Ethereum Metropolitan Home
do you remember what the consensus mechanism of bitcoin is? The consensus mechanism of bitcoin is pow. To put it simply, the more work you do, the higher the amount of computation you pay, the more likely you will be the first to find the correct hash value, and the more likely you will be rewarded with bitcoin
however, there are some defects in the pow of bitcoin, that is, it is too slow to process transactions, and miners need to constantly collide hash values through calculation, which is costly and inefficient. Friends who are interested in blockchain knowledge should see such a saying:
in order to make up for the deficiency of bitcoin, Ethereum has proposed a new consensus mechanism, called POS (this is the abbreviation of English, which means "proof of equity", also translated into "proof of equity")
POS simply means the same as its literal meaning: equity, equity. The more currency you hold, the more equity you have, the higher your equity
Ethereum's POS means that the more money you hold, the longer you hold it, the less difficult it will be to calculate and the easier it will be to mine
in the initial setting of Ethereum, Ethereum hopes to build a relatively stable system by using POW in the early stage, then graally adopt POW + POS, and finally completely transition to POS. So, it's true that the consensus mechanism of Ethereum is POS, but POS is only a plan or goal at the beginning of Ethereum's release. At present, Ethereum has not yet transitioned to POS, and the consensus mechanism adopted by Ethereum is still pow, that is, the pow of bitcoin, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin
the amount of information here is a bit large,
the first information point is that the consensus mechanism currently adopted by Ethereum is also pow, but it is slightly different from the pow of bitcoin. So, what's the difference between the pow of Ethereum and bitcoin: in short, the mining difficulty of Ethereum can be adjusted, but the mining difficulty of bitcoin can't be adjusted. Just like our college entrance examination, because the teaching situation and the number of students in different provinces are not the same, so the college entrance examination is divided into national papers and provincial independent proposition
Ethereum said that I am in favor of the topic by region. Bitcoin said: No, it must be the same volume in the whole country. The difficulty is the same for everyone
the popular explanation is that bitcoin uses computer computing power to do a lot of hash collisions, enumerate various possibilities to find a correct hash value. The Ethereum system has a special formula to calculate the difficulty of each block. If a block is verified faster than the previous block, Ethereum protocol will increase the difficulty of the block. By adjusting the block difficulty, the time needed to verify the block can be adjusted
according to the Ethereum protocol, the dynamic adjustment method of difficulty is to make the time interval of creating new blocks in the whole network 15 seconds, and the network uses 15 seconds to create blockchain. In this way, because the time is too fast, the synchronization of the system is greatly improved, and it is difficult for malicious participants to launch 51% (that is, more than half) of the computing power to modify historical data in such a short time
the second information point is: in the initial setting of Ethereum, we hope to achieve the transition from POW to
POS through phased upgrade
dating back to 2014, at the beginning of Ethereum's launch, the team announced that the launch of the project would be divided into four stages, namely, Froniter, homestead, metropolis and serenity. In the first three stages, the consensus mechanism adopts pow (workload proof mechanism), and in the fourth stage, it switches to POS (equity proof mechanism)
on July 30, 2015, the first phase "frontier" of Ethereum was officially released. This phase is only suitable for developers. Developers can write smart contracts and decentralized application DAPP on Ethereum network, and miners begin to enter Ethereum network to maintain network security and get Ethereum coins. The leading-edge version is similar to the beta version, proving whether the Ethereum network is reliable or not
