Wright's blue computing

1.

If you want to understand the application of blockchain, you can refer to many books and opinions, such as illustrated blockchain, blockchain: reshaping the economy and the world, blueprint and guide of new economy, and articles of coin'an community, including a detailed understanding of the platform of coin'an community, with great strength

As the name suggests, blockchain is composed of block and chain. It is a new application mode of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and so on. It is a kind of chain data structure that combines data blocks in order according to the time sequence, and it is a secure and reliable distributed account book that can not be tampered with and forged by means of cryptography

in 2008, in his paper bitcoin: a peer-to-peer e-cash system published by Nakamoto, he first proposed the idea of blockchain and encrypted digital currency. Starting from bitcoin, blockchain has become the underlying technology of various digital currencies

Second, the working principle of blockchain:

1. The basic concepts include: (1) transaction: one operation will change the account status once, such as adding a record 2) Block: records the transaction and status data within a specified time, which is a consensus and preservation of the current account status 3) Chain: it is composed of a series of blocks in chronological order, which is the log record of the whole state change. If you understand the working concept of blockchain, it is not difficult to understand its working principle. Suppose there is a distributed data logbook, which can only be added, not deleted or changed. Its structure is a linear chain formed by a series of "blocks" (which is also the source of the name of "blockchain"), and new data must be put into a new block to be added, The maintenance node can propose a new block, but it must go through a certain consensus mechanism to reach an agreement on the final selected block

2. Take bitcoin as an example to see the working principle of blockchain

the block of bitcoin is divided into block head and block body

Core advantages and characteristics of blockchain

1. The verification, accounting, storage, maintenance and transmission of decentralized blockchain data are all based on distributed system structure. There is no centralized hardware or management organization, and the rights and obligations of any node are equal, The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by the nodes with maintenance function in the whole system. 2. The open and transparent system is open. In addition to the private information of all parties to the transaction is encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to all. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent. 3. Security blockchain uses consensus based specifications and Protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the whole system to exchange data freely and safely in a de trusted environment, so that the trust in "people" is changed into the trust in machines, and any human intervention does not work. 4. Information cannot be tampered with. Once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% (almost impossible) nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid. Therefore, the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high. 5. Anonymity because the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, and its data interaction does not need trust (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is effective or not). Therefore, the counterparties do not need to let the counterparties generate their own trust by disclosing their identities, which is very helpful for credit accumulation

At present, the most popular classification of blockchain is to divide blockchain into public blockchain, private blockchain and consortium blockchain according to different participants

1. Public chain: anyone can participate in the use and maintenance, and can obtain the effective confirmation of the blockchain. Public chain is the earliest blockchain and the most widely used blockchain at present, such as bitcoin blockchain. The information is completely public

if the licensing mechanism is introced, it includes private chain and alliance chain. 2. Private chain: a company or indivial only uses the blockchain technology, enjoys the exclusive write permission of the blockchain, and does not disclose the information. At present, conservative giants (traditional finance) want to experiment with private blockchain, and the application procts of private blockchain are still groping. 3. Alliance chain: it is a blockchain between the public chain and the existing chain, which is jointly controlled by multiple organizations. The use of the chain is managed with authority, which can be controlled by the manager, and also open to others according to the manager's wishes. In addition, according to the different use scenarios and purposes of blockchain, it can be divided into currency chain for the purpose of digital currency, property chain for the purpose of recording property rights, and crowdfunding chain for the purpose of crowdfunding

On May 28, Ma Huateng, CEO of Tencent, proposed the anti-counterfeiting method based on cloud integrated blockchain technology, which is far more efficient than traditional anti-counterfeiting methods. The future anti-counterfeiting verification scenario may only require users to use their mobile phones for simple scanning, and a large number of complete information based on different dimensions can be obtained

take Maotai liquor as an example:

distillery address, proction workshop, operation staff, inspector, delivery time, transportation vehicle information and driver information,

liquor year, raw material source, raw material supplier, storage warehouse number, raw material transportation vehicle and driver information,

all information can be accurately traced, permanently recorded and tampered with

the above information can be easily verified

2. Food safety issues as early as last November, Wal Mart has cooperated with IBM to track the source of food by using blockchain technology, so as to ensure the safety of food and increase the circulation of food to rece costs. For Wal Mart and other large supermarkets, it took a few days to investigate the source of problem food, After using this technology, only one item of proct information is needed to achieve accurate traceability, and important information such as food origin, inspector, supplier, logistics and transportation can quickly find problems in a few minutes. Currently, procts tracked by blockchain include packaging procts from the United States and pork from China

3. Information security

blockchain technology is promoting an information security technology revolution. (1) identity protection PKI is a common public key encryption technology in e-mail, message application, website and other communication applications. However, since the implementation of most PKI, the centralized trusted third party certification authority (CA) is used to issue, activate and store user certificates. Hackers can attack PKI to fake user identity or crack encrypted information

certcoin is the first PKI implementation of blockchain, which comes from MIT, removes the centralized authentication center, and uses blockchain as a distributed ledger for domain name and public key

pomcor company: blockchain PKI implementation path: keep the authentication center, and use blockchain to store the hash value of issued and activated certificates. Users can verify the authenticity of certificates through decentralized and transparent sources, and can also improve the network access performance through local authentication of secret key and signature based on blockchain

(2) data integrity protection

guardtime developed a secret key free signature architecture (Ksi) based on blockchain technology to replace the secret key based data authentication technology. Ksi stores the hash table of the original data and files on the blockchain, runs the hash algorithm to verify other copies, and compares the results with the data stored in the blockchain. Any data tampering will be found quickly because the original hash table is stored in millions of nodes

