Ethereum attacked by double flowers
Publish: 2021-05-17 15:39:25
1. At the top of Ethereum is DAPP. It exchanges with the smart contract layer through Web3. JS. All smart contracts run on EVM (Ethereum virtual machine) and use RPC calls. Below EVM and RPC are the four core contents of Ethereum, including: blockchain, consensus algorithm, mining and network layer. Except DAPP, all other parts are in the Ethereum client. The most popular Ethereum client is geth (go Ethereum)
2.
I think the risk of buying bitcoin is very high, because the project test may fail in the future. Because the crash is used for capital. However, bitcoin itself is not a capital disk
first, bitcoin has been recognized by mainstream institutions
whether you believe it or not, this is an objective fact. Bitcoin has existed for 10 years and is getting better and better! The development of bitcoin in the past decade should be described as a sudden surge. Of course, there have been no less than 1000 reports of bitcoin's death in the past decade. However, the more bitcoin lives, the better, and those who believe in bitcoin will eventually get rich returns. At present, bitcoin has been launched on some mainstream exchanges, especially the Intercontinental Exchange and CME exchange in the United States. These two exchanges are the same as the Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges in China. Of course, they are larger in scale. After all, they are global exchanges
of course, in addition to Ethereum, there are many projects that have done very well. I won't elaborate here. However, more projects are likely to return to zero in the future, because even Ethereum and bitcoin can not guarantee their success, let alone other projects. Therefore, if you want to invest in digital currency, it is recommended to be cautious, and then be cautious, and do not invest with funds that you cannot afford
3. Ethereum is a kind of virtual currency, fire money network is operating virtual currency, also operating Ethereum, this is the relationship.
4. This is the second part of a series of articles on "key elements of becoming a better blockchain". Although decentralization is not an end in itself, it is a means to many ends, including resistance to censorship, corruption and collusion. Inclusive institutions with multi participation; And a fair distribution of wealth, power and influence. Decentralization is not suitable for most applications because of its low efficiency and high cost. However, for those applications that need decentralization, the underlying platform is much more reliable than the oral decentralized services. Did we go to the center? I want to remind us that decentralization is multidimensional, far from binary. Another closely related topic is unlicensed authorization, which will also be discussed here: allowing anyone anywhere to contribute to a project, platform or community is one of the most important parts of the spirit of decentralization
are there multiple client applications? There are two schools of thought. One assumption is that a single normative client application can concentrate limited resources on one project, and a development team can communicate more easily, which will maximize the success rate and competitiveness compared with other platforms. In addition, a single client application can prevent consensus failure caused by local account book inconsistency of different nodes (at least as long as each node upgrades its software after hard forking). On the other hand, the existence of multiple clients will make the network more likely to survive attacks (one client may stop block proction completely) or consensus failure (one or more clients cannot run the protocol correctly, which may lead to wrong block or stop block proction completely). In fact, both happened in Ethereum. But there are more subtle reasons. Firstly, the parallel application of multiple clients reces the dominant influence of a single core development team on the network, which is one of the biggest problems of bitcoin governance (zcash foundation will also decide to build a second zcash client to balance the power of electric coin). Moreover, different clients may make different architecture decisions and have different advantages (for example, mining, data search), and using different languages to write clients can enable more developers to participate in core development. Although parallel applications and beta applications are very good, the mainstream is the main network client: for example, bitcoin has at least 15 client applications, but 97% of the nodes run a program, that is, bitcoin core
how many organizations control mining computing power? The more parties involved in mining, the more difficult it is to collude with each other to engage in selfish mining, or to engage in double flower attacks (commonly known as 51% attacks, but the actual mathematical principles are more complex). This is not a hypothetical risk, as it has occurred in networks such as Ethereum classic and bitcoin gold. In addition, more miners means a fairer distribution of mining rewards. Although many indivial miners may participate in mining, because of incentives, they will gather in a few mines, and even a seemingly decentralized network may rely on a few entities for Mining: the three largest Ethereum mines jointly control 60% of the total power, while bitcoin's top four mines account for about 56%.
