Ethereum client Chinese version
a brief history of etheric Classics (etc)
etheric classics began with an unfortunate event
in May 2016, the decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) held a token sale with the goal of establishing a blockchain based venture capital to fund future decentralized applications (dapps) in the Ethereum ecosystem
basically, Dao is a complex smart contract that operates in a decentralized way - computer code that automatically performs tasks between multiple parties when conditions are met
despite its ambitious goals and successful token sales, Dao's code has a major vulnerability that allows attackers to steal eth from decentralized organizations
the attacker took advantage of this vulnerability in June 2016, triggering the infamous Dao hacking event, and maliciously stole eth worth about US $50 million
there is no doubt that Dao hacking has shocked Ethereum community and made eth price drop from $20 to $13
after the Dao hacking, the Ethereum community has to choose from three options
< UL >do nothing and try to bear the consequences of the attack; Or
start soft bifurcation to recover funds; Or
deploy a hard fork to recover the lost eth
both soft and hard bifurcations are significant network upgrades. However, soft fork allows users who are not upgraded to communicate with upgraded users, while hard fork is not backward compatible with previous versions
as developers realize that deploying soft forks will expose the network to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, Ethereum community decides to initiate hard forks to recover the funds lost in Dao hacking attacks
although this scheme is supported by most people, a small number of people in Ethereum community oppose it. They think that "code is the law" and blockchain network should be unchangeable
the failure of both sides to reach an agreement on the solution eventually led to the fragmentation of Ethereum blockchain
those who tried to recover the lost eth chose the hard fork and opened the Ethereum (ETH) blockchain as we know it today, while another group stayed on the original Ethereum classic (etc) chain
what problems does ethereal classic solve Ethernet classic (etc) is a blockchain platform that allows developers to deploy smart contracts and dapps although this function is the same as Ethereum (ETH), etc blockchain has two main differences first of all, Ethereum classic community opposes tampering with distributed ledger and supports the view that "blockchain network cannot and should not be modified" secondly, although there is no rigid upper limit on the total supply of eth, it is allowed to create 230 million etc at most by adopting the monetary policy of constant supply as a bonus item, ethereal classic launched Atlantis hard bifurcation last year to increase the interaction with Ethereum and improve the privacy protection of transactions through ZK snarks the trading platforms recommended by etc hot money, okex, AAX, etc
what is Ethereum:
Ethereum is an innovation based on the application of technologies and concepts in bitcoin to computers. Ethereum itself imitates a lot of bitcoin technology to maintain the computer platform. Blockchain technology is one of them
Ethereum platform can safely run any program users want
advantages of Ethereum over other competitive currencies before Ethereum appeared, some digital currencies imitated bitcoin. However, these projects have their own shortcomings, they can only support one or several specific applications at the same time< However, the reason why Ethereum can surpass the limitations of these projects in the past is because of the core idea of Ethereum
what Ethereum wants to implement is a blockchain protocol with built-in programming language. Since it supports programming language, in theory, any blockchain application can be defined with this language, and then run on Ethereum's blockchain protocol as an application
The design of Ethereum is very flexible and adaptable
Ethereum target sets the advantages of blockchain technology, in order to add the advantages of blockchain, such as decentralization, openness and security, to almost all computing fields
blockchain applications of Ethereum
Ethereum has many blockchain applications, such as digital applications of gold and stocks, financial derivatives applications, DNS and digital authentication, etc
Ethereum has achieved more than 100 blockchain applications by many start-ups
Ethereum has also been closely watched by some financial institutions, banking consortia (such as R3), as well as large companies like Samsung, Deloitte, RWE and IBM. As a result, a number of blockchain applications such as simplified and automated financial transactions, merchant loyalty index tracking, and gift cards designed to achieve decentralization of electronic transactions have emerged
the relationship between Ethereum and blockchain:
Ethereum is a programmable blockchain
Ethereum does not give users a series of preset operations (such as bitcoin transaction), but allows users to create complex operations according to their own wishes
in this way, Ethereum can be used as a platform for various types of decentralized blockchain applications, including but not limited to cryptocurrency
like other blockchains, Ethereum also has a peer-to-peer network protocol. Ethereum blockchain database is maintained and updated by many nodes connected to the network. Each network node runs the Ethereum simulator and executes the same instructions. Therefore, people sometimes call Ethereum "world computer"
