Price of Ethereum before Byzantine upgrade
Publish: 2021-05-19 00:23:26
1. When it comes to money, mining is indispensable. In ethereum network, if you want to get Ethereum, you also need to mine it. When it comes to mining, there must be a consensus mechanism
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
2.
The 
Ethereum mining
Berlin hard fork will mark the end of the metropolitan era. This is a key stage in Ethereum's history, which is divided into two stages (Byzantine and Constantinople), including several branches, including Atlantis, Istanbul, and finally reached its peak in Berlin
3. In non small brands, XRP is very considerable in terms of market value and quantity. It is also recommended that you use a non trumpet to observe the latest situation.
4. Transferred from:
http://www.aoe2.org/article/391.shtml
time: 2009-09-27 05:42 source: unknown author: admin
conqueror's national characteristics and basic tactics II: Byzantium (defensive nation) A. building's life value + 10% in the dark age, + 20% in the feudal age, + 30% in the castle age, + 40% in the imperial age B. camel, spear, spear Long halberd cost - 25% C. flamethrower + 20% attack power D. upgrade imperial era cost - 33% E. upgrade town watch characteristic arms free of charge: Armored Cavalry (cavalry)
conqueror national characteristics and basic tactics II: Byzantine Byzantine (defensive nation)
A. building life value + 10% in the dark age, + 20% in the feudal age, and + 30% in the castle age, Royal age + 40%
B. camel, spear, spear, halberd cost - 25%
C. flamethrower + 20% attack power
D. upgrade imperial age cost - 33%
E. upgrade town watch free of charge
Special arms: Armored Cavalry
(cavalry, price 70f75g, upgrade elite 1600f800g, Attack advantage against infantry)
Armored Cavalry (HP: 110, attack power: 9, armor: 2 shield: 1 range: 0)
elite Armored Cavalry (HP: 150, attack power: 12, armor: 2 shield: 1 range: 0)
after upgrading to full level (HP: 150, attack power: 14, armor: 5 shield: 5 range: 0)
characteristic technology: Logistics (1000f600g, range: 1, range: 0), Armored Cavalry has trample damage)
team reward: monk + 50% medical speed
other instructions:
A. no Parthian tactics in range, no blood technology in stable, no herb technology in monastery, no engineer technology in castle, no blast furnace technology in blacksmith shop
B. No stonecutter, architecture, preheating attack, siege technician in University Pedal crane technology
C. siege weapons factory without heavy catapult and heavy catapult
common play:
A. dark age: Byzantium in the dark age has nothing to say, what it can do is to guard against the opponent's black fast as much as possible, and quickly upgrade the feudal age at the same time< In feudal times, there were two tactics for Byzantium to choose from: cheap spears from two ranges could harass the enemy peasants as much as possible; The arrow tower with longer health value can stand high in the enemy's hinterland under the protection of spear and spear“ Although "tower fast" may not be able to establish the whole victory, it is a model of psychological warfare after all. It can disintegrate the will of opponents and make them inert. At this time, you will develop more quickly
C. Castle Age: the real advantage of Byzantium appeared in the castle age. If you are preparing for a naval battle, the flamethrower is the strongest ship in the castle period. Before the emergence of maritime powers such as Viking and Koryo, it can attack fishing boats and unify the sea. Although it is called defensive nation, can't the super long health value of buildings make Castle storm a reality? Due to the overall rection of the cost of cavalry and infantry, you can imagine how your camel + spear combination combined with armor without natural enemies can strike the enemy. But you can also choose to ascend quickly. Because the cost of upgrading to the imperial era is one third less than that of other nations, which also means that you can step into the next era at a faster pace
D. era of the Emperor: Byzantium in the era of the emperor will become one of the most powerful nations in the conquerors, and the combination of any arms is almost impeccable for it. Once the Armored Cavalry has trample damage, even the Frank Ranger has to be deterred. Heavy camel + halberd + spear has the advantage of cost. The only thing that is not ideal is that Byzantium has neither heavy catapult nor heavy crossbow, which makes it a little difficult to face the strong siege weapons and the resistance of champion swordsman - fortunately, you have artillery and strong crossbow, so it is not a threat