(3) key infrastructure protection

the "Achilles heel" of the Internet, DDoS has entered the TB era, DDoS is still the simplest weapon for hackers to bring down the big target with low cost, DNS service is the primary target for hackers to carry out large-scale destruction, but blockchain technology is expected to fundamentally solve the problem

The distributed storage of

blockchain makes hacker attacks lose focus. Nebulis is developing a distributed DNS system, which uses Ethereum blockchain and interstellar Internet file system (IPFs, the distributed substitute of HTTP) to register and resolve domain names. The biggest weakness of DNS is caching, which makes DDoS attacks possible. It is also the bane of the centralized government's censorship of social networks and manipulation of DNS registration. A highly transparent and distributed DNS system can effectively prevent any entity, including the government, from arbitrarily manipulating records

(1) digital currency: improve the convenience of currency issuance and use, such as bitcoin and Ethernet in foreign countries, and guorenbao in China

from the use of physical transactions, to physical currency and credit currency, and then to the rise of bitcoin network, more and more people are aware of the distributed ledger blockchain technology behind it, and graally apply it in many scenarios other than digital currency

(2) cross border payment and settlement: realize point-to-point transaction, rece intermediate fees

transfer and payment. At present, the most mature application of blockchain technology is payment and transfer. Blockchain technology can avoid complicated systems, save the process of inter-bank reconciliation and review, and accelerate the settlement speed; virtual currency can rece transaction costs without the intervention of clearing house. Different countries have different clearing proceres. It takes two or three days for a single remittance to arrive, which is inefficient and accounts for a large proportion of funds in transit. No longer through the third party, through the blockchain technology to form point-to-point payment. By eliminating the link of the third-party institutions, we can make full day payment, real-time payment, withdraw cash quickly and rece the hidden cost, which helps to avoid the capital risk. It is timely and convenient

(3) bills and supply chain financial business: rece human intervention, rece costs and operational risks

value transfer between point-to-point, control and verify physical bills or central system; Intermediaries will be eliminated and human intervention reced. With the improvement of efficiency, financing channels are more unblocked, risks are lower, and multiple parties benefit

(4) securities issuance and Trading: realize quasi real-time asset transfer, accelerate the speed of transaction clearing

the application of blockchain technology can make the process of securities trading more concise, transparent and fast, rece the plication of IT system, and improve the efficiency of market operation. For stocks, blockchain can eliminate paper and pen or electronic form records, rece human errors in trading, and improve the transparency and traceability of trading platform. Citigroup and Nasdaq cooperate to promote blockchain applications

(5) customer credit investigation and anti fraud: rece the cost of legal compliance, prevent financial crimes

the customer information and transaction records recorded in the blockchain help banks identify abnormal transactions and effectively prevent fraud. The technical characteristics of blockchain can change the existing credit reference system, and store the data of customers with bad records in the blockchain when the bank concts "know your customer" (KYC)

equity crowdfunding:

2. Six graphics cards: sapphire rx470d; Power supply Julong 1250d; Main board jwh81; Cup Celeron G1860, memory 4G; SSD hard disk 60g; Matching adapter line, rack frame; The Ethernet computing power is about 150-160m. Graphics card miner, the system is fully debugged, after the arrival, you only need to change to your receiving address, stability is the king.

3. How much is pi worth after it is put on the exchange? Today, PI can tell you responsibly

the value of PI is calculated by IBM's "deeper blue" computer according to the digital model. It has been calculated nine times, and the actual value of PI may be between $120 and $150, Under the pressure of $200

the previously unpopular lightcoin was also simulated by IBM's server cluster running model, and now it has exceeded 700. Through the system simulation demonstration, the value of PI Coin & gt; Facebook on the blockchain (500 billion

US dollars) + Amazon on the blockchain (900 billion US dollars)

in March next year, there will be three trends in the international cryptocurrency Market:

① the global market value will decline, and bitcoin will decline, with a probability of 1%

② the price will rise slightly, but relatively stable, with a little difference from the market value or price at this time, with a probability of 50%

③ with the price soaring, bitcoin price doubled, and the global money and silver project shopping malls rose by 50-200%, with a probability of 49%

the value of PI depends on our consensus on it. After entering the Chinese market, it began to soar geometrically, reaching nearly 3 million miners. The built-in app covers more than 100 countries around the world. Market awareness is consistent with consensus. Market awareness is how many people in this shopping Mall know PI coin, Consensus is how many people will trade PI coins

now that consensus and market awareness are available, how much is it worth? The official saying is 0, and the final price is set by the market. But now an exchange has launched a futures proct with a price of about 88 yuan per item. No matter what the project is, as long as you have a huge user base, the exchange is willing to launch it on its own initiative, and the exchange will also rush to launch the pure leek cutting project, such as HDS, etc., so there is no need to worry about the price

pi is the PayPal of blockchain or the personal version of IBM blockchain payment system

if we want to talk about the price of PI currency, the penetration rate of digital currency is the same as that of Internet in 1992. Blockchain career is one of the important economic engines in the next 100 years. According to the current development trend and international recognition, PI listing will make a group of rich people

if you didn't catch bitcoin ten years ago, don't let yourself regret it today. Reprinted from

What's the value of PI coin after it's listed on the stock exchange - instry trends - pi coin mining information exchange PI coin virtual currency mining π Currency, PI
&
bibinetwork.com
published on 01-12

4. IBM is the abbreviation of International Business Machines Corp, which is also the registered trademark of its procts.

