Jasper beads digital currency
First of all, let's take a picture of the whole family:
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ck egg green:
it was originally the edge material of Jasper, which was rarely seen a few years ago. However, its unique advantages are graally recognized by everyone. The quality of jade is "delicate", "oily" and "pure", and the color is calm but not publicized, giving people a kind of introverted, "generous" and "inclusive" feeling
for ck egg green, most of ck egg green gives people the feeling of jade, that is, delicate, oily, little or no "hair dry" ck egg green material; Compared with Hotan jade of other colors, ck egg green is purer, with almost no black spots, but less cotton and stiff; Qinse is also less, with Qinse is often close to the skin or raw material cracking place, showing light sugar color, occasionally with green
the most common defects of ck egg white are skin cracks, color spots, growth lines and waterlines
Author: Jasper
link: http://www.vccoo.com/v/9f3ebd
source: microport
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White Leather:
is one of the old materials, but it is controversial, and some people say it is new materials. Put aside the controversy, they have a very good density
new material of Jasper:
the new material has a large water head, and the color is floating. New materials have many black spots. Of course, new materials also have the same texture as old materials. Everything is subject to the actual material
Ulan sea Jasper:
it is proced in the Ulan sea area of Russia, so it is also called Ulan sea Jasper. This material has the advantages of bright color, good density and small black spot. Wulanhai Jasper should also be Russian blue, the color is very easy to approach the light green of jadeite, apple green. This color is bright, and many people like it, but there are many black spots. Some even string sugar, think about it in the market to see a lot of ~
red leather material:
Russian Jasper red leather material is proced in Irkutsk, Russia, it is said that the mouth of the material is next to the original 7
this Russian Jasper is bright in color, a bit like apple green. The water head is particularly sufficient, most of them have small black spots, and the stone skin is reddish brown, so it is called red skin material. This kind of better material, the color is good, but many of them have inner lines, more black spots, less big things, generally don't need to open bracelets, basically beads and ring face. Now on the market good Jasper is not particularly many, meet the quality of good to receive. At the beginning, I used to look all over the world for the Russian Jasper Bracelet made of this kind of good material. Now it seems that it is basically futile
wild mineral:
Jasper wild mineral has fresh color and slightly lower density. Most of the beads and low-end small carvings are in circulation on the market
Canadian Jasper:
the origin of Canadian Jasper is mainly in the mountains north of Vancouver, Canada. It is a kind of nephrite, and Chinese people are used to call it "Canadian Jasper" for short. Canadian Jasper usually has larger output, more uniform texture, large size, bright color and less grain cracks
Jiabi is mainly composed of tremolite and actinolite minerals, so it is commonly known as real jade in gemmology and mineralogy together with Hetian jade, and is also marked Hetian Jasper or nephrite in China's gemmological identification bookXinjiang Jasper:
also known as Manas Jasper, Junggar Jasper, Jasper, which is proced in Manasi county at the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain and the southern margin of Junggar basin. It is a kind of nephrite with green color. Jasper is green jade. The black spots in Jasper are the characteristics of Jasper. The color of Jasper is as blue as indigo, followed by the light color of fine ink star
The mineral composition of Xinjiang Jasper is similar to that of Hetian jade. Dark green, dark green, dark green, glass luster, grease luster, slightly transparent to translucent. The hardness is 6-7 and the density is 3.02-3.44. The texture is dense, delicate, tough, good luster, crystal clear and moist. The content of tremolite in Xinjiang Jasper with better texture is more than 80%, which is a micro crystalline interwoven structure, and the particle size is 0.01 & gt; ~ 05 mm; The color is gorgeous, the texture is dense and tough, without impurities and cracks, and the block size is large. Xinjiang Jasper is generally used as raw material for jade carving. It has a complete indivial and a certain shape, and can be used as a gemPakistan material:
Pakistan Jasper is water transparent and bright in color. Its good quality is close to that of Russia's ice base material, but its weathering layer and grain are seriously cracked, and the percentage of rough stone is less than 5%. After cutting, the material with a weight of 56 tons is seriously weathered and has no use value. At present, it is the most gambling type of mountain Jasper
as a result, more and more people propose to use other materials instead of paper money, such as plastic or some tough nylon materials. The second reason is that nowadays, China's mobile payment means are more and more developed. WeChat, Alipay, UnionPay and other cashless payment methods are becoming more and more popular. high streets and back lanes. Whether it's a big shop or a small shop, it's basically possible to pay by mobile phone now. Mobile payment has convenient places that don't need to carry cash
China will not eliminate banknotes in ten years or even a hundred years, and banknotes will not be eliminated for some special reasons
because mobile payment does not cover everyone. In China, some remote areas leisurely need paper money, which is easy to carry and has convenient purchasing power. Because in these remote areas, mobile phones are still luxury goods, and the infrastructure construction in these areas still needs a lot of engineering. Moreover, mobile payment is not feasible for people of all ages. For some elderly people, convenient and fast means of mobile payment has become a very cumbersome, difficult way of payment, they are unable to carry out this kind of scientific and technological operation
at the same time, according to the circulation law of China's banknotes, it will take a long time for China's current set of RMB to be completely replaced, let alone eliminated.
