Sharding Ethereum
The idea of Ethereum was born in 2013. Vitalik buterin ˙ When he was a programmer in the bitcoin community, he suggested to the core developers of bitcoin to develop a language for application developers to facilitate the development of various applications. Bitcoin core developers disagree. So God V decided to develop a new platform for this purpose
V God wrote the white paper of etheric currency in 2013, in which he explained the goal of building a decentralized program. In 2014, we got development funds through crowdfunding, so we developed the Ethernet system< (better digital currency trading platform "currency exchange")
since its birth, it has carried out four hard bifurcations so far
for the first time, in order to adjust the difficulty
released a stable version of "homeland" for the second time
for the fourth time, in order to prevent DDoS and rece weight
there is only the third hard fork, because of the hacker attack, and forced to fork. This is the Dao event
On July 30, 2015, v-god and Ethereum Foundation created the first smart contract platform and designed the Dao Ethereum contracton April 30, 2016, the Dao smart contract was officially deployed, and the world's largest crowdfunding was completed, reaching an amazing $150 million As an aside, the biggest crowdfunding event in time is EOS crowdfunding, which has reached an even more amazing $5 billion!)
on June 17, 2016, the Dao was attacked by hackers, who stole about 50 million US dollars of Ethernet currency, and the price also plummeted from US $20 to US $15, causing great harm to Ethereum. In order to recover the loss of investors, the community finally decided to hard fork
therefore, on July 20, 2016, at the block height of 1920000, the hard branching was successful, and the new chain is called Ethereum eth, while the original chain is now Ethereum classic etc
according to the notice on preventing the financing risk of token issuance, there is no approved digital currency trading platform in China. According to China's digital currency regulatory framework, investors have the freedom to participate in digital currency transactions at their own risk
warm tips: the above information is for reference only. Before investing, it is recommended that you first understand the risks existing in the project, and understand the investors, investment institutions, chain activity and other information of the project, rather than blindly investing or mistakenly entering the capital market. Investment is risky, so we should be cautious when entering the market
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in front of the article: the video version is slightly different from the text version. If you want to see my affectionate interpretation, please see the video version (meow understands blockchain phase 22 | sharding: Ethereum is too slow, "disk" him!), The logic of thinking is strange. Please see the extended version
recently, Ethereum has shown an overwhelming positive trend e to the Constantinople upgrade, while Ethereum's upgrade road is like upgrading and fighting monsters, falling into rabbithole. No one knows how deep the hole is. Since it is a long way to go, it is of vital importance to make every step well and accurately. After overcoming this difficulty, Ethereum's next technical difficulty, sharding fragmentation, has been put on the table again. This issue of "meow understands blockchain" will take you into sharding, the magic weapon that makes Ethereum fast
what is sharding
slicing technology is not a new concept. At first, it is an optimization scheme for large central database. Specifically, it divides the data in large database into many shards according to certain rules, and then stores these data in different servers to rece the data access pressure of each server, So as to improve the performance of the whole database system
let's take a small popular example:
for example, meituan, Didi taxi and other software that we often use can be divided according to the "city". Because the data of different cities do not need to communicate, the data of different cities can be stored in different databases, so that the database server can be deployed to the nearest node from the corresponding city, Can also improve the speed of access, why not do it
from the above example, we should have a preliminary understanding of the concept of fragmentation. What about fragmentation in blockchain scenarios
taking Ethereum fragmentation as an example, in the original single chain system, the overall performance of the public chain depends on the performance of a single node. After fragmentation, each node only needs to undertake the work of the whole network, and each fragmentation works in parallel. According to vitalik, each shard is like a separate galaxy, and each fragmentation is like an independent universe, In this way, the efficiency will be improved naturally! Originally, the total network TPS of Ethereum chain was about 20. Now, if it is increased to 100 pieces, the total network TPS can be increased to 2000. Similarly, the total network capacity will be increased to 100 times of the original
"each node only needs to undertake part of the work of the whole network", which will lead to several major problems. 1. How to determine which piece of work this node is responsible for? 2. Which transactions should be classified into which segments? 3. Does each node only need to store its own transaction information (ledger)
according to the implementation of the above problems, we can divide the fragmentation into three types: network fragmentation, transaction fragmentation and state fragmentation
Network fragmentation: how to divide the nodes of the whole network into different partitions
transaction segmentation: how to divide the whole network transactions into different segments
State fragmentation: how to make each node only maintain the account book in its own fragmentation without affecting the security of the whole system
the difference and connection between main chain and fragmentation chain
we have understood the types of fragmentation, so what's the difference between main chain and shard chain
turn left | turn right
the realization of Ethereum fragmentation is a long process. Even vitalik himself said that it will be graally realized by stages. We'd better look forward to whether fragmentation can move from theory to practice
the reason for the emergence of Moke is that Ethereum, the hottest smart contract platform at present, has insufficient speed and expansion capacity to meet the needs of a large number of token project applications. Compared with Ethereum's 7-14 transactions per second, Moke can achieve 100 times, even 1000 times under optimized conditions
how is Moke, as an "optimized Ethereum", realized technically<
01 layered verification
first of all, layered verification is adopted. Other systems either insist on pow, or insist on POS, or mix POW + POS, which can not effectively use the advantages of both and avoid the disadvantages of both. We use POW in the physical network and POS in the logical network of the smart contract, so that we can take both advantages into account, which can be called pop (POS over POW)<