Introction to IBM

IBM, which was founded in the United States in 1914, is the world's largest multinational company in information instry. At present, it has more than 300000 employees in the world, and its business covers more than 160 countries and regions. In 2000, IBM's global revenue reached more than 88 billion US dollars

for more than 20 years, IBM's various information systems have become the most reliable information technology means in many important business fields in China, such as finance, metallurgy, petrochemical, transportation, manufacturing, commodity circulation and so on. IBM's customers cover all fronts of China's economy.

5. Business scope IBM is a long-term leader in the computer instry, with the most remarkable achievements in large / small computers and ThinkPads. Its personal computer (PC) standard is still used and developed. In 2004, IBM sold its PC business to Lenovo Group, a Chinese computer manufacturer, officially marking the overall transformation from "mass" proct business to "high value" business
in addition, IBM also leads the instry in mainframe, supercomputer (mainly represented by dark blue, blue gene and Watson), UNIX and server
in terms of software, IBM software group has integrated five software brands, including lotus, WebSphere, DB2, rational and Tivoli, which are both leaders or strong competitors in the software instry. After 1999, the overall scale of Microsoft surpassed that of IBM software group. Up to now, IBM software group is also the second largest software entity in the world
IBM also has advanced knowledge in materials, chemistry, physics and other scientific fields. Hard disk technology was invented by IBM. Scanning tunneling microscope (STM), copper wiring technology and atomic etching technology were also invented by IBM Research Institute
in the 1950s, IBM became the main contractor for the computer development of the automatic defense system of the US air force, and began to reproce the anti-aircraft gun system. Only then did IBM come into contact with the key research carried out at MIT; Work on the first generation of real-time, digital computers (including many other advances, such as a comprehensive video display, core experience inheritance, light guns, the first effective algebraic computer language, analog digital and digital analog conversion technology, digital data transmission telephone line, multiprocessor, Networking). IBM invested more than 70000 employees (20% of the total employees) in the peak project. But in the long run, more important than profit is the military investment in research using cutting-edge computers
in the 1960s, IBM was the largest of the eight major computer companies. In 2002, through the acquisition of Pricewaterhouse Coopers, a professional consulting service company, IBM strengthened its consulting service capability. The company increasingly focused on promoting enterprise solutions to consulting, service and software, and focused on hardware and high-value chip technology, In recent years, IBM has been increasing its patent portfolio, which is a valuable cross license with other companies. From 1993 to 2005, IBM has obtained more US patents than other companies. Over the past 13 years, IBM has won more than 31000 patents, ranking first in the instry. In 2004, IBM announced that it proposed to sell its PC business to Lenovo Group, a Chinese computer manufacturer. Lenovo was partly controlled by the Chinese government and was sold with $650 million in cash and $600 million in Lenovo shares. From the perspective of hardware science and technology, IBM has focused most of its efforts on providing consulting and acquisition business restructuring services. In the process of consulting, software and technical services, the new IBM has enhanced its global distribution capability, which is strongly reflected in this change

6. IBM's salary is completely revealed - salary level (full version)
salary, ing
IBM's salary is composed of the following parts (non ISSC):
monthly basic salary of 1.12 months
2. China new year and spring bonus (2-month MBS).
3. Performance bonus (0.8-month salary), which will not be paid to several people in the world, is basically deceptive
4. Monthly subsidy, 700 or 800
5. For those who do sales, if you complete the sales commission, you can get 141% of your 12-month MBS, which is not required for other jobs
6. Housing fund is 15% given by the company in addition to housing fund. IBM ranks its employees from Band1 to band10, and band10 is the highest. From Band1 to band5 (contract), there is overtime pay. From Band6 to band10 (regular), there is no overtime pay. Overtime work is in vain< The basic salary of band90 is 6500 (before tax, including subsidies, the same below) for postgraates, and 5500 for undergraates. The basic salary of band90 is the same as that of Band4, but Band4 has overtime. For sales' band90, there is no commission in this year
band90 will last for one year and then be converted to Band6. The basic salary of Band6 is 9000
band 6 will stay for at least 2-4 years and then be promoted to band 7. The basic wage for band7 is 13000
band 7 will stay for at least 3-7 years and then be promoted to band 8. The basic wage for band8 is 23000
it's hard to say how many years band8 will stay. I've seen a person who took 15 years to upgrade to band9. Generally speaking, band10 is the end point of mainlanders, and above band10 is the level of empirical. It seems that there are very few mainlanders over band10. The top management in China is controlled by the people of Hong Kong and Taiwan. Many of the top management in the Asia Pacific region are Japanese

1,2, which is basically true
3. In fact, we can get it every year. Based on the results of indivial performance evaluation, the salary ranges from 0.7 to 2 months
4, only transportation subsidy, 800 RMB, has been unchanged for many years
5, only ISU, instry sales unit, is this algorithm, and other sales algorithms are different
6. It's saving fund, not housing fund. For employees who have served for three years, the maximum amount is RMB 100000, but tax dection is required
as for the level of IBM, there is ABCD above band 10, and Henry Chow is band a. At present, the highest number of mainlanders is C, Fan Yu, the banner of mainlanders, who has been at IBM for more than 20 years. There are already many mainlanders in band 10
before, it was 7400 for Band6, 11000 for band7 and 17000 for band8, which may have dropped a little recently
for trainee, there is almost no difference in ecational background, which is a blank sheet for the company
for novices without work experience, IBM is more relaxed and a good place to grow up
- - - a former IBMer
correct it, ISU = instry solution unit

your Neo is not good, ha ha

the basic wage of Band6 has dropped a lot in the past two years, while the basic wage of band7 has not changed. There are so many cheap labor these days

