Ethereum PAC

1.

Bitcoin is not gambling

At present, Atari will launch an encrypted casino in the Ethereum based virtual world

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Atari, the game company behind the iconic Pacman, asterioids and Pong, will cooperate with decentral games to develop an encrypted currency casino

according to a press release shared with coindesk on Monday, Atari casino will be built in Vegas City, the game area of the virtual space in Ethereum's decentraland, and will be leased for the first two years

in the virtual world, players live in the avatar's body when interacting with the digital world or "meta world". Decentral games, a part of decentraland ecosystem, claims to be the first community-owned Yuanjie cryptocurrency casino

according to the press release, token holders of DG will also be able to use them to participate in governance and company related decisions

"by working with decentral games, we can transfer Atari's game experience to the blockchain," Atari CEO Frederic Chesnais said in the announcement

Decentraland is supported by digital currency group, the parent company of coindesk

2. PAC is the abbreviation of poly aluminum chloride (PAC)
used for wastewater treatment and purification, and its main component is alumina

3. Although PAC is very similar to traditional PLC in appearance, in essence, the performance of PAC system is much more extensive. As a multi-functional control platform, users can combine and match related technologies and procts according to the needs of the system to realize the emphasis of functions. Because the development is based on the same development platform, the PAC system ensures the unity of each functional mole of the control system, The PAC system should have the following main features and performance:
provide a common development platform and a single database to meet the needs of multi domain automation system design and integration
> a convenient control engine can realize multi domain functions, including: logic control, process control, data processing, data processing, etc Motion control and human-computer interface allow users to run multiple applications with different functions on the same platform according to the requirements of the system implementation, and allocate system resources among the programs according to the design requirements of the control system
]. Open molar hardware architecture is adopted to realize the free combination and collocation of different functions, Rece the cost of system upgrade
> support iec-61158 fieldbus specification, can realize highly decentralized factory automation environment based on Fieldbus
> support de facto Instrial Ethernet standard, can easily integrate with EMS and ERP system of factory
> use established network protocol, The concept of PAC is proposed by Craig Resnick, a senior researcher of arc consulting group. When talking about the significance of creating this new term, he thinks that "PLC is quite active in the market, and it has a good development and strong vitality. However, PLC is also changing in many aspects, increasing its charm. Automation suppliers are constantly committed to the development of PLC to meet the needs of the market and users. The enhancement of function makes the new generation system come to the surface. PAC is based on open instry standard, multi domain function, universal open platform and high performance. Arc coined the word to help users define application needs and help manufacturers speak more clearly about their procts. "<

definition of PAC:
the concept of PAC is defined as the concentration of control engines, covering a variety of needs of PLC users and the information needs of manufacturers< Multi domain functions (logic, motion, drive and process) - this concept supports multiple I / O types. Logic The integration of motion and other functions is the requirement of the ever-increasing complex control methods
]. A single multidisciplinary development platform - a single development environment must be able to support a variety of I / O and control schemes
]. A software tool for designing applications running through multiple machines or processing units - this software tool must be able to adapt to distributed operations
]. A group of de facto networks Network and language standards -- this technology must use high investment technology
]. Open and molar architecture -- Design and technical standards and specifications must be open, molar and combinable in implementation

4.

The websites are: 192.168.1.1, 192.168.0.1, tplogin.cn, melogin.cn, falogin.cn, etc

please check the specific web address on the bottom label of the router

when you log in with the web address, your local machine should also be changed to 192.168.1. X or 192.168.0. X, which should be the same network segment as the router, otherwise you cannot log in

a router is a hardware device that connects two or more networks and acts as a gateway between networks. It is a special intelligent network device that reads the address of each data packet and then decides how to transmit it. It can understand different protocols, such as Ethernet protocol used in a LAN and TCP / IP protocol used in Internet

extended data:

principle

the devices in the network communicate with each other mainly by their IP address, and the router can only forward data according to the specific IP address. IP address consists of network address and host address. In the Internet, the subnet mask is used to determine the network address and host address

subnet mask and IP address are all 32 bits, and they are one-to-one correspondence. "1" in subnet mask corresponds to network address in IP address, "0" corresponds to host address, network address and host address constitute a complete IP address. In the same network, the network address of IP address must be the same

the communication between computers can only be carried out between IP addresses with the same network address. If you want to communicate with computers in other network segments, you must forward it through the router. IP addresses of different network addresses cannot communicate directly, even if they are very close to each other

multiple ports of router can connect multiple network segments, and the network address of IP address of each port must be consistent with the network address of the connected network segment. Different ports have different network addresses and corresponding network segments. In this way, the host in each network segment can send data to the router through its own IP address

5.