Ethereum is an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract function. It provides decentralized virtual machine (Ethereum virtual machine) to process point-to-point contract through its special cryptocurrency ether (also known as "Ethereum")
The token on theblockchain is called ether, and the code is eth. It can be traded in many foreign exchange markets of cryptocurrency, and it is also the medium used to pay transaction fees and computing services on Ethereum
the concept of Ethereum was first proposed by vitalik buterin, a programmer, from 2013 to 2014, inspired by bitcoin, with the general meaning of "next generation cryptocurrency and decentralized application platform", and began to develop through ICO crowdfunding in 2014. As of February 2018, Ethernet is the second highest cryptocurrency in market value, second only to bitcoin
extended data:
Ethereum platform has no characteristics and value. Like programming languages, it's up to entrepreneurs and developers to decide what to use. However, it is clear that some application types benefit more from the functions of Ethereum than others. Ethereum is especially suitable for those applications that automatically interact directly between points or promote group coordination activities across networks
for example, coordinate the application of point-to-point market, or the automation of complex financial contracts. Bitcoin enables indivials to exchange money without the help of financial institutions, banks or governments. The impact of Ethereum may be more profound
in theory, any complex financial activities or transactions can be automatically and reliably carried out on Ethereum with coding. In addition to financial applications, any application scenario with high requirements for trust, security and persistence, such as asset registration, voting, management and Internet of things, will be affected by Ethereum platform on a large scale
etc (Ethereum Classic) is a bifurcated currency that Ethereum hard bifurcates after 1920000 blocks, and its function is very similar to Ethereum. Etc adheres to the concept of decentralization and supports the consensus mechanism of blockchain guarantee. Etc firmly believes that once the blockchain starts to run, its development direction will not be controlled by any central team, but will be determined by the consensus of the people participating in the whole network and the consensus of the computing power of the whole network
the Ethereum blockchain hard branching in July 2016 aims to transfer the Dao funds stolen by hackers to an account controlled by investors, and let the old transaction records be forgotten by history. Most Ethereum developers are involved in the reversal, as are exchanges, startups and other members of the ecosystem. A few days later, the project returned to normal. But not everyone wants to forget the old record. As a result, a small number of miners continued to use the original blockchain as a protest. They described the hard fork as a capital withdrawal for the abandoned project of the Dao. So Ethereum classic (etc) was born
2. Detailed parameters
Chinese Name: Ethereum classic English Name: Ethereum classic English abbreviation: etc
developer: Ethereum Classic team core algorithm: ethash consensus proof: POW
release date: 2016 / 7 / 20 block time: About 15-17 seconds / block
total currency: fixed at 210 million, up to 230 million, Every 5 million blocks decelerate by 20%, and the first proction rection is expected to be in December 2017
main features: independent cryptocurrency
Ethereum can be used to program, distribute, guarantee and trade anything: voting, domain names, financial exchanges, crowdfunding, corporate management,
contracts and most of the agreements, intellectual property, and smart assets that benefit from hardware integration
Ethereum will use a hybrid security protocol. In the early stage, it will use the proof of work (POW) mechanism to distribute Ethernet currency, and then it will switch to the proof of equity (POS) mechanism. Since the launch, there will be 0.26x every year, that is, 60102216
*
0.26
=
15626576 ether coins will be g up by miners every year. After being converted to POS, the annual output of Ethereum will be reced
English Name: Ethereum / eth
Chinese Name: Ethereum
listed exchanges: 156
issuing time: July 24, 2014
The idea of Ethereum was born in 2013. Vitalik buterin ˙ When he was a programmer in the bitcoin community, he suggested to the core developers of bitcoin to develop a language for application developers to facilitate the development of various applications. Bitcoin core developers disagree. So God V decided to develop a new platform for this purpose
V God wrote the white paper of etheric currency in 2013, in which he explained the goal of building a decentralized program. In 2014, we got development funds through crowdfunding, so we developed the Ethernet system< (better digital currency trading platform "currency exchange")
since its birth, it has carried out four hard bifurcations so far
for the first time, in order to adjust the difficulty
released a stable version of "homeland" for the second time
for the fourth time, in order to prevent DDoS and rece weight
there is only the third hard fork, because of the hacker attack, and forced to fork. This is the Dao event
On July 30, 2015, v-god and Ethereum Foundation created the first smart contract platform and designed the Dao Ethereum contracton April 30, 2016, the Dao smart contract was officially deployed, and the world's largest crowdfunding was completed, reaching an amazing $150 million As an aside, the biggest crowdfunding event in time is EOS crowdfunding, which has reached an even more amazing $5 billion!)