Carl? Menger (1840-1921) is the founder of Austrian economic school. Menger was born in 1840 in new sandiz, Galicia (then belonging to Austria, now Polish territory). His father was a lawyer. Menger inherited his father's mantle. He first studied at the University of Vienna and then transferred to Prague university to study law and political science. In 1867, he received a doctor of law degree from the University of Krakow. After graation, Menger became a financial reporter and later worked in the press office of the Austrian prime minister's office. In 1873, he was appointed as a lecturer in the Department of law of the University of Vienna. Three years later, he was promoted to a full-time professor. From 1876 to 1878, he was the private teacher of the crown prince of Austria and accompanied Prince Rudolph to visit all parts of Europe. In 1879, Menger returned to the University of Vienna as a professor of political economy. Since then, he began his career as a scholar economist, devoting his life to teaching and writing. In 1900, he was elected to the upper house of the Austrian Parliament. After retirement in 1903, he engaged in research and writing, leaving behind more than 25000 volumes of books
Major economic works of Menger include: principles of national economics (1871), research on the methods of Social Sciences, especially political economics (1883), problems of economics and Sociology (1883), errors of German historicism (1884), etc; In addition, he wrote two papers capital theory (1881) and currency (1892) The first contribution of Menger is about the theory of value, that is, utility is the origin of value and the law of diminishing marginal utility. Menger began to believe that commodities have value because they can meet our needs, and advocated that value is determined by subjective factors (utility or demand), rather than objective factors (proction cost or supply cost). In his view, value comes from the satisfaction of human needs. Human demand creates the demand for goods; Human demand becomes the driving force of economic transactions, which helps to determine the price level. At the same time, since human demand is greater than the goods that can meet the demand, people will make a rational choice among all the available goods. Menger realized that when a person buys more and more of a certain commodity, the degree of satisfaction given to consumers decreases with the increase of a unit. In other words, for any commodity, when people consume more, they will encounter diminishing marginal utility Although Menger found the theory of marginal utility value and the law of diminishing marginal utility, and explained it with figures in the form of tables, he did not give examples for each type of commodity, and did not know what the figures in the table actually measured. But Menger assumes that these figures can measure relative demand, or the satisfaction of consuming different goods. Menger also understands how indivials make decisions when they think about what to consume or how to consume. Since the disposable income of consumers is limited, indivials will first purchase the goods that can meet the more important needs, forming the subjective value theory. He believes that all the behaviors that proce subjective satisfaction are proctive activities, and trade is also proctive, because people only trade when they feel that the goods they get can give them more utility than the goods they give up. At the same time, it overthrows the classical theory of labor value. Menger believes that the decisive factor of commodity value is neither the quantity of labor force or other necessary means of proction, nor the necessary quantity of proct reproction, but the importance of these satisfaction we perceive Another contribution of Menger is related to the methodology of economics. According to Menger, since value comes from indivial perception, economic analysis must begin with the study of indivial. The status of methodological indivialism began to be known Menger realized that factors of proction (land, labor and capital) also have value, because they indirectly meet the demand; These elements are necessary for the proction of goods directly needed by people. In order to determine the actual value of an element, a unit element (such as a worker) should be withdrawn and the loss of output observed. This part of the lost value is the added value of the worker, which represents the degree of satisfaction that the worker provides to consumers. In this way, the value created by each factor of proction depends on its marginal proctivity; The income or reward of each factor used in the proction of goods will depend on the expected value created by the factor On the issue of methodology, Menger thinks that the development of theory is ahead of the accumulation of data; The correct scientific method should include the study of the basic characteristics of economic phenomena or the necessary connection between economic variables (for example, the price rection of a commodity urges people to buy more goods). Menger especially emphasizes the indivialistic analysis method, and the economic knowledge comes from the transcendental, or ahead of the real economic life experience. Menger believes that economic research should include the study of indivial preferences (or demand), and explain how these preferences lead to noteworthy phenomena, such as different goods have different prices. Menger's emphasis on the indivial, that we must respond to the subjective evaluation of the indivial to explain the proposition of the economic world, so that he became the founder of the Austrian School of economics3. In ancient China, lapis lazuli was known as zanlin, Jinjing, Jinyu, Qingdai, etc. Buddhism is called venuli or Bi Liuli, which is one of the witnesses of ancient cultural exchanges between the East and the West. Lapis lazuli was introced to China from Afghanistan through the "Silk Road". I also have several lapis lazuli carvings and jewelry, all of which come from the red shopkeeper. He is a jeweler. Jian. Ding. Shi, who understands the history, culture and identification methods of gems
(NB & # 15; nb This is his letter. You can make friends with him and communicate with him.
many of the green of Russian Jasper are positive, and most of them can see the structural characteristics of radish pattern, with many black spots and uneven color. Good Russian Jasper is very beautiful and bright in color, even in color, with few or no black spots, fine and even in material quality, and not obvious in structure
among the Russian Jasper bracelets, there is another special color, ck egg cyan. Bracelets with similar colors, middle fingers, beads and other finished procts are also very popular in the market.