The differences between MAC address and IP address are as follows:

1. Different address lengths

1. The length of MAC address is 48 bits (6 bytes), which is usually expressed as 12 hexadecimal numbers, and every 2 hexadecimal numbers are separated by colons. For example, 00:50:29:5a:8h:1e is a MAC address

2. The IP address is 32 bits, which is composed of four 8-bit groups separated by dots. For example, 192.168.0.1 is an IP address, which is called dot decimal format

The MAC address is applied in the second layer of OSI, that is, the data link layer. The data link layer protocol can transfer data from one node to another node on the same link (via MAC address)

IP address is applied to the third layer of OSI, namely network layer. Network layer protocol enables data to be transferred from one network to another (ARP finds the MAC address of the intermediate node according to the destination IP address, and then transmits it through the intermediate node, so as to finally reach the destination network)< Thirdly, the distribution basis is different

The MAC address assignment is based on the manufacturer

The MAC address is written in the hardware when it is proced by the network equipment manufacturer. This address has nothing to do with the network, that is, no matter where the hardware with this address (such as hub, network card, router, etc.) is connected to the network, it has the same MAC address, which is immutable

The IP address assignment is based on the network topology

IP address consists of network address and host address, and the number of bits allocated to these two parts varies with the address class (Class A, class B, class C, etc.)

6. Advantech 4000 is a remote I / O mole, each mole works independently, mainly through 485 communication and PC interactive information,
Advantech 5000 is PAC series, similar to PLC, is a system with CPU for judgment and output,
communication and integration between 4000 and 5000< The following is the official website information:

ADAM-5000 computer architecture controller (including Adam I / O series and adam-5550kw micro PAC) is equipped with AMD geode gx533 CPU and has special control functions, such as monitoring timer, battery backup ram and deterministic I / O. Adam-5550kw computer architecture controller supports the use of five Standard IEC 61131-3 programming languages in CE 5.0 environment. Through the optional man-machine interface software and built-in VGA port, this Adam I / O can avoid using additional SCADA computer in the application. This lightweight and powerful adam-5550kw micro PAC is the best choice for applications with up to 256 I / O points

as an international leader in designing and manufacturing data capture I / O moles, Advantech provides complete independent data capture moles, which are widely used in many instrial applications, such as facility monitoring, environmental monitoring and instrial process control. Advantech's distributed remote I / O moles are divided into two series: Ethernet I / O (adam-6000 Series) and RS-485 I / O (ADAM-4000 Series), and are subdivided into analog I / O and digital I / O moles, some of which support Modbus communication protocol.

7. Define the following questions:
1) which acquisition modes PAC supports
2) which parameters need to be collected
1500 supports acquisition modes:
1) direct IO
2) Ethernet communication
3) Modbus Communication
4) DP communication