on June 17, 2016, the Dao was attacked by hackers, who stole about 50 million US dollars of Ethernet currency, and the price also plummeted from US $20 to US $15, causing great harm to Ethereum. In order to recover the loss of investors, the community finally decided to hard fork
therefore, on July 20, 2016, at the block height of 1920000, the hard branching was successful, and the new chain is called Ethereum eth, while the original chain is now Ethereum classic etc
entry notes
& 9830; The museum is open to the public< br />
♦ Please pay attention to the appearance. Do not wear vest, slippers or spiked shoes< br />
♦ Please store your bags and other items in the bag storage cabinet before entering the borrowing area< br />
♦ Please take the books and periodicals out of the library after going through the lending proceres. Take the books and periodicals away without authorization and handle them according to the relevant regulations< br />
♦ Please keep quiet in the library area. Do not make noise or use audio communication tools in the reading area< br />
♦ Please take good care of the documents and all public property in the library, and compensate for the damage according to the regulations< br />
♦ Smoking and open fire are strictly prohibited in the library area. Do not bring inflammables and explosives into the library< br />
♦ Please keep the library clean, do not eat in the reading area, do not spit, litter, peel and other debris< br />
♦ Please consciously abide by the rules and regulations of the library and cooperate with the staff to manage according to the regulations< If you need to borrow books, you need to apply for the reader card of Tianjin library. The proceres are as follows:
1. General rules for applying for the card
1. Readers over 14 years old can apply for the reader card of Tianjin Library for the first time by holding their second generation ID card or other valid identity documents (social security card, driver's license, military card, Hong Kong and Macao pass, Taiwan compatriots' home return card, etc.) Foreign passport), fill in personal information and pay the corresponding deposit can be free of charge
2. For children under 14 years old to apply for Tianjin library reader card for the first time, their parents should hold the children's household register, fill in their personal information and pay the corresponding deposit for free
3. handles the ID number admission system for the reader's certificate of the library, that is, ID number can only be applied for a reader's certificate (other valid documents are also the same). The reader's card is valid for one year. After the expiration, the reader only needs to register with the card for free and can continue to use it (if someone else is entrusted to handle it, the agent should handle it with his ID card and the original ID card of the client)< According to the amount of deposit or the type of readers, the reader card has the following three service functions for readers to choose to open, and the three functions are not allowed to run at the same time
1. Chinese and foreign language literature lending function: readers can borrow one foreign language book in the cultural center by paying a deposit of 500 yuan; Five volumes of Chinese books can be borrowed from the three districts of the library and the district and county public libraries that have opened the loan and return service; Five Chinese periodicals can be borrowed from the cultural center and Fukang road; Read the collection of Chinese and foreign literature< 2. Chinese literature lending function: readers can borrow 5 volumes of Chinese books in the three districts of the library and the district and county public libraries that have opened the loan service by paying a deposit of 100 yuan; Five Chinese periodicals can be borrowed from the cultural center and Fukang road; Read the collection of Chinese literature
3. Children's literature lending function: readers can borrow 2 Chinese children's books in the cultural center by paying a deposit of 50 yuan; One children's journal; Read children's literature< (1) Chinese literature lending function: readers over 14 years old with their second generation ID card can apply for the new card on the self-service card machine, If you hold other valid certificates, you need to fill in the application form at the manual application desk< (2) the function of Chinese and foreign language literature lending: readers over 14 years old should hold their second generation ID card or other valid documents and fill in the application form at the manual registration desk
(3) children's literature lending function: children under the age of 14 who apply for Tianjin library reader card for the first time must be accompanied by their parents, carry their children's household register, fill in personal information and pay the corresponding deposit for free Special note: this card can only be used in children's literature lending room< Other kinds of certificates that have expired in our library in the past: readers holding such certificates must cancel the certificate at the manual registration desk (no overe fees, book records, deposit refunds, etc.) and apply for the new certificate according to the new certificate application method< 4. Report loss, supplement and refund of deposit