on March 14, 2016, Ethereum entered the second stage of "homeland". In this stage, Ethereum provides the wallet function, so that ordinary users can easily experience and use Ethereum. There is no obvious technology improvement in other aspects, but it shows that Ethereum network can run smoothly
in September 2017, Ethereum has reached the third stage of "metropolis"“ "Metropolis" is composed of Byzantine and Constantinople. The goal of this stage is to introce the hybrid chain mode of POW and POS, so as to prepare for the smooth transition from POW to POS. This is the latest popular "Ethereum Constantinople upgrade". In the Constantinople upgrade, Ethereum will make some changes to the underlying protocols and algorithms to lay a good foundation for the implementation of POW and
POS
how much reward will Ethereum get for mining? Miners who win the block creation competition will get the following income:
1. Static reward, 5 ethereums
2. The fuel cost in the block, i.e. gas, we talked about in the last issue
3. As a part of the block, it includes the extra reward of "Uncle block". Uncle is uncle of uncle, and each uncle block can get 1 / 32 of the mining reward as a reward, that is, 5 times 1 / 32, which is equal to 0.15625 ethereums. Here, let's briefly explain the concept of "TERT block". The concept of "TERT block" was proposed by Ethereum. Why should we introce the concept of TERT block? This also starts with bitcoin. In the bitcoin protocol, the longest chain is considered absolutely correct. If a block is not part of the longest chain, it is called a "orphan block". An isolated block is a block, which is also legal, but it may be found later, or the network transmission is slower, and it does not become part of the longest chain. In bitcoin, the solitude is meaningless and will be discarded later, and the miners who find the solitude will not receive mining related rewards
however, Ethereum does not think that isolated blocks are worthless, and Ethereum system will give rewards to miners who find isolated blocks. In Ethereum, isolated blocks are called "Uncle blocks", which can contribute to the security of the main chain. Ethereum's ten second block interval is too fast, which will rece the security. By encouraging the use of tertiary blocks, the main chain can obtain more security guarantees (because the isolated block itself is legal). Moreover, paying the tertiary block can also stimulate the miners to actively mine and actively use tertiary blocks. Therefore, Ethereum thinks that it is valuable.
The idea of Ethereum was born in 2013. Vitalik buterin ˙ When he was a programmer in the bitcoin community, he suggested to the core developers of bitcoin to develop a language for application developers to facilitate the development of various applications. Bitcoin core developers disagree. So God V decided to develop a new platform for this purpose
V God wrote the white paper of etheric currency in 2013, in which he explained the goal of building a decentralized program. In 2014, we got development funds through crowdfunding, so we developed the Ethernet system< (better digital currency trading platform "currency exchange")
since its birth, it has carried out four hard bifurcations so far
for the first time, in order to adjust the difficulty
released a stable version of "homeland" for the second time
for the fourth time, in order to prevent DDoS and rece weight
there is only the third hard fork, because of the hacker attack, and forced to fork. This is the Dao event
On July 30, 2015, v-god and Ethereum Foundation created the first smart contract platform and designed the Dao Ethereum contracton April 30, 2016, the Dao smart contract was officially deployed, and the world's largest crowdfunding was completed, reaching an amazing $150 million As an aside, the biggest crowdfunding event in time is EOS crowdfunding, which has reached an even more amazing $5 billion!)
on June 17, 2016, the Dao was attacked by hackers, who stole about 50 million US dollars of Ethernet currency, and the price also plummeted from US $20 to US $15, causing great harm to Ethereum. In order to recover the loss of investors, the community finally decided to hard fork
therefore, on July 20, 2016, at the block height of 1920000, the hard branching was successful, and the new chain is called Ethereum eth, while the original chain is now Ethereum classic etc
to put it simply: if you are only the holder of eth, you don't need to make any preparation for this upgrade.