8. PAC is a new type of programmable automation controller. Compared with PLC, PAC has open architecture, excellent interoperability and flexibility; Compared with PC, PC has higher stability and better real-time performance, so it can better meet the requirements of modern instrial automation, which is one of the hot spots in the field of instrial automation
since the concept of PAC was proposed by arcgroup, as one of the most important development trends of automation technology in recent years, PAC has been widely concerned by automation instry and end users. The characteristics of the best combination, developed a new controller to solve 20% of the application, arc instrial analysts call this device programmable automation controller, or PAC< Since PLC replaced the original relay control system in the 1970s, it has been widely used in various control systems because of its high reliability and stability, and has become a highly competitive control tool in the field of automation. However, the architecture of traditional PLC is closed, the hardware systems of various PLC manufacturers are not compatible with each other, and the programming language and instruction system are also different. When users choose a PLC proct, they must choose the corresponding control proceres with their PLC, and learn the specific programming language. However, it is used in many instrial applications. According to the estimation of experts from arc, United Development Company (VDC) and plc.net, 77% of PLCs are used for small applications (less than 128I / O), 72% of PLCs have digital I / O, and 80% of PLC application problems can be solved by 20 ladder logic instruction sets. However, if we want to develop the remaining 20% of the application in the project, we have to break through the limitations of PLC. In the 1980s and 1990s, with the continuous improvement and development of computer technology, people began to consider using PC to control the system, in order to meet the remaining 20% of the applications through PC, and bring more choices to users. In many engineering applications, PC has been able to achieve the control function of the original PLC, and has the advantages of stronger data processing ability, powerful network communication function, the ability to execute more complex control algorithm and its almost unlimited storage capacity. But the main problem of PC based control is that standard PC is not designed for strict instrial environment. Stability, reliability and programming complexity are the main problems in application. Because both PC and PLC have their own advantages and disadvantages, people put PLC and PC
2. The main characteristic p (multi-function) of AC has at least two or more functions in logic, motion, PID control, drive and processing on the same platform. In addition, in order to realize special protocols such as SERCOS, I / O should be improved; Motion, processing and PID functions. For example, motion control software can also provide logic and make software control cycle. It can read digital input from orthogonal encoder, execute analog control cycle and output analog signal of control equipment Because PAC is designed for more advanced applications such as multi-function, the software they need must be single or more advanced. In order to design the system efficiently, it is necessary to develop a new integrated software package instead of a variety of separate software tools. These software tools can not work together seamlessly in engineering
three "through the combination of IEC61131-3,) user guide and data management, software tools can design the processing flow across multiple machines and processing units", which simplifies the system design. On the other hand, it has advanced graphical development tools. Using this tool, engineers can easily transform the processing concept into the code that can actually control the machine (4) "the open molar architecture can solve the instrial application (from control distribution) in the factory machine to the operation unit of the processing workshop". Because all instrial applications need to have a high degree of customization characteristics, the hardware should have: the suction and discharge pressure changes violently, the impact on the compressor is large, and the refrigerant return volume of the system is large; The frequent switching between evaporator and condenser destroys the normal operation of the unit, so it takes a long process to make the unit return to normal operation [1] Sun Yuqing, Wu guitao
the four-way directional valve acts frequently, which affects its service life; In the beginning stage of defrosting, there is a process of pressure attenuation in Acta thermophysical Sinica, 1997, (1.18), and some systems will be caused by pressure attenuation to low pressure protection value [2] Dong Deyong, Guo Mingtao, Chen Gang, Sui Jixue; The temperature of water supply varies greatly ring defrosting. These problems seriously affect the reliability of defrosting operation of group 10. [3] Huang Dong, Yuan Xiuling, Chen Yunguang, Zhang Xingqun. Throttling mechanism proposed a new defrosting method for air-cooled heat pump to graally solve the above problems. Influence of reverse circulation defrosting time on water heater [J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2006. - 38-  The CPU of CX1000 is Pentium mmx266 MHz, and the operating system must be molar, so that engineers can choose the right components. Also, soft Windows CE. Net or embedded Windows XP. The win component of icpdas must also allow engineers to add and remove moles to design the required system 5 "The existing network interface standards and languages are adopted, such as TCPIP, the CPU of con / Lincon is strongram 206 MHz, the operating system of wincon is windows ce.net, and the operating system of Lincon is embedded Linux. OPC & XML and SQL query language can communicate with enterprise network, which is very important for modern control system< Although PAC includes Ethernet interface, in order to meet the needs of the market, PAC technology will be integrated into the following systems in the next few years. Communication software is very important. In order to meet the needs of various actual proction conditions, the specification of PAC will show that on the one hand, software is the main difference between PAC and PLC, and on the other hand, manufacturers will also have different ways of selecting appropriate control and providing advanced software. There are two ways to provide PAC software, which shows a diversified development trend. In the specific proction environment, the PAC required by the system is concive to recing the cost. Formula: Software Based on PLC control and software based on PC control At present, PAC has integrated logic, motion, process control and other advanced functions into PLC software, which is established according to the general model: input scanning, control code operation, and control on a single platform. In the future, PAC will further integrate more functions, such as input update and routine function execution. Due to the input loop, output loop and general security considerations, batch processing and so on. When information is more and more widely used, loops are hidden, so control engineers only need to pay attention to the design of control code, and its security will become the first factor to be considered. The plan. Because manufacturers have completed most of the work, this strict control architecture makes it easier and faster to establish control system. The strictness of these systems also enables control. In order to achieve real real-time performance, automation equipment suppliers will develop reliable programs in PAC, and engineers do not need to deeply understand the underlying operation of PLC. However, as the main advantage of PLC, this strict scanning architecture also makes it flexible to continue to create the connection channel of commercial system without relying on other connection devices Some properties of MES, such as the lack of standard interface. The vast majority of PLC manufacturers build PAC software by adding PAC to the existing scanning architecture and embedding new functions of manufacturing execution system. These new functions include Ethernet communication and establishment, which will help to better solve the connection problem between control layer and management layer, control and advanced algorithm. However, they usually keep the familiar programming method of PLC to solve the problem 4. Simple system maintenance) and its inherent features in logic and control. Therefore, this kind of PAC software is usually designed for special types of applications, such as logic, motion and PID. PAC will develop in the direction of smaller and more intelligent, but at the same time, it will have more outstanding data processing ability. In order to improve proctivity and increase profits, enterprises must start with a very flexible general programming language to complete complex self inspection. Provides deep access to hardware. This kind of software also has reliability and certainty, so it is necessary to transfer data information timely and effectively. This data processing capability of PAC can be very suitable for those who need to meet the needs of advanced users to maintain data in any form at any time. And preset control structure. PC software is very flexible, (5) extend the life cycle of the proct) complex application of programming skills or system control, but it complicates the application of the simple architecture and system control. First of all, these manufacturers should be able to provide common operating systems, such as win - it is very important to achieve higher proction efficiency by adopting new technologies, but they can use real-time operation. Whether the use of new technologies will significantly increase costs and training fees is also a matter of reliability and certainty that Windows does not have. System (RTOS). These RTOS can control all aspects of the system, from I / O injection problems. PAC's future platform will still adopt standardized design, and its vendors can then read and write to the priority of each thread on the controller in order to enable engineers. In order to continue to use the original commercial technology and Ethernet standards, so as to effectively rece the cost and more easily develop a reliable control program, manufacturers increase the abstract layer and I / O read cost. Write the architecture. So this flexible software is very suitable for customized control, data recording and communication, but the cost of abandoning PLC programming architecture is to increase the difficulty of program development.