8 years of work experience, depending on where the work experience is, if it is a competitor of IBM, such as HP, sun, MS and so on, you can directly ask band8

if it's from a state-owned company, try to talk to the boss about band7. At the end of the day, it all depends on the boss you interview
band 6 6000-11000
band 7 10000-17000
band 8 16000-26000
Senior band 8 and above begin to have stock option

the annual salary increase is fixed in April, with an average increase rate of 10%; If it's a promotion, you can get a raise.
IBM's salary is not that high. A friend of mine is Band6, but belongs to STG, not ISU. After tax, his salary is 6K (including all the subsidies, including business travel subsidies, he has increased his salary once, which was 5K before tax). The other is band7, IGS department, whose salary is 10000 before tax and 8K after tax. Both of them are sales, IBM's annual bonus is very difficult to get, it depends on luck, but once you get it, it will be very good
the trend of IBM recruiting female sales is becoming more and more obvious recently! However, it seems that all the female employees of IBM are very self righteous. They don't have much income, but they are very attractive, which makes people feel uncomfortable<

I am in ISSC of Shenzhen
band 6 salary 7800 + 780, and I get 13 months' salary a year + bonus
because I do American projects, there will be night shift subsidy, about 1500 a month

in addition, there will be some reimbursement, such as ADSL broadband for home use, taxi for commuting, mobile phone, etc

you can refer to it. IBM's salary is really on the low side in foreign enterprises

basically, IBM is not attractive by salary. It's a relatively relaxed and stable working environment. At IBM, half of your working time is spent on internal processes, and you don't really work a lot. Moreover, IBM pays great attention to life / work balance, and thinks that life and work are equally important. For example, if you give up taking a vacation for a long time, your manager will talk to you and suggest you take a vacation, because these will be used as the assessment indicators of the manager. Similarly, overtime is not encouraged, because the company will pay you a lot of overtime. It turns out that my brother in GTS has been enjoying overtime pay for a long time P

and IBM will provide you with a very good learning / training environment. If you are willing to calm down, there will be the best and most comprehensive learning resources in the world. It's no exaggeration to say that you can learn all the best and most advanced technology and knowledge in IT instry from here. At the same time, we can also accumulate rich experience. Because every year, your manager will ask you to make an IDP for yourself. You can plan your growth and development in the next year. At the end of the year, your manager will review the results of the year with you. In a few years, you will find yourself growing. This is one of the reasons why most of the people who go out of IBM are valued by other big foreign companies

in addition, I think there are two main points about the mainland people's low level in IBM. 1. Compared with their countries / regions, IBM's business in mainland China has not been fully developed for a long time. Before, many businesses were represented by IBM in Hong Kong, and the real IBM in mainland China has not been more than 10 years. In IBM, it is essential to stay up for a long time if you want to upgrade to band. It's impossible to jump one level a year. 2. The poor English communication ability of mainlanders is actually a big weakness. For example, there are more senior managers of IBM in India. And because the Chinese are more reserved, they don't know how to show, so opportunities will naturally fall by the wayside

[about salary]

if you want to be satisfied with salary, there is nothing better than monopoly state-owned enterprises in China. Electric power, tobacco and communication are the direction we should strive for. As for foreign enterprises of the same level, they are much better than IBM. As far as I know, sun, EMC, Oracle and MS are better than IBM. In my mind, the best it foreign enterprise is Google of course, but this is not something that ordinary people can get into

in addition, I'd like to introce the salary situation of several foreign enterprises that I know. They are all technical, but there's nothing to say about the salary of sales. It mainly depends on the performance. If you do well, the boss will be jealous. If you don't do well, you'll leave automatically after 2q<

juniper 40K / month
Nokia 20K / month
Ericsson 20K / month
MS 12K / month
SUN 12K / month
HP 7K / month
I am in ISSC of Shenzhen
band 6 salary 7800 + 780, and I get 13 months salary a year + bonus
because I do American projects, I will have night shift subsidy, which is about 1500 a month

in addition, I will have some reimbursement, such as ADSL broadband for home use, ADSL broadband, HP 7K / month Taxis, mobile phones, etc

you can refer to it. IBM's salary is really on the low side in foreign enterprises

basically, IBM is not attractive by salary. It's a relatively relaxed and stable working environment. At IBM, half of your working time is spent on internal processes, and you don't really work a lot. Moreover, IBM pays great attention to life / work balance, and thinks that life and work are equally important. For example, if you give up taking a vacation for a long time, your manager will talk to you and suggest you take a vacation, because these will be used as the assessment indicators of the manager. Similarly, overtime is not encouraged, because the company will pay you a lot of overtime. It turns out that my brother in GTS has been enjoying overtime pay for a long time P

and IBM will provide you with a very good learning / training environment. If you are willing to calm down, there will be the best and most comprehensive learning resources in the world. It's no exaggeration to say that you can learn all the best and most advanced technology and knowledge in IT instry from here. At the same time, we can also accumulate rich experience. Because every year, your manager will ask you to make an IDP for yourself. You can plan your growth and development in the next year. At the end of the year, your manager will review the results of the year with you. In a few years, you will find yourself growing. This is one of the reasons why most of the people who go out of IBM are valued by other big foreign companies

in addition, I think there are two main points about the mainland people's low level in IBM. 1. Compared with their countries / regions, IBM's business in mainland China has not been fully developed for a long time. Before, many businesses were represented by IBM in Hong Kong, and the real IBM in mainland China has not been more than 10 years. In IBM, it is essential to stay up for a long time if you want to upgrade to band. It's impossible to jump one level a year. 2. The poor English communication ability of mainlanders is actually a big weakness. For example, there are more senior managers of IBM in India. And because the Chinese are more reserved, they don't know how to show, so opportunities will naturally fall by the wayside