02 fragmentation technology
the latest fragmentation concept of Ethereum, the main chain is basically unchanged, and a validator management contract is added to manage sharding interface and allocation. The main chain doesn't care what it looks like in sharding. The main chain only cares about the hash of your header. However, in order to achieve fragmentation in technology, according to the route planning of Ethereum, it will not come out until 2019
compared with Ethereum's single network, Moke has successfully broken through and adopted sharding technology, which can divide Moke into numerous logical subnets, making parallel computing possible, solving a major problem in the instry, greatly improving the processing speed, so as to achieve visa level transaction scale<
03 asynchronous call
Ethereum's synchronous smart contract call, the return of smart contract and block consensus are bound in the same block, resulting in the total amount of smart contract processing limited by block time. Moke adopts asynchronous smart contract call, so that the call and return can cross blocks without block time limit, which greatly increases the number of smart contracts to be processed at the same time
04 cross chain
by crossing blocks through asynchronous smart contracts, Moke can carry out atomic cross chain operation on blockchains with different block generation times, making Moke an underlying blockchain system with cross chain capability. Asynchronous call of smart contract can cross blocks from start to completion, and is no longer limited to one block. This greatly speeds up the throughput of MOAC, and has the function of cross chain of different blockchains
different blockchains have different block generation times. For example, if you set a contract to buy Ethereum erc20 token on the MOAC, you can cross the current block of the MOAC in 5 seconds, and then the contract will wait for Ethereum 25 second block to complete the corresponding transaction through off chain communication, and then complete the transaction in the N + 2 MOAC block. This kind of atomic transaction is completely different from the current transactions completed by various cross chain third-party roles through the establishment of an intermediate escrow account
in the contract, you can also define several confirmation blocks to complete the transaction. Other blockchain systems lack the function of asynchronous call contract, so they can't exchange atoms across chains, which is the advantage of MOAC
05 plug in and verify self built blockchain procts
the new idea means to build a new blockchain. We need to set up servers, develop teams, build communities, attract new users, and so on. We need to spend a lot of money to implement new blockchain ideas. After the inker chain goes online, these ideas can be easily tested on the inker chain, without huge additional costs<
06 never bifurcate
once blockchain procts are deployed and put into proction mode, it is difficult to add / modify / delete functions. Such a modification is either a soft fork or a hard fork. Dealing with bifurcation requires great effort and economic consequences. The architecture mode of Moke chain makes it possible to improve blockchain without bifurcation.
in front of the article: the video version is slightly different from the text version. If you want to see my affectionate interpretation, please see the video version (meow understands blockchain phase 22 | sharding: Ethereum is too slow, "disk" him!), The logic of thinking is strange. Please see the extended version
recently, Ethereum has shown an overwhelming positive trend e to the Constantinople upgrade, while Ethereum's upgrade road is like upgrading and fighting monsters, falling into rabbithole. No one knows how deep the hole is. Since it is a long way to go, it is of vital importance to make every step well and accurately. After overcoming this difficulty, Ethereum's next technical difficulty, sharding fragmentation, has been put on the table again. This issue of "meow understands blockchain" will take you into sharding, the magic weapon that makes Ethereum fast
what is sharding
slicing technology is not a new concept. At first, it is an optimization scheme for large central database. Specifically, it divides the data in large database into many shards according to certain rules, and then stores these data in different servers to rece the data access pressure of each server, So as to improve the performance of the whole database system
let's take a small popular example:
for example, meituan, Didi taxi and other software that we often use can be divided according to the "city". Because the data of different cities do not need to communicate, the data of different cities can be stored in different databases, so that the database server can be deployed to the nearest node from the corresponding city, Can also improve the speed of access, why not do it
from the above examples, we should have a preliminary understanding of the concept of fragmentation. What about fragmentation in blockchain scenarios
taking Ethereum fragmentation as an example, in the original single chain system, the overall performance of the public chain depends on the performance of a single node. After fragmentation, each node only needs to undertake the work of the whole network, and each fragmentation works in parallel. According to vitalik, each shard is like a separate galaxy, and each fragmentation is like an independent universe, In this way, the efficiency will be improved naturally! Originally, the total network TPS of Ethereum chain was about 20. Now, if it is increased to 100 pieces, the total network TPS can be increased to 2000. Similarly, the total network capacity will be increased to 100 times of the original
"each node only needs to undertake part of the work of the whole network", which will lead to several major problems. 1. How to determine which piece of work this node is responsible for? 2. Which transactions should be classified into which segments? 3. Does each node only need to store its own transaction information (ledger)
according to the implementation of the above problems, we can divide the fragmentation into three types: network fragmentation, transaction fragmentation and state fragmentation
Network fragmentation: how to divide the nodes of the whole network into different partitions
transaction segmentation: how to divide the whole network transactions into different segments
State fragmentation: how to make each node only maintain the account book in its own fragmentation without affecting the security of the whole system
the difference and connection between main chain and fragmentation chain
we have understood the types of fragmentation, so what's the difference between main chain and shard chain
turn left | turn right
the realization of Ethereum fragmentation is a long process. Even vitalik himself said that it will be graally realized by stages. We'd better look forward to whether fragmentation can move from theory to practice