Ethereum phase 2 upgrade technology

2.

what is Ethereum:

Ethereum is an innovation based on the application of technologies and concepts in bitcoin to computers. Ethereum itself imitates a lot of bitcoin technology to maintain the computer platform. Blockchain technology is one of them
Ethereum platform can safely run any program users want

advantages of Ethereum over other competitive currencies before Ethereum appeared, some digital currencies imitated bitcoin. However, these projects have their own shortcomings, they can only support one or several specific applications at the same time< However, the reason why Ethereum can surpass the limitations of these projects in the past is because of the core idea of Ethereum

what Ethereum wants to implement is a blockchain protocol with built-in programming language. Since it supports programming language, in theory, any blockchain application can be defined with this language, and then run on Ethereum's blockchain protocol as an application

The design of Ethereum is very flexible and adaptable

Ethereum target sets the advantages of blockchain technology, in order to add the advantages of blockchain, such as decentralization, openness and security, to almost all computing fields

blockchain applications of Ethereum

Ethereum has many blockchain applications, such as digital applications of gold and stocks, financial derivatives applications, DNS and digital authentication, etc

Ethereum has achieved more than 100 blockchain applications by many start-ups

Ethereum has also been closely watched by some financial institutions, banking consortia (such as R3), as well as large companies like Samsung, Deloitte, RWE and IBM. As a result, a number of blockchain applications such as simplified and automated financial transactions, merchant loyalty index tracking, and gift cards designed to achieve decentralization of electronic transactions have emerged

the relationship between Ethereum and blockchain:

Ethereum is a programmable blockchain

Ethereum does not give users a series of preset operations (such as bitcoin transaction), but allows users to create complex operations according to their own wishes

in this way, Ethereum can be used as a platform for various types of decentralized blockchain applications, including but not limited to cryptocurrency

like other blockchains, Ethereum also has a peer-to-peer network protocol. Ethereum blockchain database is maintained and updated by many nodes connected to the network. Each network node runs the Ethereum simulator and executes the same instructions. Therefore, people sometimes call Ethereum "world computer"

3. When it comes to money, mining is indispensable. In Ethereum network, if you want to get Ethereum, you also need to mine it. When it comes to mining, there must be a consensus mechanism
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.

4. Ethereum can be said to be a very successful currency in technology. In a short period of time, it has formed a trend of convergence. No matter in the technical level or in the market level, it has received global support, and the applications developed around it are emerging in an endless stream. At present, its price has been hovering at 3000 yuan for nearly half a month. I believe that with the progress of the bifurcation, its price is likely to exceed 4000 yuan by the end of the year. As the second largest market value of blockchain projects and bitcoin projects, its value is obviously likely to rise

Ethereum uses fog computing. The data processing and applications of fog computing are concentrated in the devices at the edge of the network, rather than almost all stored in the cloud, which is an extension concept of cloud computing, which is more in line with the spirit of decentralization of blockchain. If all the storage and operations still stay on the centralized server, then it will not be a real blockchain
recently, the hot "ethereal cat" on Ethereum network has led to the congestion of Ethereum network. The problem is that the TPS concurrency per second of Ethereum is too low. The emergence of ethereumfog with fog computing will break the embarrassing situation of Ethereum network congestion, and add powerful decentralized storage and additional computing power to the chain

the concept of fog computing may be unfamiliar to many chain friends, but it is the most important aspect of ether fog to attract investors. In fact, I have heard about the concept of fog computing for a long time, and I have always thought that fog computing is the future development direction. When it comes to fog computing, we should start with cloud computing. In fact, the cloud computing we see now evolves from the cluster of independent servers, that is, from the original centralized independent servers to large server clusters, but in the final analysis, it is still a form of centralized computing. Compared with cloud computing, which is the evolution of centralized computing, fog computing is to share computing tasks with various computing power devices around us, and realize the evolution of decentralized and distributed computing, which coincides with the philosophy of blockchain itself.