are there multiple client applications? There are two schools of thought. One assumption is that a single normative client application can concentrate limited resources on one project, and a development team can communicate more easily, which will maximize the success rate and competitiveness compared with other platforms. In addition, a single client application can prevent consensus failure caused by local account book inconsistency of different nodes (at least as long as each node upgrades its software after hard forking). On the other hand, the existence of multiple clients will make the network more likely to survive attacks (one client may stop block proction completely) or consensus failure (one or more clients cannot run the protocol correctly, which may lead to wrong block or stop block proction completely). In fact, both happened in Ethereum. But there are more subtle reasons. Firstly, the parallel application of multiple clients reces the dominant influence of a single core development team on the network, which is one of the biggest problems of bitcoin governance (zcash foundation will also decide to build a second zcash client to balance the power of electric coin). Moreover, different clients may make different architecture decisions and have different advantages (for example, mining, data search), and using different languages to write clients can enable more developers to participate in core development. Although parallel applications and beta applications are very good, the mainstream is the main network client: for example, bitcoin has at least 15 client applications, but 97% of the nodes run a program, that is, bitcoin core
how many organizations control mining computing power? The more parties involved in mining, the more difficult it is to collude with each other to engage in selfish mining, or to engage in double flower attacks (commonly known as 51% attacks, but the actual mathematical principles are more complex). This is not a hypothetical risk, as it has occurred in networks such as Ethereum classic and bitcoin gold. In addition, more miners means a fairer distribution of mining rewards. Although many indivial miners may participate in mining, because of incentives, they will gather in a few mines, and even a seemingly decentralized network may rely on a few entities for Mining: the three largest Ethereum mines jointly control 60% of the total power, while bitcoin's top four mines account for about 56%.
5.
the simple answer is that you don't need to care about this. These transactions are sorted and packaged into "chunks" and then executed and distributed by all participating nodes. If two transactions conflict with each other, the lower ranked transaction will be rejected and removed from the block
these blocks are arranged in a linear sequence according to time. This is the origin of the word "blockchain". Blocks are added to the chain at regular intervals. For bitcoin, the interval is about 10 minutes. For Ethereum, the interval is about 17 seconds. Ethereum has made improvements compared with the special currency. It is believed that it can achieve near real-time transfer in the future, which can be applied to the business field with high real-time requirements
as part of the "sequential selection mechanism" (commonly referred to as "mining"), a block chain may be rolled back from time to time. But this only happens at the end of the chain. The more blocks involved in rollback, the lower the probability of its occurrence. So your transaction may be rolled back or even removed from the blockchain. But the longer you wait, the less likely that will happen<
future prospects
after understanding some basic principles of blockchain, you may have found its value. The traditional Internet has completed the transmission of information globalization, but it can not transfer trust and value. The characteristics of blockchain can transfer trust and value. It is believed that blockchain will lead the evolution of information internet to value Internet. In the next 10 years, human society will enter a more open and transparent world
Introction to Bubi blockchain
Bubi blockchain is a commercial blockchain. Bubi covers seven areas: exchange, points (multiple points, gege points), insurance (sunshine insurance will launch accident insurance on our blockchain in a month, which can greatly rece channel costs), equity crowdfunding (gold stock chain, etc.), supply chain finance (Qian Xiang, etc.), supply chain (cooperation with the material chain, etc.), jewelry anti-counterfeiting, etc. Some funds cooperating with Bubby have committed 150 million investment funds. Bubby plays the role of "LP" in the fund, helping the fund identify and invest in companies related to blockchain. At present, the average amount of angel investment obtained through Bubi blockchain is about 3 million, with an average valuation of more than 40 million
Finance is essentially a money relationship between people
but if it is a direct money relationship between people, it is only a relationship of borrowing and transferring, which does not constitute a real sense of finance
the emergence of third-party institutions makes the money relationship between people become a financial relationship
why can the third party institutions realize the function of finance
this is because the third-party financial institutions have solved the following three problems:
trust
settlement
rules
these three problems are exactly the problems that blockchain can naturally solve
the so-called blockchain is to jointly maintain the public ledger on multiple nodes
the data of large ledger will be packaged once in each specified time period, and the packaged data is called block. Connecting the packed blocks in a specific way in chronological order is called blockchain
blockchain data is broadcast to all nodes on the Internet, forming data information that can not be tampered with but can be verified
thanks to the blockchain technology, as a bitcoin user, he can completely trust Zhang San to transfer a bitcoin to Li Si's address after querying through the block. This event is true. Li Si has 100 bitcoins in his wallet, which can be confirmed by signature
based on reliable payment and real property, the problem of trust has a foundation to solve
and a higher degree of trust can be achieved through multi signature
what is multi signature? It is very simple, that is, a payment has more than one related person. When the number of related persons reaches the set confirmation, the payment will take effect
through the above parts, the trust problem can be well solved
blockchain Internet is the two areas of interaction. Today's Internet seems to transmit information perfectly, which is not limited by time and region, and is cheap, simple and fast. However, things are always moving forward. When we solve the problem of Internet massive data processing through database, cloud storage and other technologies, what follows is how to solve the authenticity and effectiveness of data on a large scale. Blockchain technology emerged with the trend. It is the first time to establish decentralized trust technology from the technical level, which is of subversive significance.