[about salary]

if you want to be satisfied with salary, there is nothing better than monopoly state-owned enterprises in China. Electric power, tobacco and communication are the direction we should strive for. As for foreign enterprises of the same level, they are much better than IBM. As far as I know, sun, EMC, Oracle and MS are better than IBM. In my mind, the best it foreign enterprise is Google of course, but this is not something that ordinary people can get into

in addition, I'd like to introce the salary situation of several foreign enterprises that I know. They are all technical, but there's nothing to say about the salary of sales. It mainly depends on the performance. If you do well, the boss will be jealous. If you don't do well, you'll leave automatically after 2q

juniper 40K / month
Nokia 20K / month
Ericsson 20K / month
MS 12K / month
SUN 12K / month
HP 7K / month
[about entering IBM]

generally speaking, it is very difficult for fresh undergraates to enter IBM. Generally speaking, it is the key university undergraates who enter IBM as intern through blue road plan for a period of time, According to the performance to decide whether to offer. And now, because of the expansion of enrollment, the number of graates has increased greatly. At present, it seems that the threshold has been raised to the level of graate students

when entering IBM, you should pay attention to whether it is regular or supplementary or not

7. Sun's shares rose 68% on Tuesday, from $4.97 to $8.36, but IBM's shares fell 4% to $89.46, according to business joural
and online bloggers are all writing reviews. Some people are supportive. This blog post shows that both IBM and sun like open source (Linux and OpenSolaris) and cross platform (Linux and Java), so their merger may be better against the x86 platforms of Microsoft and Intel, and it should be too promising. In addition, this blog compares the case of HP's acquisition of Compaq (DEC), which shows that such a merger may be easier to confront with HP
of course, there are also articles that don't agree. For example, this article on ZnEt
, the author thinks that it's impossible, because IBM and sun have too many overlaps, and there are strong competition in many aspects. If IBM wants to buy something that doesn't work, does it need chip technology? Do you want an operating system? Do you want a database? Do you want Java? More unlikely. The article says that if IBM wants to kill sun, it will be too expensive to spend 6.5 billion US dollars. In this cold winter, it should not use this kind of price unless the news has other intentions
however, the most interesting comment is this
, which is so wonderful that people can't help laughing, It is reported that IBM is going to use at least 6.5 billion US dollars to acquire Sun Microsystems. If this transaction happens, does it mean that Solaris, SPARC, MySQL and other technologies will overlap with IBM's core procts? Will HP also call sun and give a price? I give four predictions for this potential acquisition. Of course, Linux certainly dominated the whole negotiation
basically speaking, I am not a fan of M & A of large IT companies, because if you just look at the stock valuation in history, you will find that the vast majority of M & A can not be as it is actually said For example: Novell / WordPerfect, at & amp; T / NCR, AOL / Time Warner, Symantec / Veritas, etc.).
because sun is living in purgatory at present, but it can't be underestimated, because this company is related to open source projects (mysql,
open source storage,
etc.), but compared with sun's outdated business (SPARC, Solaris, etc.), These open source projects that can only bring coin level profits to sun are nothing but bullshit
If IBM does acquire sun, here are my four predictions:
stop sun's RISC based SPARC processor for a long time
IBM already has processor based on RISC Technology (power proct line). Let's be fair and honest. These big companies are consolidating their old RISC data centers in an environment full of Intel servers. We have to say that IBM has indeed done a very good job to support those outdated hardware for a long time. In real R & D, there will be some combined variants of power / SPARC to face the high-end positioning
SUN Solaris is bound to be mixed into IBM AIX
there are too many UNIX in the world. IBM has found a very creative way to continue to support the two UNIX, that is to combine all the features of solais and AIX. And then compete with HP-UX, but the end result may be Linux. Here, I hope you don't argue about opensolris, because I strongly doubt that IBM will directly make OpenSolaris another choice for Linux
MySQL is a big winner
today, MySQL has seen a lot in sun. MySQL's reputation in these mergers and acquisitions can continue to grow, but MySQL staff may leave, and MySQL infighting will more or less hit open source data. But with the powerful sales channels of IBM Global Services and big blue, MySQL will only be more prosperous. Moreover, with the marriage of DB2, IBM has gained a powerful one-two punch, and Oracle and Microsoft SQL server will naturally be beaten< br />Linux
this is the biggest winner in the game. It can not only combine with sun's hardware and software in IBM's own technology blueprint, but also march into Linux's data center, and even speed up Linux's desktop system. Believe me, it's absolutely right
not only that, IBM's acquisition of sun definitely shows three things: 1) merging technology, 2) merging employees, and 3) controlling sun's customer base.