1. Asia
1. China
Beijing is the capital of the people's Republic of China, one of the four municipalities directly under the central government of China, and the national Center for political, cultural and international exchanges. With a history of more than 3000 years and a history of more than 850 years, Beijing has the largest number of world cultural heritages in the world. It is also a "famous historical and cultural city" and one of the "four ancient capitals of China"< Shanghai is the largest city in China and one of the four municipalities directly under the central government. Shanghai is located in the Yangtze River Estuary in the middle of China's mainland coastline. It is the largest instrial base, the largest foreign trade port and the largest commercial city in China. More than 20 million people live and live in Shanghai and its surrounding areas<
Tianjin is one of the four municipalities directly under the central government in China. The center of Tianjin is 137 km away from Beijing, which is the gateway to the capital Beijing. On December 25, 2008, Tianjin was selected as the happiest city in China in 2008
Hong Kong is one of the "four little dragons in Asia", and one of the richest, most developed and highest living standards in the world. As an important financial, service and shipping center in Asia, Hong Kong is famous for its clean government, good public security, free economic system and perfect rule of law. Historical changes have transformed Hong Kong from a small fishing village with only 5000 people to an international metropolis with the reputation of "Pearl of the Orient"< Tokyo, the capital of Japan, is the political, economic and cultural center of Japan. It is the hub of sea, land and air transportation in Japan. It is a modern international city and one of the world's famous tourist cities. A bird's-eye view of Tokyo Tokyo is the richest city in the world, with a GDP of more than 784.8 billion US dollars. Southeast of Tokyo, it borders on Tokyo Bay and connects to the Pacific Ocean. Its administrative division is "capital", which governs 23 special districts, 1 county, 26 cities, 7 towns, 8 villages, Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. It covers an area of 2187 square kilometers and has a population of about 12 million<
Osaka, the capital of Osaka Prefecture. Together with Tokyo, it is the national economic and cultural center. In the southwest of Honshu, on the northeast coast of Osaka Bay. With a population of 2.63 million, it is the second largest city in Japan, second only to Tokyo. It covers an area of 221.96 square kilometers. It consists of 26 districts. In ancient times, it was called wave speed and difficult wave, and later it was named Osaka. It was changed to Osaka at the beginning of Meiji< Seoul is the largest city on the Korean Peninsula and South Korea, and the seventh largest city in the world. Seoul is the political, economic, cultural and ecational center of South Korea, as well as the national sea, land and air transportation hub. It is the capital of South Korea, the most complicated modern metropolis in the world and one of the world's famous tourist cities. Seoul is also a wealthy metropolis in the world, with a GDP of more than 260 billion in 2007. Seoul is located in the middle of the Korean Peninsula and in the basin. The Hanjiang River passes through the city. It is about 30 kilometers away from the west coast of the peninsula, 185 kilometers away from the east coast, and 260 kilometers away from North Korea's Pyongyang. Seoul special city metropolitan area includes Incheon, Shuiyuan and other cities, with a population of about 2-300. It is really an international metropolis< Busan, a port city in the southeast of South Korea, is located 450km southeast of Seoul, 129 degrees east longitude and 35 degrees north latitude. Southeast coast of the Korean Strait (South Korea said: the Korean Strait), and Japan on the island of Malaysia; Luodong River in the West. It is a famous deep-water harbor and a gateway to the south of the peninsula. With a total area of 758,21 square kilometers, a population of 4 million and a living area of more than 3.86 million Ping (subject to 2000), it is divided into one county and 15 districts, making it the second largest city in South Korea<
4. Abu Dhabi is the capital of the United Arab Emirates, the largest member of the United Arab Emirates, and the largest city of the United Arab Emirates. Located in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula, on a triangular Island along the Persian Gulf (it can be connected with the mainland at low tide), it is composed of several small islands by the sea, with a temporary Bay in the north and a vast desert in the south. There are bridges. Urban areas make up the majority of the island. The population is 660000< Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur is the capital and the largest city of Malaysia. At present, many federal government agencies have moved to Phuket. In Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur's English abbreviation "KL" is also widely used. Kuala Lumpur is one of the three municipalities directly under the central government of Malaysia. Its geographical location lies in the middle of Selangor or on the west coast of the central part of the Malaysian peninsula< The capital of the United States, Washington D.C., is the political and cultural center of the United States. It covers an area of 174 square kilometers and has a population of about 800000. It is mainly government officials and employees, with a large proportion of service personnel, most of whom are black. In 1791, it was chosen as the capital and began to be built. In 1801, it moved here at its own expense. In 1814, it was occupied by the British army, and the Parliament and the presidential palace were destroyed. It has been a modern city since the 20th century
New York
New York is the largest metropolis and largest commercial port in the United States. It is not only the financial center of the United States, but also one of the financial centers in the world. New York is located at the Hudson estuary in southeast New York State, bordering on the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of five districts: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, queens and Richmond, covering an area of 780 square kilometers, with a population of more than 7 million in the urban area and 18 million in Greater New York City, including the suburbs. In terms of urban population, the GDP of New York City in 2004 was $407 billion<
Los Angeles
Los Angeles is the largest city in California, the second largest city in the United States (after New York City), and the county government of Los Angeles County. Los Angeles is the most populous and diverse place in the United States, where people from all over the world migrate and speak 224 different languages. Los Angeles is one of the world-class cities<
Chicago is located in the heart of the North American continent, Illinois, the largest city in the Midwest of the United States, with nearly 3 million people living here. Chicago is the third largest city in the United States. The population of Chicago and its suburbs is more than 9.7 million, which is the third largest metropolitan area in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles< San Francisco is also translated as San Francisco. It is a port city in Northern California, the second largest city on the Pacific coast of the United States after Los Angeles, a financial center in the west, the largest seaport and an important naval base. In the middle of the 19th century, gold was discovered in California, which was called "Jinshan" by overseas Chinese. Later, a gold mine was discovered in Melbourne, Australia. The overseas Chinese also called it "Jinshan". In order to distinguish it, people called San Francisco in the United States "San Francisco" and Melbourne in Australia "new Jinshan". San Francisco is surrounded by water on three sides and has beautiful scenery. It is a place for people to avoid. San Francisco is also a city with more Chinese and overseas Chinese. The "Chinatown" in the northeast corner of San Francisco is the largest Chinese community in the United States. The main instries are food processing, synthetic metal manufacturing, machinery, clothing, printing, etc. The population is about 700000<
Detroit is a well-known "Motor City" in the country. It not only has the headquarters of three major automobile companies in the United States, but also Michigan, where Detroit is located, proces about 32% of the total output of the United States every year, and the number of trucks also accounts for 20% of the total output of the United States, Every November, automobile manufacturers from all over the country come here with the most advanced procts of our company for exhibition and technical exchange, so as to jointly promote the development of global automobile<
Atlanta
Atlanta is a highly modern city with ancient style and is also the host city of the 26th Olympic Games. The unprecedented scale of the Olympic Games also brought unprecedented visibility to Atlanta, the southern metropolis of the United States. Atlanta's dense high-rise buildings, modern airport and the participation of many super global companies, such as Coca Cola World CNN News Center, have driven the local economic development
Las Vegas Las Vegas is a dreamlike world isolated from reality. An oasis sprang up on the dry land of Nevada, a city with neon lights day and night. If you step into this city, everyone will feel like a dreamland. Las Vegas is also a gambling city. In recent years, the development is particularly gratifying, with the continuous emergence of super luxury hotels and the continuous development of new attractions... Las Vegas is attracting more and more tourists. Don't think Las Vegas is just for gambling. We'll visit Hufu dam, pyramid, MGM, the world's largest hotel, volcanic eruption, water show and Venice water city<
Miami Miami