I have seen your question. In which aspects can blockchain be applied? Below by the small series to answer for you
the simple answer is that you don't need to care about this. These transactions are sorted and packaged into "chunks" and then executed and distributed by all participating nodes. If two transactions conflict with each other, the lower ranked transaction will be rejected and removed from the block
these blocks are arranged in a linear sequence according to time. This is the origin of the word "blockchain". Blocks are added to the chain at regular intervals. For bitcoin, the interval is about 10 minutes. For Ethereum, the interval is about 17 seconds. Ethereum has made improvements compared with the special currency. It is believed that it can achieve near real-time transfer in the future, which can be applied to the business field with high real-time requirements
as part of the "sequential selection mechanism" (commonly referred to as "mining"), a block chain may be rolled back from time to time. But this only happens at the end of the chain. The more blocks involved in rollback, the lower the probability of its occurrence. So your transaction may be rolled back or even removed from the blockchain. But the longer you wait, the less likely that will happen<
future prospects
after understanding some basic principles of blockchain, you may have found its value. The traditional Internet has completed the transmission of information globalization, but it can not transfer trust and value. The characteristics of blockchain can transfer trust and value. It is believed that blockchain will lead the evolution of information internet to value Internet. In the next 10 years, human society will enter a more open and transparent world
Introction to Bubi blockchain
Bubi blockchain is a commercial blockchain. Bubi covers seven areas: exchange, points (multiple points, gege points), insurance (sunshine insurance will launch accident insurance on our blockchain in a month, which can greatly rece channel costs), equity crowdfunding (gold stock chain, etc.), supply chain finance (Qian Xiang, etc.), supply chain (cooperation with the material chain, etc.), jewelry anti-counterfeiting, etc. Some funds cooperating with Bubby have committed 150 million investment funds. Bubby plays the role of "LP" in the fund, helping the fund identify and invest in companies related to blockchain. At present, the average amount of angel investment obtained through Bubi blockchain is about 3 million, with an average valuation of more than 40 million
Finance is essentially a money relationship between people
but if it is a direct money relationship between people, it is only a relationship of borrowing and transferring, which does not constitute a real sense of finance
the emergence of third-party institutions makes the money relationship between people become a financial relationship
why can the third party institutions realize the function of finance
this is because the third-party financial institutions have solved the following three problems:
trust
settlement
rules
these three problems are exactly the problems that blockchain can naturally solve
the so-called blockchain is to jointly maintain the public ledger on multiple nodes
the data of large ledger will be packaged once in each specified time period, and the packaged data is called block. Connecting the packed blocks in a specific way in chronological order is called blockchain
blockchain data is broadcast to all nodes on the Internet, forming data information that can not be tampered with but can be verified
thanks to the blockchain technology, as a bitcoin user, he can completely trust Zhang San to transfer a bitcoin to Li Si's address after querying through the block. This event is true. Li Si has 100 bitcoins in his wallet, which can be confirmed by signature
based on reliable payment and real property, the problem of trust has a foundation to solve
and a higher degree of trust can be achieved through multi signature
what is multi signature? It is very simple, that is, a payment has more than one related person. When the number of related persons reaches the set confirmation, the payment will take effect
through the above parts, the trust problem can be well solved
blockchain Internet is the two areas of interaction. Today's Internet seems to transmit information perfectly, which is not limited by time and region, and is cheap, simple and fast. However, things are always moving forward. When we solve the problem of Internet massive data processing through database, cloud storage and other technologies, what follows is how to solve the authenticity and effectiveness of data on a large scale. Blockchain technology emerged with the trend. It is the first time to establish decentralized trust technology from the technical level, which is of subversive significance.
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