8. In addition to Chinese characters, minority characters, Chinese pinyin and Braille added to the fourth set of RMB notes, there are also crown numbers and numbers used to control the printing quantity of various tickets and to prevent counterfeiting. Crown is also called "prefix", which is the symbol printed in front of the ticket number to indicate various tickets and the batch number of printed quantity. In the history of China, when banks printed banknotes, they used different crowns. One or two English letters (a, B, C, D, etc.) were used as the prefix for the guanjin voucher, Jinyuan voucher and the Northeast nine province circulation voucher printed by the Central Bank of old China; One or two Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) were used as the prefix of the counterfeit coins printed by the Central Bank of Manchuria and the Bank of Inner Mongolia ring the period of Japanese invasion of China. Among the five sets of RMB banknotes issued by the people's Bank of China, the first three sets all use two or three different Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV, etc.) as the prefix, the fourth set of RMB is changed into two identical or different Chinese phonetic alphabets as the prefix, and the circulation commemorative banknotes "Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the founding of the people's Republic of China" only use one Chinese phonetic alphabet as the prefix. The number is also the number indicating the number of tickets printed. It is the specific number in each crown word batch number. Generally, the number is arranged in Arabic numerals, one ticket for each ticket. Generally, the number in the same crown word batch number will not be repeated. From the number of banknotes, we can see the number of banknotes printed by this group of words. That is to say, the more the number of banknotes, the larger the number of banknotes printed. On the contrary, the less the number of banknotes printed. From each set of RMB tickets, there are six, seven and eight RMB numbers. The following is a comparative analysis of the characteristics of the five sets of RMB
I. appreciation of the first set of RMB titles
because the first set of RMB was born in the war years, the printing technology is diverse, the ticket quality is also uneven, the ticket types are many, the layout is miscellaneous, and the design ideas are not unified. Therefore, the crown numbers are also inconsistent, which can be summarized as follows:
1. The crown numbers are all on the front of the ticket, and the crown numbers are separated, which are parallel to the top left and right of the ticket, and the crown numbers are enclosed in the brackets. But the order of the top words and numbers of 60 kinds of tickets is different: 57 kinds of tickets have the top words on the left and the numbers on the right; Two kinds of tickets (1000 yuan cultivated land ticket and 1000 yuan cart cultivated land ticket) number on the left, crown word on the right, these two kinds of tickets are printed by the Northeast bank factory; There is only one kind of ticket (1 yuan worker peasant ticket) with no number but only the prefix. The two groups of the same prefix are arranged on the top left and right of the ticket
2. The color of the number can be divided into red and blue. Among the 60 kinds of tickets, 58 kinds of tickets have red crown words and numbers, while only two kinds of tickets (100 yuan factory tickets and 100 yuan ship tickets) have blue crown words and numbers, and the face color of the two kinds of tickets is red
3. The crown is three Roman numerals, but the number has six, seven and eight digits. Even the same ticket has different number digits. For example, 50 yuan train ticket and 1000 yuan cultivated land ticket have 6-digit and 7-digit numbers respectively; There are 6-digit and 8-digit numbers for 50 yuan worker farmer ticket and 100 yuan ship ticket respectively
4. The number font is different. There are not only differences in the number and font of different tickets, but also differences in the font of the same ticket number. For example, there are two or more different number and font of 10 yuan sawn wood plowing ticket, 100 yuan cultivated land factory ticket, 100 yuan Beihai bridge (yellow and black) ticket, 200 yuan foxiangge ticket, 500 yuan Zhengyangmen ticket, 1000 yuan cultivated land ticket, etc
2. Appreciation of the second set of RMB crown number
the second set of RMB design is complete and unified, with outstanding national style, which is unified and reasonable in the selection of ticket theme, color matching, ticket size grading and anti-counterfeiting measures. Therefore, the performance in the crown is more unified and coordinated
the second set of RMB broke the pattern of separation of the first set of RMB crown and number, the crown and number of all kinds of tickets are the same, they are all three Roman crown, seven number, and the crown color is also red. But the distribution of the crown words and numbers of Fen, Jiao and Yuan coupons is different: sub coupons are divided into a group, and the crown number is at the top right of the coupons; The corner ticket is also a group with the crown number at the top left of the ticket; Yuan coupons are two groups of the same number, parallel to the bottom of the coupons on both sides
it should be noted that on July 15, 1981, in order to alleviate the shortage of hard denominations and stabilize the financial order, the first, second and fifth denominations of the second set of RMB in 1953 were reissued. However, the first denomination was retained and the number was cancelled in this issue, which is now called "paper denomination without number" by the collectors. There are some characteristics in the study of the crown characters of Yuan Denomination: (1) the number of crown characters can be divided into three and two, and the three crown characters are issued first. One point coupon has both three word crown and two word crown, while two point coupon and five point coupon have only three word crown 2) There is a big difference in the crown type. There are three kinds of 1-point Coupons: small three word coupons, big three word coupons and big two word coupons; There are only two kinds of 2-point coupons and 5-point Coupons: small three word crown and big three word crown. Small three word crown is issued first 3) It has special significance and unique arrangement rules. The meaning of the prefix of the numbered paper denominator is: the same Roman numerals are juxtaposed to indicate addition, for example: I = 1, II = 2, III = 3, XX = 20; Different Roman numerals are juxtaposed, the former is less than the latter, which means that the latter minus the former, that is, the large minus the small, for example: IV = 4, IX = 9; Different Roman numerals are juxtaposed, and the latter is less than the former, which means that the two numbers are added, that is, the large number plus the decimal, for example: VI = 6, VIII = 8. According to some research and statistics, 518 kinds of crown characters have been found, including 328 kinds of 1-point coupon (234 kinds of 3-point coupon and 94 kinds of 2-point coupon), 129 kinds of 2-point coupon and 61 kinds of 5-point coupon. In order to coordinate with the issuance of the fifth set of RMB, a new type of No. I, II and III 1-cent coupon has been issued recently, and its crown arrangement is completely different from the above-mentioned 1-cent coupon< The third set of RMB started with the issue of the red one jiao coupon on April 20, 1962 and ended with the issue of the last five jiao coupon on January 5, 1974, which lasted for 12 years. If calculated according to the actual circulation time, it was more than 30 years, which was the longest set of RMB with the longest circulation time. Due to the long circulation time span, large circulation and many printing times, the number of the RMB is also changeable, which is shown in the following aspects:
1. Some printed on the front, some printed on the back: printed on the front position is not uniform, some printed on the lower left, some printed on the middle left, some printed on the middle right, and some printed on the lower right, there is no fixed pattern and rules
2. The color of the crown number of the same ticket is not uniform. If the crown number of the dime coupon has two colors of red and blue, the red crown number will be issued first
3. The number of the same ticket is not uniform. There are three characters with seven digits and two characters with eight digits. The former was issued first

the characteristics of the third set of RMB crown number are shown in the following table:

face year
face value
crown number characteristics of front pattern
crown number position
crown number color
crown number
number