with its warm climate, charming beaches and walking on the streets of Miami, you can see exotic buildings everywhere, and you can always hear the music of Spanish. Miami is the best winter resort in the eyes of Americans, especially the elderly, who regard it as a beautiful home for their old age. As the gateway of central and South America, Miami not only has a very important geographical location, but also has a decisive impact on the economy of central and South America< Orlando is well known that Orlando, located near the center of the Florida Peninsula, was only a small local city before the completion of Walt Disney World. Up to now, Orlando has become a famous tourist attraction. In addition to the world-famous Disney World, there are also many good places such as the space center and ocean world. There are five hotel areas around Orlando. Tourists can choose the best hotel according to their travel purpose, plan, etc< Toronto is the capital of Ontario with a population of more than 4.3 million and an area of 632 square kilometers. As the economic center of Canada, Toronto is the largest city in Canada, located in the heart of Canada, close to the instrial developed areas in the eastern United States, such as Detroit, Pittsburgh and Chicago. The automobile instry, electronic instry, financial instry and tourism instry play an important role in Toronto's economy. Canada's largest automobile factory is located here. Its high-tech procts account for 60% of the country. The headquarters of Canada's famous big banks, such as Royal Bank, Imperial Bank and Bank of Montreal, are all gathered here. 90% of the branches of foreign banks in Canada are located in Toronto. In terms of trading volume, the Toronto Stock Exchange is the third largest exchange in North America. According to the urban population, the GDP of Toronto in 2004 was 141.9 billion US dollars< Montreal is located at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the St. Lawrence River in Canada. It is the largest city in Canada before the 1970s, and the second largest city in Canada today, the largest city in Quebec. Montreal was originally known as "Ville Marie". Some historians believe that the name of Montreal now comes from Mount Royal<
Vancouver is the instrial center of Canada, with a population of 2.1 million
Real estate name: Beijing Vanke · metropolis riverside
City: Beijing
real estate location: 500M north of Tongzhou Beiguan
developer: Beijing Vanke Enterprise Co., Ltd.
property right period: 50 years
public transportation lines: Metro Line 6, planning: Line S1, line S6, line M6
911, 675, 816, 648 615 road
other modes of transportation: self driving: drive from the entrance of Yuantong bridge on the East Fifth Ring Road to Jingtong expressway, then drive into Xinhua West Street, turn north to Xinhua North Road, and drive for one kilometer
Planning Information: it covers an area of 13620 square meters, with a plot ratio of 0% and a greening rate of 0%. It has two buildings, parking spaces and surrounding facilities: transportation facilities: the first and second exits of Xianghe, Daxiang line and Tongtang road of Beijing Shenyang Expressway; 938, 810 bus terminus
life supporting facilities: Hualian Supermarket, Xindi shopping center, siheyuan shaogefang, etc
medical support: Xianghe people's Hospital, Xianghe maternal and child hospital
ecational support: Little Angel Kindergarten, Xianghe No.2 Middle School and Xianghe No.3 primary school
shopping malls: Xinguang Tiandi (under construction), Wanda Plaza, Roosevelt business district, Guiyou shopping mall, Hualian Shopping Mall, Renmin shopping mall, Cathay Pacific department store, Yimei shopping mall
surrounding hospitals: TongZhou second hospital, Xinhua Hospital, Yuntong hospital, Luhe hospital, 263 Hospital of Chinese people's Liberation Army, Dongmen Hospital of traditional Chinese medicine, Tongzhou Hospital of traditional Chinese medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Tongzhou maternal and child health
Middle Schools: Yunhe middle school, Luhe middle school, Tongzhou No.2 Middle School, No.3 middle school and NO.4 middle school<
Middle Schools under construction: TongZhou campus of Renmin University of China, Tongzhou campus of Beijing No.2 Middle School, Tongzhou campus of Beijing No.5 Middle School, Tongzhou campus of Jingshan School
primary schools: Yunhe primary school, Zhongshan Street Primary School, hounancang primary school, Shijia Hutong primary school, Guanyuan primary school, Tongzhou District of primary school affiliated to the people's Congress (under construction); Dongfang primary school west campus, Tongzhou District Dongguan primary school, Tongzhou District Sikong Branch Street Primary School
kindergarten: teaching kindergarten, Xincheng Dongli kindergarten, Dongfang kindergarten
University: Beijing University of Technology (experimental College), Beijing University of Humanities (shanjiayuan northeast), Tongzhou branch of Beijing University of technology, Southeast gate of experimental College of Beijing University of technology
(the information is for reference only, The information of the sales office shall prevail.)
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