1. Report loss: when a reader accidentally loses his / her reader card, he / she should immediately report loss with his / her valid certificate. During the period of report loss, the service function of the reader card (except the book return function) is temporarily closed
2. Certificate replacement: one week after the loss of the certificate is reported, the reader will apply for a new certificate with his valid certificate. If the reader's card cannot be used normally e to personal damage, the reader shall apply for a new card with his own valid certificate
3. Refund of deposit: the reader holds his ID card and reader card, and the system confirms that there is no record of overe fees and books, fills in the refund application form, and the issuing office returns the deposit to the reader, and turns off the reader card borrowing function; If the agent is entrusted, the agent shall hold his ID card and the original ID card of the client. If the reader card is lost, the reader should return the deposit one week after reporting the loss. Please keep the reader card properly after returning the deposit. If you pay the deposit again, you can resume the borrowing function< The initial password of the reader card is the last seven digits of the card number or the full card number (letter + number). Please change your password by yourself. If you forget your password, please reset it at the certification office
2. The applicant of the reader's card shall be liable for the loss of the library's literature resources e to the loss of the reader's card or the password problem
3. Readers should check the reader card and cash in person ring the process of processing the reader card
4. The library's books and periodicals are loaned out for 30 days and can be renewed once ring the period. If the borrowed Chinese books and periodicals are overe, the overe service fee will be charged at the rate of 0.20 yuan / day / volume; If the books in foreign languages are overe, the overe service fee will be charged at the rate of 0.50 yuan / day / book
3. Address and bus information of Tianjin Library:
1) bus guide of Tianjin Library (cultural center area)
Tianjin Library (cultural center area) is located at 58 Pingjiang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin
readers of the city can take the following bus lines to get off at the cultural center library station (Wenyue Beili station):
K47 Road: Xianyang North Road Xianyang North Road
655 Road: Tianjin Haihe Ecation Park No.1 bus station Tianjin Culture Square
662 Road: Shuangma bus station west Jieyuan road
668 Road: East Gate of water park Liyuan small street District bus station
NO.686: Minhang Road Shuangma bus station
no.800: Lu road Benxi road
no.835: Jialing Nanli Tanggu University of science and technology
no.868: Fuli jinmenhu bus station xuzhuangzi bus station
no.912: cultural center bus station qingcuiyuan
foreign readers can take Metro Line 3 (from Tianjin station to South Station) Get off at Wujiayao station (exit A2), walk to decayli station, take air conditioning 47 (single floor) road, and get off at cultural center library station (Wenyue Beili station)
from the west station, you can take Metro Line 1 (to Shuanglin direction), get off at xiawafang station (exit C), walk to xiawafang station, take bus 668 (or 868), and get off at cultural center library station (Wenyue Beili station)
2) Tianjin Library (Fukang road library area) bus guide
Tianjin Library (Fukang road library area) is located at No. 15, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin
readers of the city can take the following bus lines to get off at Tianjin library station:
47 No.48: Xianyang North Road Xianyang North Road (Central Ring Road)
No.95: wangdingdi North Liulin
NO.175: Yangliuqing xiawafang
No.698: yashi bus station - Lushui renrenrenrenle
No.705 (West Road): xiguanxi Shuanggang xinjiayuan bus station
no.707: haiguangsi bus station - zhangjiawojiataili
831 Road: Central Park Haitai north bus station
no.845: Liuwei road Liujing road Houtai bus station
no.862: Sixth Avenue Haitai south bus station
no.866: taiyangcheng bus station Chengjiang road bus station
no.902: dajiangli wangdingdi bus station
foreign readers can take Metro Line 3 from Tianjin station (heading for South Station) From Tianjin South Station, you can take Metro Line 3 (heading for Xiaodian); From Tianjin west station, you can take Metro Line 1 (for Shuanglin direction) to Yingkou station and transfer to Metro Line 3 (for South Station direction). Get off at zhoudeng Memorial station (exit b) and walk 1.1km northward to
3) Tianjin Library (Haihe park area) bus guide
Tianjin Library (Haihe park area) is located at No.1, Xinhui Road, Haihe Ecation Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin
local readers can get off at Haihe Ecation Park Management Center Station by taking the following bus routes:
no.655: Tianjin Culture Square - Tianjin Haihe Ecation Park No.1 bus station
No.705 (East Road): TIBEI Station - Haihe Ecation Park No.2 bus station
from Tianjin station, readers can take Metro Line 3 (heading for South Station), Get off at Yingkou station, transfer to Metro Line 1 (to Shuanglin direction), get off at Fuxingmen station (exit b), walk to Fuxingmen station, take bus 655, and get off at Haihe Ecation Park Management Center Station
from the west station, you can take Metro Line 1 (to Shuanglin), get off at Fuxingmen station (exit b), walk to Fuxingmen station, take bus 655, and get off at Haihe Ecation Park Management Center Station.