1960
1962
1962
1962
1962
1962
1962
1972
1960
1960
1960
1962 1960
1960
1965
1965

1 jiao
1 jiao
1 jiao
1 jiao
1 jiao
2 jiao
2 jiao
5 jiao
1 yuan
1 yuan
5 yuan
10 yuan
combination of ecation and proctive labor (Zaohong)
combination of ecation and proctive labor (beilv)
combination of ecation and proctive labor (beilv)
combination of ecation and proctive labor Combination (back Brown)
combination of ecation and proctive labor (back Brown)
combination of ecation and proctive labor (back Brown)
combination of ecation and proctive labor (back Brown)
Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge
proction drawing of textile mill
female tractor driver
lathe worker
steelmaker
steelmaker />People's representatives walk out of the Great Hall
People's representatives walk out of the Great Hall
bottom left of the back
bottom left of the front
bottom left of the front
bottom left of the front
bottom left of the front
bottom left of the front
middle right of the front
middle right of the front
middle left of the front
middle left of the front Steel worker
front right middle
front right middle
Red
Red
Red
Blue
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
three word crown
three word crown
three word crown
two word crown
two word crown
three word crown
three word crown Crown
three character crown
two character crown
three character crown
two character crown
three character crown
two character crown
seven character number
seven character number
seven character number
eight character number
seven character number
eight character number
seven character number
seven character number
eight character number
seven character number
eight character number
seven character number
seven character number
seven character number
eight character number
seven character number No.
8-digit No.

4. Appreciation of the fourth set of RMB crown No.
there is an obvious change in the crown characters of the fourth set of RMB compared with the first three sets of RMB, that is, the first three sets of RMB use Roman numerals as the crown characters, while the fourth set of RMB is changed to Chinese phonetic alphabet as the crown characters, and no matter how large or small the denomination tickets are two crown characters and 8-digit numbers, The position of the crown number also has a certain rule: 1, 2 and 5 dimes are on the left side of the front of the ticket; 1. 2, 5 and 10 yuan coupons are on the lower right side of the front of the ticket: 1, 5 and 50 yuan coupons choose the blue crown number because of the lighter color of the face, while the other coupons are darker, with the red crown number as the contrast
then, why does the fourth set of RMB change the previous three sets of conventions and take the Chinese phonetic alphabet as the prefix? People who collect banknotes all know that from the northern expedition, the agrarian revolution, the war, the Anti Japanese War to the liberation war, the people's political power issued currency, including "Soviet currency", "Anti Japanese currency" and local currency, mostly with the English alphabet as the prefix. The reason why Roman numerals are not used in the fourth set of RMB crowns, but Chinese phonetic alphabet is used because Chinese phonetic alphabet in China is very close to English alphabet, and now all kinds of signs and numbers of printing equipment are English alphabet, so the operation is relatively standardized in the proction process. Therefore, it is necessary to use Chinese phonetic alphabet as the crowns in the printing process, It is also in line with international practice
v. appreciation of the fifth set of RMB crown number
there are new changes in the crown number design of the fifth set of RMB, the main features of which are: the use of horizontal and vertical double numbers, with two identical or different Chinese Pinyin letters as the crown character, eight Arabic numerals, the horizontal crown number is black, printed on the lower left corner of the ticket, the vertical crown number is blue, printed on the right side of the ticket. This is the crown design form commonly used in the world
in addition, the circulation Commemorative Banknote "Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the founding of the people's Republic of China" issued on September 20, 1999 has a more unique crown number design: the crown number only uses a Chinese pinyin letter "J", and the eight digit Arabic numeral number is handed from large to small for the first time