summary: in the dark age, you don't want to think about anything. You'd better defend your hometown honestly; Feudal times can consider simple harassment, the real attack will start in the early days of the castle. I always think that it is not accurate to call Byzantium a "defensive" nation. It should be called a "pre defensive" nation. Powerful defense capability, complete upgrade technology and cheap infantry and cavalry can make all countries attacking it self destruct. It must also be mentioned that Byzantium is one of the few ethnic groups with the ability to recruit and surrender monks; And it's team reward - can let you less loss of some excellent soldiers
recommended combination: heavy camel + halberd + spear; Although the Armored Cavalry is powerful, it is too difficult to mass proce and expensive to upgrade. It should be considered in the post imperial period
however, if you have a slow start, it is suggested that you use Xiongnu to practice more. After 11 minutes of training, you can be promoted to the top or 16 minutes to the city. A good start is half the success, and technology is the king
http://www.aoe2.org/article/391.shtml
time: 2009-09-27 05:42 source: unknown author: admin
conqueror's national characteristics and basic tactics II: Byzantium (defensive nation) A. building's life value + 10% in the dark age, + 20% in the feudal age, + 30% in the castle age, + 40% in the imperial age B. camel, spear, spear Long halberd cost - 25% C. flamethrower + 20% attack power D. upgrade imperial era cost - 33% E. upgrade town watch characteristic arms free of charge: Armored Cavalry (cavalry)
conqueror national characteristics and basic tactics II: Byzantine Byzantine (defensive nation)
A. building life value + 10% in the dark age, + 20% in the feudal age, and + 30% in the castle age, Royal age + 40%
B. camel, spear, spear, halberd cost - 25%
C. flamethrower + 20% attack power
D. upgrade imperial age cost - 33%
E. upgrade town watch free of charge
Special arms: Armored Cavalry
(cavalry, price 70f75g, upgrade elite 1600f800g, Attack advantage against infantry)
Armored Cavalry (HP: 110, attack power: 9, armor: 2 shield: 1 range: 0)
elite Armored Cavalry (HP: 150, attack power: 12, armor: 2 shield: 1 range: 0)
after upgrading to full level (HP: 150, attack power: 14, armor: 5 shield: 5 range: 0)
characteristic technology: Logistics (1000f600g, range: 1, range: 0), Armored Cavalry has trample damage)
team reward: monk + 50% medical speed
other instructions:
A. no Parthian tactics in range, no blood technology in stable, no herb technology in monastery, no engineer technology in castle, no blast furnace technology in blacksmith shop
B. No stonecutter, architecture, preheating attack, siege technician in University Pedal crane technology
C. siege weapons factory without heavy catapult and heavy catapult
common play:
A. dark age: Byzantium in the dark age has nothing to say, what it can do is to guard against the opponent's black fast as much as possible, and quickly upgrade the feudal age at the same time< In feudal times, there were two tactics for Byzantium to choose from: cheap spears from two ranges could harass the enemy peasants as much as possible; The arrow tower with longer health value can stand high in the enemy's hinterland under the protection of spear and spear“ Although "tower fast" may not be able to establish the whole victory, it is a model of psychological warfare after all. It can disintegrate the will of opponents and make them inert. At this time, you will develop more quickly
C. Castle Age: the real advantage of Byzantium appeared in the castle age. If you are preparing for a naval battle, the flamethrower is the strongest ship in the castle period. Before the emergence of maritime powers such as Viking and Koryo, it can attack fishing boats and unify the sea. Although it is called defensive nation, can't the super long health value of buildings make Castle storm a reality? Due to the overall rection of the cost of cavalry and infantry, you can imagine how your camel + spear combination combined with armor without natural enemies can strike the enemy. But you can also choose to ascend quickly. Because the cost of upgrading to the imperial era is one third less than that of other nations, which also means that you can step into the next era at a faster pace
D. era of the Emperor: Byzantium in the era of the emperor will become one of the most powerful nations in the conquerors, and the combination of any arms is almost impeccable for it. Once the Armored Cavalry has trample damage, even the Frank Ranger has to be deterred. Heavy camel + halberd + spear has the advantage of cost. The only thing that is not ideal is that Byzantium has neither heavy catapult nor heavy crossbow, which makes it a little difficult to face the strong siege weapons and the resistance of champion swordsman - fortunately, you have artillery and strong crossbow, so it is not a threat