5. The network will be upgraded to Constantinople & Petersburg at block height of 7280000. L, Z, b show that it will be upgraded on March 1, 2019 Beijing time. I don't know if the upgrade is successful

6. It's been more than two weeks! One of Kushen cold wallet is hardware, and the other is connected with AP. Its private key doesn't touch the Internet. If you don't touch the Internet, hackers can't steal your digital currency! In addition to these, it also has an information function. I can't miss any major digital currency information. I just brush it in the morning and at night, which is very convenient. The most powerful thing is that it also has a digital currency hard bifurcation scheme, which can be solved by scanning the code. It's great!

7. How can I buy GL with usdt in the digital currency exchange? Why haven't I bought GL for so long
rest meeting

8. Walk to yingmenkou overpass north station in Cheng, take bus No.48, get off at Qinglong Street station, and walk to Cheng housing provident fund management center at Dongyu Heyan Street Station (8 stops), 170 meters. Take bus No.37 and get off at Qinglong Street station. But it's a short walk after you get off the bus NO.48. Or you can take a taxi, about 16 yuan.

9. What about the bluebird microphone? Aiken sound card is aikeng. It requires a lot of computers. The jumper and driver are not perfect
it is recommended to use Maya. Of course, it's better to have words. One voice card can be set by one speaker. Ha ha
that way, your microphone sound will be more pure. There is warmth. It's more magnetic
it is recommended that you use those tubes as much as possible. If it's a vacuum tube. Look, you are also the master of rice.

10.

The core of Ethereum 2.0 upgrade is Ethereum 2.0 fragmentation and POS consensus mechanism. The adoption of POS consensus mechanism is to improve the energy efficiency of Ethereum protocol and increase the security of Ethereum blockchain. Ethereum 2.0 is partitioned, so that the Ethereum chain no longer needs to process each transaction on the chain through each node

in the fragmentation system, each node only needs to process about 1% of the transactions or less, which greatly improves the efficiency of the blockchain. After the implementation of eth2.0, not only the network performance has been greatly improved, but also investors can rece the investment in heavy assets (+ slf0037). The implementation of consensus protocol Casper and fragmentation technology has made great changes to the underlying protocol of the network, and further promoted the development of blockchain expansion technology, and continuously reached the commercial standard. As of 16:00 on January 7, 2021, more than 2.3 million eth have been locked in the network, accounting for 2% of the total supply of Ethereum. However, this is still only the first phase of the update. According to official information, uniswap V3 has been deployed to the Ethereum main network. According to the official article, uniswap V3 is the most powerful version of the agreement so far. Centralized liquidity provides unprecedented capital efficiency for liquidity providers, better execution for traders, and the core infrastructure of decentralized finance. As far as Ethereum's roadmap is concerned, V Shen said that as the merger date approaches, many aspects of the roadmap are becoming more and more feasible. It is optimistic that the upgrade will be completed by the end of this year. After the merger, the execution chain will run within the consensus chain, and each beacon chain block will include a block from the execution chain. He also said that the merger requires a lot of complex technologies to make the whole process as simple as possible. For users, clients, developers and smart contracts, the merger will be smoother and users need not worry too much. At present, many centralized exchanges, decentralized exchanges, decentralized pledge agreements and basic service providers have entered the stacking track of Ethereum 2.0. It is not difficult to imagine that more service providers will emerge in the future, and the Ethereum 2.0 stacking plate will also become the standard configuration of exchanges and wallets. How long can we dig the pow chain of eth 1.0? There is no clear answer. But it is certain that before Ethereum is completely transformed from POW to POS, Ethereum foundation must take a long time to prove that the POS chain is safe. Only in this way can all developers and users safely complete the switch, so that the entire ecosystem worth more than 100 billion US dollars can truly and completely run on the beacon chain

no one knows how long it will take to complete the project, which is a big unknown, and these unknowns may be a great resistance to the transformation of Ethereum 2.0. Therefore, we are optimistic that the pow chain can continue to dig for at least two to three years

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