9. N years ago, I wrote a book review after reading giant blue. That year was 1996. Later, according to the deputy editor of the book publishing house, a total of two "official" recommendations were publicized. The other one was written by Professor Wang Xuan, President of founder of Peking University. (see sushine / 2006-12-17) how IBM competes: let's see "big blue - IBM in China" that "whether it's a big step or a small step, it always drives the pace of the world." IBM can stand up to the world! In the age of network and digital society, it and business are booming. Although there are many heroes, there are few winners. Only "it's easy to shake the mountain, it's difficult to shake IBM" is approved by the instry“ Who is the second largest software company in the world? " This ingenious introction makes people realize that the original IBM is not only in the field of hardware, but also in the field of software. Nowadays, the media often hype Gates' maneuvers, but seldom hear of IBM President Gerstner's sizing up the situation. The public will call it "Microsoft Windows", but they don't know much about IBM. What is IBM's treasure and how can it be a stable company? The past glory, once the crisis, why the old age of the strong wind to revive and lead again, why the strategic transition, cheer for the network computer and good news? I don't know whether it is broad and profound, but IBM, which is the focus of the world, has not been understood by the domestic public. Although I have been concerned about it for a long time, I know little about it. Finally, I had the honor to read the book giant blue - IBM in China a few days ago. My doubts were all solved, and my joy was obvious“ It's better to be alone than to be happy with others. "It's really unpleasant to be a good work. The book is full of historical materials and rational analysis. At the same time, there is no lack of humorous language and vivid writing skills of Mr. Yuan Dao and Ms. Bai Li. It takes the long-awaited readers to walk around the world of IBM, from the glorious development history to today's galloping, from the external market strategy of "all around network computing" to the internal operation mode of network organization and integrated communication, Graally unveil the curtain of mystery and present IBM's true colors to the world. In a sense, to understand giant blue is to grasp the pulse of the world's top high-tech development Big blue - IBM in China starts with a comprehensive analysis of IBM under the background of the exciting digital society. In fact, it reflects the development of the whole information field, and focuses on portraying business figures. Full of passion, the book begins with a review of the growth of giants and ends with a feeling of success or failure. Sometimes, IBM has made great strides and seldom met rivals. Sometimes, IBM is concerned about the "economic dinosaur" which is besieged on all sides. Sometimes, the situation is changing, and the Phoenix will rise and fall again. From old Watson's late success, to the current president's taking orders in the face of danger, to the chief commander of the three armed forces in Greater China, there are also instry giants and technical experts who come on the stage. It makes people hold their breath and talk with wise people, but there is no time to explain. With its advanced technology, excellent management and unique procts, IBM is able to promote the development of the world's information instry. It can be confident and invincible in the smoke of electronic commerce, network finance and the global network tide. Even in the early 1990s, even if the horse lost its footing for a while, it can also regain its glory with a sharp sword, It can not be said that it benefits from its advanced business model and scientific enterprise management. The baby cry of the new century has been vaguely heard. Human beings bid farewell to the instrial society and usher in the digital society with their heads raised. "The economic war of the 21st century will be the war of high technology" has become a consensus, and the information instry is the forefront. Digital technology, network technology, microelectronics technology and software technology show that this high intelligence, high efficiency and high benefit it instry is different from other instries. The characteristics of it determine that it takes the digital sequence of 0 and 1 as the carrier. It is because there are so many intangible things that the instry has repeatedly seen the myth of starting from scratch, which gives a broad space for people to display their own abilities and talents. Talents are crucial to the success or failure of an enterprise, which has been best confirmed in the book "giant blue - IBM in China". Giant blue started with a mainframe, which was once a banner that no one could match. However, it is hard to return because of its huge inertia, which makes it almost miss the era of PC. It was suspected that he would follow Wang An's footsteps without hesitation. Only when the tide of the sea flows, can he show his heroism. Guo Shiner, the master of management, knows well the objective law of reform, that is, to prosper, to slow down, to protect, and to perish. It is worthy of the reputation of being a king of great talents by streamlining military and administration, recing expenditure on financial management, reusing capable people, commanding the network, and risking the world's great injustice. Furthermore, it spent a huge sum of money to forcibly acquire lotus, which has the world's first group of software system notes, and cooperated with it. It not only made lotus get rid of difficulties, but also recaptured a large position from Microsoft's market. Even those who had complained about the acquisition had to admit that IBM was wise. After the success of the first battle, IBM didn't want to make money, so it started a war again in the field of Java, mobilized elite soldiers to fight day and night, and made every effort to use its World Wide Web server as the main platform for seamless integration of various networks. After the purchase of Tivoli and cobrab, they are even more ambitious and confident. They have become the world's largest software company by thunderbolt, with software sales 50% higher than that of Microsoft“ It's good to enjoy the cool under the big tree. "All the major companies came in droves, relying on IBM as a strong backing, and they were also proud. What a powerful IBM, breaking its self-confidence and opening up a new way in the future, with all-round advanced service of hardware, software and network system, it is the best in the world! All these are disclosed in "big blue - IBM in China". IBM's numerous materials and various inside information, in the author's works, are gathered into a scene of fierce competition, which is really fascinating. The ingenious arrangement of appropriate comments can make readers absorb nutrition in information technology, scientific research, management and marketing. After IBM's impressive performance in the world, readers are more concerned about giant blue's steps in China. Yes, it has a long history. At the end of the 20th century, China has made rapid progress and flourished. China's market in the global recession, a single flower, attracted countless companies to do a stoop. So, how does IBM seize the market, how does it develop, and whether it can show its hegemony Big blue: IBM in China. This paper describes the process of IBM in China. The blue giant has a special love for China and is fully committed to it. The rhythm of China is changing with each passing day. It took only five years to complete all stages, and the R & D, manufacturing, distribution and service have developed in an all-round way. Every time President Gerstner met President Jiang, he said with pride that the cooperation between IBM and China has made new progress. Yes, IBM is committed to developing cooperation with China in the field of electronic information instry. In 1997, IBM China's PC sales increased by 50%. In the same year, President Jiang paid a special visit to IBM headquarters in the United States. In addition to instrial and commercial investment, IBM also made a huge investment in China's public welfare undertakings. By the end of 1997, it had donated 700 million yuan to China's ecation sector. IBM commander-in-chief is optimistic about China and is willing to form cooperative partners with all walks of life in China, hoping to contribute to China's great reform. All the details are covered in giant blue - IBM in China. The brilliant development of giant blue in the Chinese market and its swaggering momentum are all on paper. Readers are full of imagination and emotion. Stones from other mountains can be used to attack jade. China's great features are precious and outstanding. Opportunities and challenges coexist. Once the latest scientific and technological achievements and management art are introced, they will inspire infinite energy! Continue to work hard to renew the new code, sincerely cooperate to develop the grand plan, ride the wind and waves will sometimes, unlimited scenery to see the Ming Dynasty Big blue - IBM in China may not only inspire people.