summary: in the dark age, you don't want to think about anything. You'd better defend your hometown honestly; Feudal times can consider simple harassment, the real attack will start in the early days of the castle. I always think that it is not accurate to call Byzantium a "defensive" nation. It should be called a "pre defensive" nation. Powerful defense capability, complete upgrade technology and cheap infantry and cavalry can make all countries attacking it self destruct. It must also be mentioned that Byzantium is one of the few ethnic groups with the ability to recruit and surrender monks; And it's team reward - can let you less loss of some excellent soldiers
recommended combination: heavy camel + halberd + spear; Although the Armored Cavalry is powerful, it is too difficult to mass proce and expensive to upgrade. It should be considered in the post imperial period
however, if you have a slow start, it is suggested that you use Xiongnu to practice more. After 11 minutes of training, you can be promoted to the top or 16 minutes to the city. A good start is half the success, and technology is the king
5. I don't usually play Byzantium. I always play Frank because Byzantium is a famous cavalry family, which is similar to Frank. I think Byzantium can be destroyed by Jiawei cavalry, because other cavalry in Byzantium have no advantage. Jiawei is good. I don't know what Jiawei is made of, which seems to be similar to Temple knight. It's easy to harass her. Build a few cavalry soldiers to beat the other villagers. It's better to beat his gold mining farmers to prevent her from becoming an emperor. This is a very effective move. I often use it
I hope these can help you!!!
I hope these can help you!!!
6. At first, the horse and a farmer went around looking for sheep, and the other two cut down trees. After finding the sheep, the farmers come back and kill the sheep collectively. There are six farmers who kill the sheep and then start to let the farmers out to kill and cut down the trees (three, after three, you can let them go to the nearest large tree group to build a logging field, so that the logging can be fast). Before that, you must find the two wild boars (the meat flavor of wild boar) nearest to your home, and then upgrade the blood of the farmers in the town, The first farmer will go to kill and lead the wild boar to the town (usually he will run back after shooting the wild boar twice), and the second farmer will stay at home and kill the sheep (there are eight sheep in total, unless you get lucky to find someone else's sheep, then it's anitovo.) At this time, the wild boar will be led to the town and killed by six sheep killing farmers (you can make up a good team for them before, remember to let them put the food in the town first, or it will be wasted. When killing pigs, the wild boar will attack which farmer, which farmer will go, don't force to kill). Then let a farmer go to the wild fruit to build imitation, and then four farmers will kill sheep, and the rest will start to cut down trees... You also have to remember, let your horse find the way, at least to know where the enemy is, what he is doing, careful close to the town.. When your wild boar food is about 120.130, you need to find another person to lead another wild boar, the same way.... At this time, the number of loggers will increase to at least nine farmers. When the sheep slaughtering farmers kill all the sheep, they will pull three to dig gold and one to plough (bring the farmers who were injured or you didn't know what they should do before to plough, but it's better not to exceed three fields...) When two wild boars have been killed, all the farmers will be pulled to dig wild fruit (it doesn't matter if there are more farmers digging wild fruit). At this time, it's almost more than 10 minutes. We start to upgrade feudalism, and then we start to pull a farmer to build military houses. Before the feudalism is almost finished, you need to find three farmers, one to build iron shops, two to build horse houses, and build them as soon as the upgrade is completed. Upgrade the castle at this time (if you are proficient, it will work. Upgrade the castle in more than 16 minutes. In fact, there are many things you need to play at random...
but it seems that it's not Byzantine. It's best to find some videos on the Internet and study them slowly.
but it seems that it's not Byzantine. It's best to find some videos on the Internet and study them slowly.
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