research direction in the scalable scheme of blockchain technology
data layer: the underlying data of blockchain is a data structure of block + linked list, which includes data block, chain structure, timestamp, hash function, Merkle tree, asymmetric encryption, etc. Among them, data block and chain structure can be used as the improvement direction of data layer research in the extensible scheme of blockchain technology
consensus layer: it is the basis for highly dispersed nodes to reach a fast consensus on the effectiveness of block data. The main consensus mechanisms include pow (proof of work), POS (proof of stake), dpos (delegated proof of stake) and pbft (Practical Byzantine fault tolerance), They have always been the highlight of the scalable solution of blockchain technology
incentive layer: it is a common mining mechanism, which is used to design certain economic incentive model and encourage nodes to participate in the security verification of blockchain, including the design of issuance mechanism and allocation mechanism. Improvements at this level do not seem to be directly related to blockchain scalability
Contract layer: mainly refers to various script codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts. Strictly speaking, this layer of the first generation blockchain is missing, so they can only trade, and can not be used in other fields or other logical processing. The emergence of the contract layer makes it a reality to use blockchain in other fields. This part of Ethereum includes EVM (Ethereum virtual machine) and smart contract. The improvement of this level seems to provide a potential new direction for the scalability of the blockchain, but it does not seem to be directly related to the application layer in terms of structure
it is the display layer of the blockchain, including various application scenarios and cases. For example, Ethereum uses truffle and Web3 JS. The application layer of blockchain can be mobile terminal, Web terminal, or integrated into the existing server, taking the current business server as the application layer. The improvement of this level also seems to provide a potential new direction for the expansion of blockchain, but structurally, it doesn't seem to be directly related
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.
network layer: blockchain network is essentially a P2P (peer-to-peer) network. The resources and services in the network are distributed on all nodes, and the information transmission and service implementation are directly carried out between nodes, without the intervention of intermediate links and servers. Each node not only receives information, but also generates information. Nodes synchronize information by maintaining a common blockchain. When a node creates a new block, it notifies other nodes in the form of broadcast. After receiving the information, other nodes verify the block and create a new block on the basis of the block, So as to achieve the role of the whole network to jointly maintain a bottom ledger. Therefore, the network layer will involve the design of P2P network, propagation mechanism and verification mechanism. Obviously, these designs can affect the confirmation speed of block information. The network layer can be used as a research direction in the scalable scheme of blockchain technology
data layer: the underlying data of blockchain is a data structure of block + linked list, which includes data block, chain structure, timestamp, hash function, Merkle tree, asymmetric encryption, etc. Among them, data block and chain structure can be used as the improvement direction of data layer research in the extensible scheme of blockchain technology
consensus layer: it is the basis for highly dispersed nodes to reach a fast consensus on the effectiveness of block data. The main consensus mechanisms include pow (proof of work), POS (proof of stake), dpos (delegated proof of stake) and pbft (Practical Byzantine fault tolerance), They have always been the highlight of the scalable solution of blockchain technology
incentive layer: it is a common mining mechanism, which is used to design certain economic incentive model and encourage nodes to participate in the security verification of blockchain, including the design of issuance mechanism and allocation mechanism. Improvements at this level do not seem to be directly related to blockchain scalability
Contract layer: mainly refers to various script codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts. Strictly speaking, this layer of the first generation blockchain is missing, so they can only trade, and can not be used in other fields or other logical processing. The emergence of the contract layer makes it a reality to use blockchain in other fields. This part of Ethereum includes EVM (Ethereum virtual machine) and smart contract. The improvement of this level seems to provide a potential new direction for the scalability of the blockchain, but it does not seem to be directly related to the application layer in terms of structure
it is the display layer of the blockchain, including various application scenarios and cases. For example, Ethereum uses truffle and Web3 JS. The application layer of blockchain can be mobile terminal, Web terminal, or integrated into the existing server, taking the current business server as the application layer. The improvement of this level also seems to provide a potential new direction for the expansion of blockchain, but structurally, it doesn't seem to be directly related
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.
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