9. What do you mean by wake-up magic packet and directional data packet?
here is a piece of information for your reference:
Network wake-up function can also be called network wake-up boot function. The awakened machine should use ATX power supply, and the motherboard should provide network wake-up software and hardware support. The specific methods are as follows: confirm whether the network of the awakened machine is normal and accurate IP address (use the network card configuration tool under DOS); After the wakened machine is turned off, the wakened machine can be turned on by sending the IP address of the wakened machine through the network card configuration tool
remote wake-up can only be realized with the help of corresponding network management software. Some network cards (such as Lenovo ln-1068a) are equipped with network management software, while some network cards are not equipped with corresponding programs. At present, most of the software used to send remote wake-up packets use magic packet 1.0 of AMD company. Although magic packet 1.0 is only a technology developed by AMD company, it is supported by almost all network card manufacturers. Therefore, most popular network cards are compatible with it
1. Software download and installation
the installation of magic packet is very simple, without too much manual intervention. By default, the program will be installed to C: &# 92&# 92; pcnet\&# 92; magic_ Pkt folder
Magic packet 1.0: Download locally

2. Wake up on the Internet
because magic packet does not add icons or menu items to program items or desktop like other common software, you can create a shortcut for magpac.exe on desktop for convenience
(1) wake up a computer remotely
run & quot; magpac.exe" Program, the magic packet main window appears
in & quot; Magic Packets" In the menu, click & quot; Power On One Host" Start a host) command to display & quot; Send a Magic Packet to One Host" Send wake-up packets to the host) dialog box (as shown in Figure 1)
in & quot; Destination Ethernet Address" Enter the MAC address of the computer network card you want to wake up from the target Ethernet address and click the [send] button
the remote computer starts automatically and can be operated after a while
(2) wake up multiple computers remotely
run the magpac.exe program, and the magic packet main window appears

send wake-up packet dialog box
in & quot; Magic Packets" In the menu, click & quot; Create a List of Hosts" Create host list) command to display & quot; Create a List of Hosts on LAN" Create host list on LAN dialog box (as shown in Figure 2)

create host list dialog box

in & quot; Filename-Save List of" In the save (file name of the list) column, type in the remote boot file name of the group you want to create, and then click [OK] button. The system will automatically search for computers in the network
after searching, the & quot; Magic Packet Utility" Magic packet application) window (as shown in Figure 3), using & quot; Edit" In the edit menu & quot; Cut" To delete the computers that do not want to wake up remotely from the list, click & quot; File" From the file menu, click & quot; Save" The Save command saves the remote boot file

Magic packet application window

in & quot; Magic Packets" In the menu, click & quot; Group Power On" Group power on) command, display & quot; Set Alarm for Groups" Set group wake up dialog box (as shown in Figure 4)
click the [browse] button to find and open the group remote wake-up file

set group wake-up dialog box

to realize the automatic timing wake-up of the computer, you can select the corresponding date check box and set the specific wake-up time
click the [add] and [OK] buttons in turn to realize the timed remote startup of a group of computers<

automatic shutdown

when the resource sharing or management is completed, if the remote started computer is allowed to run all the time, it will not only affect the life of the computer, but also... The Spring Festival will be full of flowers, and Fulin small courtyard will celebrate the Spring Festival in Changan all the year round